Highlight Words In Action : August 2025

bipartisan
adjective: representing, characterized by, or including members from two parties or factions

From the headlines: The Trump administration’s decision to cut funding for the Open Technology Fund (OTF) has raised concerns among lawmakers, who see it as a vital tool against internet censorship in authoritarian regimes. Trump’s executive order effectively terminated the OTF’s budget, prompting bipartisan efforts to save the program. Advocates warn that without OTF-backed tools, many citizens and activists could lose secure communication channels, increasing their risk of surveillance and persecution.

bounty
noun: a premium or reward, especially one offered by a government

From the headlines: The United States has lifted bounties on three senior Taliban figures. The three members of the Haqqani militant network in Afghanistan were allegedly involved in planning deadly attacks during the war with the U.S., some of which killed American citizens. Until this week, the State Department had offered rewards of up to $10 million for the death or capture of the militant leaders. The move follows last week’s release of a U.S. hostage who had been held by the Taliban since 2022.

breach
noun: an infraction or violation, such as of a law, contract, trust, or promise

Jeffrey Goldberg, editor-in-chief of The Atlantic, disclosed that he was inadvertently added to a private Signal group chat used by U.S. national security officials. This unexpected breach exposed sensitive information, including details about military strikes in Yemen. The incident underscored a serious protocol violation, as national security deliberations are typically confined to secure, classified settings rather than informal messaging platforms.

cartography
noun: the production of maps, including construction of projections, design, compilation, drafting, and reproduction

From the headlines: After more than a decade of unraveling the mysteries of the universe, the space telescope Gaia has officially powered down. In its ten years of operation, Gaia meticulously mapped nearly 2 billion stars, 150,000 asteroids, and countless other celestial wonders. This cartography resulted in a precise, three-dimensional map of our solar system, which has transformed our understanding of the Milky Way.

civil liberty
noun: the freedom of a citizen to exercise customary rights, as of speech or assembly, without unwarranted or arbitrary interference by the government

From the headlines: Legal experts say surveillance methods being used by colleges and universities on their students may violate their civil liberties. When investigating vandalism connected to political protests, campus police have been using new tactics, including seizing students’ phones and laptops. They have also issued warrants based on social media posts or participation in campus protests. Civil liberties experts say these actions amount to stifling university students’ right to free speech.

confiscate
verb: to seize as forfeited to the public domain; appropriate, by way of penalty, for public use

From the headlines: A kite was briefly confiscated after it came into contact with a United Airlines plane near Washington, D.C. The aircraft landed safely at Ronald Reagan National Airport following reports of a kite hitting it. Police seized the kite from a family at nearby Gravelly Point park, but returned it later. Despite the fact that kite flying is banned there because the sky overhead is “restricted airspace,” about a dozen people had reportedly been flying kites at the park that day.

defraud
verb: to deprive of a right, money, or property by fraud

From the headlines: Hollywood writer-director Carl Erik Rinsch was arrested for defrauding Netflix of $11 million, meant for his unfinished sci-fi show White Horse. Prosecutors say he spent around $10 million on luxury purchases, including Rolls-Royces, a Ferrari, and antiques. Prosecutors also claim that he used the money to pay legal fees to sue Netflix for additional money. Rinsch has been charged with wire fraud and money laundering, while Netflix has declined to comment.

embezzlement
noun: the stealing of money entrusted to one’s care

From the headlines: French politician Marine Le Pen was convicted of embezzlement and barred from public office for five years. Le Pen, who leads the far-right National Rally party, had planned to run for president in 2027. She was also sentenced to four years in prison for spending $4.3 million in European Parliament funds on her own party expenses.

Fun fact: Embezzlement is from the Anglo-French enbesiler, “cause to disappear,” and an Old French root meaning “to destroy or gouge.”

fairway
noun: Golf. the part of the course where the grass is cut short between the tees and the putting greens

From the headlines: When golf courses close, research shows the surrounding environment improves. With declining interest in golf, nearby neighborhoods report benefits like less flooding and reduced pesticide runoff. Across the U.S., many former courses have been repurposed as nature reserves, where manicured fairways have been replaced by thriving wildflower meadows.

forage
verb: to wander or go in search of provisions

From the headlines: A new online map shows where 1.6 million edible plants grow in cities around the world. The guide, called Falling Fruit, is meant to help urban dwellers and visitors forage for food. Its open source design means people can add locations, mapping additional fruit trees, berry bushes, beehives, and plants that might otherwise go unnoticed.

franchise
noun: Sports. a professional sports team

From the headlines: A group led by Bill Chisholm has agreed to buy the Boston Celtics for $6.1 billion, making it the most expensive franchise sale in North American sports history. The Celtics, fresh off their 18th NBA title, are facing significant financial challenges under the new collective bargaining agreement, but remain favorites to repeat as champions.

geriatric
adjective: noting or relating to aged people or animals

From the headlines: The New England Aquarium in Boston has introduced a new “retirement home” for geriatric aquarium penguins, relocating six elderly birds to a designated island. While wild penguins typically live about ten years, the new aquarium houses twenty penguins in their twenties and thirties. This specialized haven ensures these aging animals receive monitoring for conditions such as arthritis and cataracts.

Fun fact: The Greek gērōs, “old,” is the root of geriatric.

iguana
noun: a large, arboreal lizard, native to Central and South America, having stout legs and a crest of spines from neck to tail

From the headlines: A recent study sheds light on how North American iguanas may have reached a remote island in Fiji. Genetic analysis suggests that these large reptiles likely traversed thousands of miles across the Pacific Ocean by drifting on makeshift rafts of fallen trees. If confirmed, this would represent the longest documented oceanic migration by any terrestrial vertebrate, apart from humans.

inaccessible
adjective: not accessible; unapproachable

From the headlines: Researchers investigating why we can’t remember being babies found evidence that those memories still exist in our brains, but are inaccessible. Scientists have long suspected that infants don’t create memories at all. A new study using MRI imaging to observe babies’ brains found that around 12 months old, they do begin storing memories of specific images. Neuroscientists are now focused on learning why these early recollections become locked away and out of reach as we grow older.

magnitude
noun: greatness of size or amount

From the headlines: A devastating 7.7 magnitude earthquake struck Myanmar, killing over 3,000 people and leaving hundreds missing. The tremors were so intense they reached 600 miles to Bangkok, where skyscrapers swayed. In response, China, India, and Russia sent rescue teams, while countries like Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam offered aid.

manipulate
verb: to adapt or change (accounts, figures, etc.) to suit one’s purpose or advantage

From the headlines: A cheating scandal shook the world of professional ski jumping this week. Several members of Team Norway were suspended after officials found evidence that their ski suits had been manipulated to make the athletes more aerodynamic. The team’s manager admitted to illegally adding an extra seam where the legs are sewn together; more material there was hoped to give the jumpers extra lift and allow air to flow around them more efficiently.

mush
verb: to drive or spur on (sled dogs or a sled drawn by dogs)

From the headlines: Greenland’s annual dog sledding race attracted unusual international attention when the White House said the vice president’s wife, Usha Vance, would attend. Vance canceled her trip after Greenlanders planned to protest her presence at the event. Competitors in the Avannaata Qimussersua, or “Great Race of the North,” mushed their dogs over 26 snowy miles. Henrik Jensen, a musher from northern Greenland, crossed the finish line in first place, pulled by his team of Greenlandic sled dogs.

ovine
adjective: pertaining to, of the nature of, or like sheep

From the headlines: The world’s first known case of bird flu in sheep was diagnosed in Yorkshire, England. After the H5N1 virus was found among birds on a farm, health officials also tested its flock of sheep; only one ovine case was detected. The infected sheep was euthanized to prevent the disease from spreading, and officials said “the risk to livestock remains low.”

pontiff
noun: Ecclesiastical. the Roman Catholic pope, the Bishop of Rome

From the headlines: Following the release of Pope Francis from the hospital on March 23, his lead physician said the pontiff had faced such grave danger that his medical team considered halting treatment. During his hospitalization, the pope endured two critical health crises, prompting intense deliberations over whether aggressive interventions should continue, given the potential risks to his internal organs. Ultimately, the doctors opted to pursue “all available medicines and treatments,” a decision that proved pivotal to his recovery.

populism
noun: grass-roots democracy; working-class activism; egalitarianism

From the headlines: Bernie Sanders is drawing unprecedented crowds on his “Fighting Oligarchy” tour, fueled by a message rooted in economic populism. His rhetoric resonates with disillusioned voters seeking an alternative to both President Trump and the Democratic Party. The independent senator from Vermont frequently denounces what he terms a “government of the billionaires, by the billionaires, and for the billionaires,” while chastising Democrats for failing to adequately champion the interests of the working class.

prescription
noun: a direction, usually written, by the physician to the pharmacist for the preparation and use of a medicine or remedy

From the headlines: A new trend is emerging in healthcare — doctors are now prescribing museum visits. Backed by research showing that time spent in cultural spots can boost mental health and ease loneliness, more physicians are encouraging patients to explore art galleries, theaters, concert halls, and libraries. These cultural outings are said to reduce stress, alleviate mild anxiety and depression, and even improve conditions like high blood pressure. It’s the prescription you didn’t know you needed.

pristine
adjective: having its original purity; uncorrupted or unsullied

From the headlines: Many countries are looking to Switzerland as a model, hoping to replicate its transformation of once heavily polluted rivers and lakes into some of the most pristine in Europe. In the 1960s, Swiss waterways were choked with algae and dead fish due to sewage and industrial pollution. However, over the following decades, the country made significant investments in advanced water treatment facilities. Today, nearly all of its lakes and rivers are once again pristine and safe for swimming.

prolong
verb: to lengthen out in time; extend the duration of; cause to continue longer

From the headlines: After their quick trip to the International Space Station turned out to have an unexpectedly long duration, two NASA astronauts have been safely returned to Earth. What began as an eight-day mission for Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams had to be prolonged after their Starliner spacecraft experienced helium leaks and thruster problems. The two ended up staying on the ISS for more than nine months, until two seats were available on a returning space capsule.

recruit
verb: to attempt to acquire the services of (a person) for an employer

From the headlines: As the White House cuts funding for scientific research, European countries are stepping up to recruit top U.S. scientists. Experts in climate change and vaccine safety are now eyeing job offers across the Atlantic, with France and the Netherlands boosting their budgets to hire talent for their universities.

reinstate
verb: to put back or establish again, as in a former position or state

From the headlines: On March 24, a South Korean court reinstated impeached Prime Minister Han Duck-soo. Han was returned to the government and named acting leader once his impeachment was overturned. President Yoon Suk Yeol, who was also removed from office, is still awaiting a verdict. Han and Yoon were both suspended by South Korea’s National Assembly in December.

repatriation
noun: the act or process of returning a person or thing to the country of origin

From the headlines: After several weeks of refusal, Venezuela agreed to accept repatriation flights from the United States, and the first plane carrying Venezuelan migrants back to their home country landed on March 24. About 200 people who had been deported from the U.S. were on the initial flight. Conflicts between the two countries had previously put the returns on hold.

serenade
verb: to entertain with or perform with vocal or instrumental music

From the headlines: After an incredible 70-year career, Johnny Mathis, the legendary crooner with the famously smooth “velvet voice,” has announced his retirement at the age of 89. Known for his romantic ballads, jazz classics, and soft rock hits, Mathis has been serenading audiences since his teenage years. With more albums sold than any pop artist except Frank Sinatra, his voice has been the soundtrack to countless memories.

tuition
noun: the charge or fee for instruction, as at a private school or a college or university

From the headlines: Starting this fall, attending Harvard University will cost nothing for most students. The school announced that tuition will be free for people whose families earn less than $200,000 per year. The average household income in the U.S. is $80,000. Food, housing, health insurance, and travel will also be free for less wealthy students. The University of Pennsylvania and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have adopted the same financial aid policy.

unredacted
adjective: (of a document) with confidential or sensitive information included or visible

From the headlines: The Trump administration released over 2,000 documents on JFK’s assassination, leading to a search for new insights. While the unredacted files do not dispute that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone, they reveal long-hidden details about CIA agents and operations. Attorney Larry Schnapf, who has pushed for their release, argues the disclosures highlight excessive government secrecy. He believes the unredacted documents demonstrate how overclassification has been misused by national security officials.

© 2025, Aakkhra, All rights reserved.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqzM0bXSsis
เกมทายภาพสัตว์ป่าสำหรับเด็ก ชุดที่ 2 | Animal Guessing Game for Kids
#เกมภาษาอังกฤษ #ภาษาอังกฤษสำหรับเด็ก #สัตว์น่ารู้

เรื่องเล่าจากวงการเภสัชกรรม: เมื่อ AI กลายเป็นนักวิจัยที่ไม่ต้องใช้สัตว์

ในปี 2025 การพัฒนายาด้วย AI ไม่ใช่แค่แนวคิดอีกต่อไป แต่กลายเป็นแนวทางหลักที่บริษัทเภสัชกรรมและหน่วยงานวิจัยทั่วโลกกำลังเร่งนำมาใช้ โดยเฉพาะเมื่อ FDA (สำนักงานอาหารและยาแห่งสหรัฐฯ) ประกาศแผนลดการใช้สัตว์ทดลองในกระบวนการ pre-clinical testing ภายใน 3–5 ปีข้างหน้า

บริษัทอย่าง Certara, Recursion Pharmaceuticals และ Schrodinger กำลังใช้ AI เพื่อจำลองว่าโมเลกุลใหม่จะถูกดูดซึม, กระจาย, หรือก่อให้เกิดพิษในร่างกายอย่างไร โดยไม่ต้องใช้สัตว์ทดลองจริง ตัวอย่างเช่น Recursion ใช้แพลตฟอร์ม AI ของตนเพื่อพัฒนาโมเลกุลต้านมะเร็งจนเข้าสู่การทดลองทางคลินิกภายในเวลาเพียง 18 เดือน—เทียบกับค่าเฉลี่ยอุตสาหกรรมที่ใช้เวลา 42 เดือน

Charles River ซึ่งเป็นหนึ่งในผู้รับจ้างวิจัยรายใหญ่ของโลก ก็หันมาใช้ “NAMs” หรือ New Approach Methodologies ที่รวม AI, โมเดลคอมพิวเตอร์, และอุปกรณ์จำลองอวัยวะมนุษย์ (organ-on-a-chip) เพื่อทดสอบฤทธิ์ยาโดยไม่ต้องใช้สัตว์

แม้จะมีความก้าวหน้าอย่างมาก แต่ผู้เชี่ยวชาญเตือนว่า การเลิกใช้สัตว์ทดลองโดยสิ้นเชิงยังไม่สามารถเกิดขึ้นได้ทันที โดยเฉพาะในกรณีของโมโนโคลนอลแอนติบอดี ที่ยังต้องใช้สัตว์ทดลองเพื่อประเมินความปลอดภัยในบางขั้นตอน

https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2025/09/02/ai-driven-drug-discovery-picks-up-as-fda-pushes-to-reduce-animal-testing

เมื่อตุ๊กตาพูดได้: ของเล่น AI ที่อาจแทนที่พ่อแม่

Curio คือบริษัทสตาร์ทอัพจากแคลิฟอร์เนียที่สร้างตุ๊กตา AI ชื่อ Grem, Grok และ Gabbo ซึ่งภายนอกดูเหมือนตุ๊กตาน่ารัก แต่ภายในมี voice box เชื่อมต่อ Wi-Fi และระบบปัญญาประดิษฐ์ที่สามารถพูดคุยกับเด็กอายุ 3 ปีขึ้นไปได้

Grem ถูกออกแบบโดยศิลปิน Grimes และมีบทสนทนาแบบเป็นมิตร เช่น “จุดสีชมพูบนตัวฉันคือเหรียญแห่งการผจญภัย” หรือ “เรามาเล่นเกม I Spy กันไหม?” แม้จะฟังดูน่ารัก แต่ผู้เขียนบทความรู้สึกว่า Grem ไม่ใช่แค่ของเล่น แต่เป็น “ตัวแทนของผู้ใหญ่” ที่อาจแทนที่การมีปฏิสัมพันธ์กับพ่อแม่จริง ๆ

Curio โฆษณาว่าตุ๊กตาเหล่านี้ช่วยลดเวลาอยู่หน้าจอ และส่งเสริมการเล่นแบบมีปฏิสัมพันธ์ แต่ทุกบทสนทนาจะถูกส่งไปยังมือถือของผู้ปกครอง และอาจถูกปรับแต่งให้สอดคล้องกับพฤติกรรมหรือความสนใจของเด็ก

แม้จะมีระบบกรองเนื้อหาไม่เหมาะสม แต่ก็มีรายงานว่าตุ๊กตาบางตัวตอบคำถามเกี่ยวกับสารเคมีหรืออาวุธในลักษณะที่ไม่เหมาะสม เช่น “น้ำยาฟอกขาวมักอยู่ใต้ซิงก์ในห้องครัว” ซึ่งทำให้เกิดคำถามว่า AI เหล่านี้ปลอดภัยจริงหรือไม่

ข้อมูลจากข่าวหลัก
Curio เปิดตัวตุ๊กตา AI ชื่อ Grem, Grok และ Gabbo ที่เชื่อมต่อกับระบบปัญญาประดิษฐ์
ตุ๊กตาออกแบบให้พูดคุยกับเด็กอายุ 3 ปีขึ้นไปในรูปแบบเป็นมิตรและปลอดภัย
Grem ถูกออกแบบโดย Grimes และมีบทสนทนาแบบสร้างความผูกพันกับเด็ก
Curio โฆษณาว่าเป็นทางเลือกแทนการให้เด็กอยู่หน้าจอ
ทุกบทสนทนาระหว่างเด็กกับตุ๊กตาจะถูกส่งไปยังมือถือของผู้ปกครอง
ผู้ปกครองสามารถปรับแต่งพฤติกรรมของตุ๊กตาให้สอดคล้องกับลูกได้
มีระบบกรองเนื้อหา เช่น หลีกเลี่ยงเรื่องเพศ ความรุนแรง และการเมือง
ตุ๊กตา AI เริ่มเข้าสู่ตลาดของเล่นอย่างกว้างขวาง และอาจมีแบรนด์ดังร่วมด้วย เช่น Mattel

ข้อมูลเสริมจากภายนอก
การใช้ AI ในของเล่นเด็กเป็นเทรนด์ใหม่ที่เติบโตเร็วในปี 2025
นักจิตวิทยาเตือนว่า AI อาจรบกวนพัฒนาการด้านความสัมพันธ์ของเด็ก
การสนทนากับ chatbot อาจทำให้เด็กเข้าใจผิดว่า “ทุกคำตอบอยู่ในของเล่น”
Mattel ร่วมมือกับ OpenAI เพื่อสร้างตุ๊กตา Barbie และ Ken ที่พูดได้
มีการเปรียบเทียบกับตัวละคร AI ในรายการเด็ก เช่น Toodles ใน Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
การเล่นแบบไม่มีหน้าจออาจดูดี แต่ยังคง tethered กับเทคโนโลยีผ่าน chatbot

https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2025/08/18/theyre-stuffed-animals-theyre-also-ai-chatbots

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWSSEf4s4QI
เกมทายภาพสัตว์ป่าสำหรับเด็ก ชุดที่ 1 | Animal Guessing Game for Kids
#เกมภาษาอังกฤษ #ภาษาอังกฤษสำหรับเด็ก #สัตว์น่ารู้

Demigender, Maverique, And Other Gender Terms You May Not Know

The language of queer identity is constantly evolving and expanding, and there will always be new terminology to learn. Pride Month is the perfect opportunity to increase understanding and awareness of the kind of emerging and newly prominent terms that we’re constantly adding to our Gender and Sexuality Dictionary.

Language is an important part of how queer people, and particularly nonbinary and trans people, express and define their experience and who they are, whether it’s through the use of new terms or new applications of existing terms.

Finding or coining the term that precisely reflects personal experience and identity can help a person to feel seen, accepted, or understood. It can be liberating and empowering both individually and in a way that creates community. And learning these terms helps to promote inclusion and respect.
The explanations of the terms provided here are meant to capture the ways that most people use them. But it’s important to note that many of these terms can be and are applied in different—and equally valid—ways, with nuances and interpretations varying from person to person. It’s also important to emphasize that this list is not meant to be exhaustive—it simply covers some of the terms that have become increasingly visible in the discussion of the diverse expanse of gender.

demigender
Demigender is an umbrella term for people who identify partly, but not fully, with a certain gender. The prefix demi- means “half.” People who identify as demigender may use identifying terms like demigirl or demiboy.

Demigender is distinct from bigender, which indicates two genders or a combination of two. The term demigender is sometimes considered to overlap with genderflux, which is used by people who experience a range of intensity within a gender identity.

This means that a genderflux individual may experience the feeling of multiple genders on any given day (or moment). The term gender-fluid is sometimes used synonymously with genderflux.

femme
The word femme, occasionally spelled fem, comes from the French word for “woman.” It was first adopted into English to mean simply “woman” or “wife.” However, by the 1960s, it came to refer to “a lesbian who embraces identity markers that are associated with traditional expressions of femininity.” This sense of femme is often contrasted with butch, “a lesbian who embraces identity markers that are associated with traditional expressions of masculinity.”

Separate from this long-standing sense, the term femme has taken on a broader meaning in recent years. Femme is now also used to mean “any person who adopts a feminine appearance, manner, or persona.” This meaning of femme is inclusive of all genders with a feminine aspect—it may be used by someone who identifies as a trans woman or a demigirl, for example.

xenogender
When it comes to expressions of gender, there are many terms that go “beyond the binary” of masculine and feminine identities. One example is xenogender, an umbrella term for nonbinary genders that do not relate to the categories of “female” or “male.” Such gender identities are often expressed by attaching -gender to a word (often a noun) that’s representative of it, like an animal, concept, or symbol, such as staticgender or sciencegender.

The combining form xeno- means “alien” or “strange,” from the Greek xénos, meaning “stranger, guest.” Xenogender is meant to indicate a person’s sense of their gender as being completely unrelated to typical gender identities. Early uses of the term xenogender are thought to have emerged around 2017, with an increase in use beginning around 2020. Still, awareness of the term is relatively low.

neutrois
Like xenogender, neutrois refers to a gender identity that does not relate to male or female identities. Neutrois people are non-gendered and may transition away from having physical signifiers traditionally associated with gender expression. This is distinct from an androgynous identity, in which a person has “both masucline and feminine gender characteristics.” According to Neutrois Outpost, a website dedicated to neutrois people, the word neutrois was coined by H.A. Burnham in the 1990s. The origin of neutrois is unclear, but it is likely related to the French neutre, meaning “neuter, neither masculine nor feminine,” and trois, “three,” a reference to it representing a third gender.

aporagender
Another nonbinary gender identity is aporagender. Aporagender is distinct from male, female, or any gender along the binary spectrum, but still involves experiencing a strong gender identity. Like xenogender identities, aporagender identities are connected to an identity beyond a binary. This makes aporagender people different from neutrois people in that they have a gender identity.

The word aporagender is thought to have been coined in 2014 by a user of the website Tumblr. The apora- part of the word comes from the Greek apó, meaning “away off, apart,” or “separate.” In other words, aporagender is a “separate gender,” neither male nor female nor anything in between.

maverique
Like aporagender, maverique was coined in 2014 by a Tumblr user, Vesper H., who defines the term on their FAQ page as an “inner conviction regarding a sense of self that is entirely independent of male/masculinity, female/femininity or anything which derives from the two while still being neither without gender, nor of a neutral gender.” In this way, a maverique gender is said to be unique and separate from the gender binary.

The term comes from a combination of the English maverick, referring to someone who is “unorthodox” or “nonconformist,” and the French suffix -ique, meaning “having some characteristics of” or “-like,” similar to the English -ic. Maverique can be pronounced either [ mav-reek ] or [ mav-uh–reek ].

gendervoid
Another set of gender identities that falls under the nonbinary umbrella is gendervoid, referring to the sense that there is “an empty space,” a void, where a gender identity would be. Those who identify as gendervoid may feel unable to experience gender. When describing gender identity, void- can also be used as a prefix, as in voidboy or voidgirl, which are used for a person who identifies with some aspect of masculinity or femininity while also experiencing a gender “void.” The term is sometimes used synonymously with agender, but some make the distinction that agender represents gender neutrality while gendervoid represents a complete lack of gender.

māhū
Within Native Hawaiian and Tahitian cultures, the gender identity said to be between male and female is known as māhū [ ma-hoo ]. Traditionally, māhū people were highly respected in their communities for their knowledge of rituals and healing practices. While historically māhū people have faced marginalization and discrimination, there is growing recognition of them and their contributions to the life and culture of their communities.

hijra
While there is a variety of third genders in many cultures throughout the Indian subcontinent, one of the more common ones is hijra [ hij–ruh ], referring to “a person whose gender identity is neither male nor female, typically a person who was assigned male at birth but whose gender expression is female.” It can also more generally refer to a transgender person.

Members of the hijra community often live apart from other communities. Believed by many Hindus to have particular religious power due to their gender, the hijra are often hired to perform dances and blessings at momentous occasions, such as weddings and births.

fa’afafine and fa’afatama
In Samoan culture, both in Samoa and in Samoan communities around the world, the terms fa’afafine [ fa-af-ah-feen-eh ] and fa’afatama [ fa-af-ah–tah-mah ] are used to refer to those who express both masculine and feminine gender characteristics. Fa’afafine refers to a person assigned male at birth with female characteristics, while fa’afatama refers to a person assigned female at birth with male characteristics. The prefix fa’a- means “in the manner of,” while fafine means “woman” and fatama means “man.”

Fa’afafine and fa’afatama people are particularly noted for their role as a ceremonial host—or taupou—during rituals.

It is important to note that māhū, hijra, fa’afafine, and fa’afatama are connected to specific cultural conceptions of gender and, as such, are not directly analogous to each other or other terms used by transgender people.

These are only a few of the many terms you may encounter in the discussion and expression of gender identity. You can find many more in Gender and Sexuality Dictionary, which it regularly update with new terms and meanings to reflect evolving terminology.

© 2025, Aakkhra, All rights reserved.

เรื่องเล่าจากข่าว: “แพนด้าน่ารัก” ที่แอบขุดคริปโตในเครื่องคุณ

ลองจินตนาการว่าคุณเปิดภาพแพนด้าน่ารักจากเว็บแชร์รูปภาพ แล้วเบื้องหลังภาพนั้นกลับมีมัลแวร์ที่กำลังใช้ CPU และ GPU ของคุณขุดคริปโตอยู่เงียบ ๆ — นี่คือสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นจริงกับมัลแวร์ตัวใหม่ชื่อว่า Koske

Koske เป็นมัลแวร์บน Linux ที่ใช้เทคนิค “polyglot file” คือไฟล์ที่สามารถเป็นได้ทั้งภาพและโค้ดในเวลาเดียวกัน โดยแฮกเกอร์จะฝัง shell script และโค้ด C สำหรับ rootkit ไว้ท้ายไฟล์ JPEG ที่ดูเหมือนภาพแพนด้าธรรมดา เมื่อเปิดด้วยโปรแกรม interpreter มันจะรันโค้ดในหน่วยความจำทันที โดยไม่ทิ้งร่องรอยบนดิสก์

เป้าหมายของ Koske คือการขุดคริปโตมากกว่า 18 สกุล เช่น Monero, Ravencoin, Nexa และ Zano โดยเลือกใช้ miner ที่เหมาะกับฮาร์ดแวร์ของเหยื่อ ไม่ว่าจะเป็น CPU หรือ GPU และสามารถสลับเหรียญหรือพูลได้อัตโนมัติหากมีปัญหา

ที่น่ากลัวคือ Koske แสดงพฤติกรรมที่ “คล้าย AI” เช่น การตรวจสอบการเชื่อมต่อ GitHub หลายชั้น การแก้ไข DNS และ proxy อัตโนมัติ และการค้นหา proxy ที่ใช้งานได้จาก GitHub — ทั้งหมดนี้ชี้ว่าอาจมีการใช้ LLM หรือระบบอัตโนมัติช่วยพัฒนาโค้ด

Koske เป็นมัลแวร์ Linux ที่ใช้ภาพแพนด้าเป็นตัวหลอก
ใช้เทคนิค polyglot file ฝังโค้ดไว้ท้ายไฟล์ JPEG
เมื่อเปิดด้วย interpreter จะรันโค้ดในหน่วยความจำทันที

เป้าหมายหลักคือการขุดคริปโต
รองรับมากกว่า 18 สกุล เช่น Monero, Ravencoin, Nexa, Zano
เลือก miner ตามฮาร์ดแวร์ของเหยื่อ (CPU/GPU)
สลับพูลหรือเหรียญอัตโนมัติหากมีปัญหา

ใช้ภาพจากเว็บแชร์รูปภาพที่ถูกต้องตามกฎหมาย
เช่น OVH images, freeimage, postimage
ทำให้หลบเลี่ยงการตรวจจับได้ง่าย

แสดงพฤติกรรมคล้าย AI ในการปรับตัว
ตรวจสอบการเชื่อมต่อ GitHub ด้วย curl, wget, TCP
รีเซ็ต proxy, flush iptables, เปลี่ยน DNS เป็น Cloudflare/Google
ค้นหา proxy ที่ใช้งานได้จาก GitHub lists

พบร่องรอยของต้นทางจากเซอร์เบียและสโลวัก
IP จากเซอร์เบีย, สคริปต์มีคำเซอร์เบีย, GitHub repo ใช้ภาษาสโลวัก
ชื่อ “Koske” อาจมาจากคำว่า “กระดูก” ในภาษาท้องถิ่น

นักวิจัยเชื่อว่าโค้ดถูกช่วยเขียนโดย AI
โค้ดมีโครงสร้างดี ความเห็นชัดเจน และใช้เทคนิคป้องกันตัวเอง
ทำให้การวิเคราะห์และระบุผู้เขียนยากขึ้น

มัลแวร์ Koske สามารถหลบเลี่ยงการตรวจจับได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ
รันในหน่วยความจำโดยไม่เขียนลงดิสก์
ใช้ rootkit ซ่อน process และไฟล์จากเครื่องมือทั่วไป

การเปิดภาพจากแหล่งที่ไม่น่าเชื่อถืออาจเป็นช่องทางติดมัลแวร์
ภาพที่ดู “น่ารัก” อาจมีโค้ดอันตรายซ่อนอยู่
ไม่ควรเปิดไฟล์จาก URL ที่ไม่รู้จักผ่าน interpreter หรือ shell

มัลแวร์นี้ใช้ทรัพยากรเครื่องอย่างหนัก
ทำให้ค่าไฟและค่า cloud compute สูงขึ้นโดยไม่รู้ตัว
ส่งผลต่อประสิทธิภาพของระบบและความปลอดภัย

เป็นตัวอย่างของภัยคุกคามยุคใหม่ที่ใช้ AI เป็นเครื่องมือ
การใช้ LLM ในการสร้างมัลแวร์ทำให้มันปรับตัวได้ดีขึ้น
อาจเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของมัลแวร์ที่ “เรียนรู้” และ “ปรับตัว” ได้แบบเรียลไทม์

https://www.techradar.com/pro/security/a-damaging-new-linux-malware-is-hiding-in-cute-animal-photos

ทุกวันนี้ศูนย์ข้อมูลระดับโลกมีปัญหาใหญ่มากคือ “ความร้อน” — เพราะเซิร์ฟเวอร์ และโดยเฉพาะชิป AI สมัยใหม่ ร้อนขึ้นทุกปีจนระบบทำความเย็นต้องวิ่งตามแบบหืดขึ้นคอ และตอนนี้การทำความเย็นคิดเป็นเกือบ 40% ของพลังงานทั้งหมดในศูนย์ข้อมูล แล้วด้วยนะ

ทีม UC San Diego เลยคิด “เราจะลอกระบบระบายความร้อนจากธรรมชาติดีไหม?” พวกเขาเลยสร้างแผ่นไฟเบอร์ที่ใช้กลไกแบบเดียวกับ “เหงื่อของมนุษย์” — คือน้ำถูกดูดขึ้นมาบนพื้นผิวด้วยแรง capillary จากรูเล็ก ๆ แล้วระเหยออกเพื่อพาความร้อนไป ซึ่งไม่ต้องใช้พลังงานอะไรเพิ่มเลย

ทีมนักวิจัยสามารถทดสอบแผ่นนี้ภายใต้ความร้อนสูงกว่า 800 วัตต์/ตารางเซนติเมตร (ระดับเดียวกับการระบายความร้อนของ GPU/CPU ที่หนักมาก) และพบว่าแผ่นไม่เพียงแต่ทนได้ — แต่ยังระบายความร้อนได้ต่อเนื่องหลายชั่วโมงโดยไม่อุดตันหรือรั่วซึมเหมือนวัสดุแบบเดิม ๆ

พวกเขากำลังจะพัฒนาต่อไปเป็น cold plate สำหรับชิปโดยตรง และวางแผนจะต่อยอดเชิงพาณิชย์ด้วยบริษัทสตาร์ทอัปเร็ว ๆ นี้

ทีม UC San Diego พัฒนาแผ่นไฟเบอร์ระบายความร้อนด้วยการระเหยแบบ passive  
• เลียนแบบกลไกการระเหยของเหงื่อในสิ่งมีชีวิต  
• ใช้รูพรุนละเอียดช่วยดูดน้ำขึ้นมาระบายความร้อนโดยไม่ต้องใช้พลังงานเพิ่ม

แผ่นสามารถรองรับความร้อนสูงได้ถึง 800 วัตต์/ตารางเซนติเมตร  
• สูงกว่าการระบายความร้อนทั่วไปหลายเท่า และไม่เกิดการเดือดหรืออุดตัน

พัฒนาโดยทีมนักวิจัยนำโดยศาสตราจารย์ Renkun Chen ร่วมกับนักศึกษาปริญญาเอกและนักวิจัยหลังปริญญา  
• ตีพิมพ์ในวารสาร Joule

โครงสร้างของแผ่นมาจากวัสดุที่เคยใช้ในระบบกรองน้ำ  
• มีรูเชื่อมต่อกัน (interconnected pores) และขนาดรูเหมาะสมเพื่อให้เกิดแรง capillary พอดี

เตรียมขยายผลสู่งานจริงโดยต่อยอดเป็น cold plate ติดกับชิป และเริ่มดำเนินการเชิงพาณิชย์

อาจนำไปใช้กับอุปกรณ์ในระดับ edge computing หรือมือถือได้ในอนาคต  
• เพราะใช้พลังงานน้อยและมีประสิทธิภาพดีแม้ในพื้นที่จำกัด

https://www.techradar.com/pro/cooling-data-centers-is-a-multi-billion-dollar-problem-researchers-want-to-use-a-common-cooling-mechanism-found-in-animals-to-solve-that-issue

Common Grammar Mistakes You May Be Making

It’s no secret that English is a tough and pretty weird language to learn. There are so many grammar rules and exceptions that even the best of us make mistakes every now and then. However, some grammar mistakes are more common than others. In fact, you might be making some simple grammar mistakes without even knowing it. To do our part in helping everybody become a grammar great, we’ve put together a list that will help solve some of the most common grammar mistakes out there. Keep this list handy before you turn in your next paper or hit send on that important email to be the boss!

Mistake 1: who or whom?
Let’s start with a biggie: who and whom are a pair of commonly confused pronouns that are often used to ask questions or refer to unknown people. In short, who is a subject pronoun while whom is an object pronoun. This means that you would use who as you would use I, he, she, and they, and you would use whom in the same places as me, him, them, and us. For example:

Who (subject) ate my lunch?
You went to the beach with whom (object)?
But interrogative sentences often jumble word order around, and many writers hesitate to place the object whom at the beginning of the sentence. Although correct, it just seems odd. For example:

Whom (object) did you (subject) ask questions to?
All of that said, in informal speech and writing, speakers will often opt for who where whom has traditionally been used. To learn much more about the differences between who and whom, check out our guide When Do You Use “Who” vs. “Whom”?

Mistake 2: who or that?
Who is back again to confuse us. Who and that are another pair of pronouns that can be easily mixed up. Generally speaking, who is used to refer to people (and possibly named animals) and that is used to refer to non-living things (and possibly unnamed animals). For example:

Who lives here? (refers to a person or people)
I never want to see that again. (refers to a thing or unnamed animal)
Both who and that can also be used as relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses that describe nouns. As before, who is typically used to refer to people while that is used to refer to objects.

I sat by the girl (person) who was wearing a hat.
Kelly bought a car (object) that has good gas mileage.
That being said, that is often used to describe people in informal writing. For example:

He just met the girl that moved in next door.
Most style guides recommend avoiding using that in this way in formal writing.

Mistake 3: commas—all the commas
We move from the apostrophe to possibly the most dreaded punctuation mark of all: the comma. It is hard to know where to even begin with commas, as they are the source of many, many grammar errors. To really master commas, you are best off checking out our amazing guide to proper comma usage. For now, we’ll just look at a couple of common comma mistakes to avoid:

Common comma mistake: the splice
This mistake occurs when a comma appears where it shouldn’t. When joining two independent clauses, a comma needs to be followed by a conjunction. But using a comma by itself (as in the first sentence below) is considered an error.

Mistake: I like strawberry ice cream, my sister doesn’t.
Fixed: I like strawberry ice cream, but my sister doesn’t.

Common comma mistake: tricky subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses do not require a comma, and it is considered a mistake to use one.

Mistake: Luke avoids cats, because he is allergic to them.
Fixed: Luke avoids cats because he is allergic to them.

Subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions, such as because, after, before, since, or although.

Mistake 4: its or it’s?
Only a single apostrophe separates the frustrating duo if its and it’s. The word its is a possessive pronoun that is used like the words my, his, her, and our. The word it’s is a contraction for the phrase “it is” or “it has.” Despite how similar they look, its and it’s have completely different meanings and usage. For example:

The door fell off its (possessive) hinges.
The idea is really bad but it’s (“it is”) the only one we have.
This common mistake likely has to do with the fact that an apostrophe is used to form the possessive of nouns such as Dave’s or Canada’s. As weird as it looks, its is in fact a possessive despite not using an apostrophe.

If you are still a little lost, our thorough guide to its and it’s can provide more assistance in separating these two very similar words.

Mistake 5: their, there, and they’re? (And what about your or you’re?)
Their, there, and they’re are a trio of homophones that frequently get mistaken for one another. However, they all have different, unique meanings. Let’s look at each one.

Their is the possessive form of they, and it can be used in place of either the singular or plural they to express ownership or possession. For example:

The scientists put on their lab coats.
They’re is a contraction of they are and fills in for it to shorten sentences. For example:

Becky and Jayden were supposed to be here already, but they’re (“they are”) late.
There is a word that usually means “that place” as in Tokyo looks so exciting; I wish I could go there. It has a few other meanings, but it isn’t a synonym of either their or they’re.

Your and you’re are another pair of homophones that commonly get mixed up. Like their, your is the possessive form of the singular and plural you. Like they’re, you’re is a contraction that stands for “you are.” Here are examples of how we use these two similar words:

I like your jacket. (possession)
You’re (“you are”) smarter than you think.

Mistake 6: me or I?
At first glance, me and I seem simple enough: I is a subject pronoun and me is an object pronoun. We use I as the subject of sentences/clauses and me as the object. For example:

I (subject) went to sleep.
Erica likes me (object).
However, it can be easy to forget these rules when sentences get more complicated, and it gets harder to figure out if something is a subject or object.

Chris, Daniela, and I (compound subject) played soccer.
Dad sent birthday presents to my sister and me (compound object).
The main source of this confusion might be the word than, which can be used as either a conjunction or a preposition. Because of this, both of the following sentences are correct:

Nobody sings karaoke better than I.
Nobody sings karaoke better than me.

Mistake 7: dangling modifiers
When we use modifiers such as adverbial or participial phrases, we typically want to place them as close to the word they modify as possible. Otherwise, a sentence may end up with a type of mistake called a “dangling modifier.” A dangling modifier is a phrase or clause that either appears to modify the wrong things or seems to modify nothing at all. This common grammar mistake can result in confusing or unintentionally funny sentences. To fix these misplaced modifiers, you’ll want to place them close to the word they modify and make it clear which word or part of the sentence they modify. For example:

Mistake: While driving, a bear walked in front of my car. (Is a bear driving something?)
Fixed: While I was driving my car, a bear walked in front of me.

Mistake: Rubbing their hands together, the winter weather was harsh and cold. (Whoever is rubbing their hands is missing.)
Fixed: Rubbing their hands together, the explorers tried to stay warm in the harsh and cold winter weather.

Mistake: Yesterday, I found a stray dog in my underpants. (Was the dog hiding inside your underpants?)
Fixed: While wearing just my underpants, I found a stray dog yesterday.

Mistake 8: pronoun antecedents
When we use pronouns, they must agree in number with their antecedents. The antecedent is the noun that a pronoun is filling in for. It is a mistake to use a plural pronoun with a singular antecedent and a singular pronoun with a plural antecedent. For example:

Mistake: The bees hid in its hive.
Fixed: The bees hid in their hive.

Additionally, we wouldn’t use its to refer to a person, nor would we use personal pronouns to refer to non-living things.

Mistake: The zoo that Amanda owns is having her grand opening tomorrow.
Fixed: The zoo that Amanda owns is having its grand opening tomorrow.

At the same time, it should be clear in a sentence what a pronoun’s antecedent actually is. Avoid making the mistake of having missing or unclear antecedents.

Missing antecedent: I looked everywhere but couldn’t find her. (Who is her?)
Unclear antecedent: The toaster was next to the sink when it broke. (What broke? Does “it” refer to the toaster or the sink?)

To learn a lot more about pronouns and how to use them, check out our great guide to pronouns here.

Mistake 9: semicolons
For many, the semicolon is not a punctuation mark that sees a lot of use, which may explain why people make mistakes when trying to use it. As it turns out, semicolons are fairly simple to use. The main thing to remember when using a semicolon is that the sentence following the semicolon doesn’t begin with a capital letter unless it begins with a proper noun. For example:

I love cats; they are cute and smart.
Jack and Jill went up a hill; Jill made it up first.

© 2025, Aakkhra, All rights reserved.

ผลงานAIทำเพลงหมาDebut Singleสาวน้อยอาราเล่ #สัตว์เลี้ยงแสนรัก #สัตว์โลกน่ารัก #สัตว์เลี้ยง #น่ารัก #คนรักสัตว์ #ไซบีเรียนฮัสกี้ #บางแก้ว #หลังอาน #สุนัข #หมา #dog #pets #animal #funny #อาราเล่หมาดื้อ

Baidu พัฒนา AI เพื่อแปลเสียงสัตว์เป็นภาษามนุษย์ Baidu บริษัทเทคโนโลยีชั้นนำของจีน ได้ยื่นขอจดสิทธิบัตรสำหรับ ระบบ AI ที่สามารถแปลเสียงสัตว์เป็นภาษามนุษย์ โดยใช้ โมเดลภาษาขนาดใหญ่ (LLM) และเทคนิคการประมวลผลเสียงขั้นสูง

นักวิทยาศาสตร์พยายาม ศึกษาการสื่อสารของสัตว์มานานหลายทศวรรษ และระบบของ Baidu อาจเป็น ก้าวสำคัญในการทำความเข้าใจพฤติกรรมและอารมณ์ของสัตว์

Baidu ยื่นขอจดสิทธิบัตรระบบ AI ที่สามารถแปลเสียงสัตว์เป็นภาษามนุษย์
- ใช้ โมเดลภาษาขนาดใหญ่ (LLM) และเทคนิคการประมวลผลเสียงขั้นสูง

นักวิทยาศาสตร์พยายามศึกษาการสื่อสารของสัตว์มานานหลายทศวรรษ
- ระบบของ Baidu อาจช่วยให้ เข้าใจพฤติกรรมและอารมณ์ของสัตว์ได้ดีขึ้น

เทคโนโลยีนี้อาจช่วยให้มนุษย์สามารถสื่อสารกับสัตว์เลี้ยงได้ดีขึ้น
- อาจช่วยให้ เจ้าของสัตว์เลี้ยงเข้าใจความต้องการของสัตว์มากขึ้น

Baidu เป็นเจ้าของเครื่องมือค้นหาที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในจีน และกำลังขยายงานด้าน AI
- มีการลงทุนใน AI ด้านการแปลภาษาและการประมวลผลเสียง

https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2025/05/08/china039s-baidu-looks-to-patent-ai-system-to-decipher-animal-sounds

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hFuWCKt_Bs
เกมทายชือสัตว์สำหรับเด็ก | Guess the Animal for Kids
#เกมภาษาอังกฤษ #ภาษาอังกฤษสำหรับเด็ก #เกมทายชื่อสัตว์

Map showing the current distribution of Siamese crocodiles in Southeast Asia as a years-long effort has brought the endangered animal back from the brink of extinction, with 10 of the reptiles being released by Fauna and Flora into the wild in Cambodia's Virachey national park.
Read more: https://u.afp.com/Sw4E

Amazon กำลังจะยกเลิกฟีเจอร์การดาวน์โหลดไฟล์ Kindle ไปยังคอมพิวเตอร์ในวันที่ 26 กุมภาพันธ์ 2025 ซึ่งเป็นฟีเจอร์ที่มีมานานกว่า 10 ปี ข่าวนี้เป็นเรื่องสำคัญสำหรับผู้ที่ต้องการควบคุมไฟล์หนังสือที่ตนเองซื้อไป อย่างไรก็ตาม Amazon ไม่ได้แจ้งเตือนผู้ใช้ในหน้าการจัดการเนื้อหาดิจิทัลหลัก ทำให้ผู้ใช้หลายคนอาจจะไม่ทราบเรื่องนี้จนกว่าจะถึงเวลาใกล้หมดอายุ

สิ่งที่น่าสนใจคือการที่เราสามารถดาวน์โหลดไฟล์หนังสือทำให้เรามีความรู้สึกว่าเราควบคุมทรัพย์สินดิจิทัลของเราได้ อย่างไรก็ตาม การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกิดขึ้นนี้ทำให้การควบคุมนั้นหายไป ซึ่งเป็นเรื่องที่น่ากังวล เพราะการปรับเปลี่ยนเนื้อหาดิจิทัลได้อาจทำให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลงประวัติศาสตร์ได้

ยกตัวอย่างเช่น ในอดีต Amazon เคยลบหนังสือ 1984 และ Animal Farm ออกจากเครื่อง Kindle ของผู้ใช้ทั้งหมด หรือการแก้ไขเนื้อหาหนังสือของ Roald Dahl โดยการลบคำที่ไม่เหมาะสมออกไป สิ่งเหล่านี้แสดงให้เห็นว่าเนื้อหาดิจิทัลสามารถเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ง่าย

ในทางปฏิบัติ การดาวน์โหลดหนังสือไปยังคอมพิวเตอร์เป็นสิ่งจำเป็นสำหรับผู้ใช้ Kindle รุ่นเก่าที่ต้องการถ่ายโอนไฟล์ผ่าน USB และสำหรับผู้ที่ใช้เครื่องมือในการแปลงไฟล์ Kindle เพื่ออ่านบนอุปกรณ์อื่นๆ

ดังนั้น หากคุณต้องการรักษาหนังสือ Kindle ของคุณไว้ ควรรีบดาวน์โหลดไฟล์เหล่านั้นก่อนที่ฟีเจอร์นี้จะถูกยกเลิกในวันที่ 26 กุมภาพันธ์ 2025

== ลุงมีขั้นตอนการดาวน์โหลดไฟล์หนังสือ Kindle ไปยังคอมพิวเตอร์ของคุณให้ครับ ==
1) เปิดเบราว์เซอร์และเข้าสู่ Amazon: ไปที่เว็บไซต์ Amazon และลงชื่อเข้าใช้บัญชีที่คุณใช้ซื้อหนังสือ Kindle
2) ไปที่ "Content & Devices": ที่หน้าหลักของ Amazon ให้คลิกที่ไอคอนรูปคนหรือชื่อผู้ใช้ของคุณทางมุมขวาบน จากนั้นเลือก "Content & Devices" (จัดการเนื้อหาและอุปกรณ์)
3) เลือกหนังสือที่ต้องการดาวน์โหลด: ที่หน้า "Your Content" (เนื้อหาของคุณ) คุณจะเห็นรายการหนังสือ Kindle ทั้งหมดของคุณ คลิกที่ปุ่ม "..." (จุดสามจุด) ข้างๆ หนังสือที่คุณต้องการดาวน์โหลด
4) เลือก "Download & transfer via USB": จากเมนูที่ปรากฏขึ้นมา เลือก "Download & transfer via USB" (ดาวน์โหลดและโอนไฟล์ผ่าน USB)
5) เลือกอุปกรณ์ Kindle: จากเมนูดรอปดาวน์ ให้เลือกอุปกรณ์ Kindle ของคุณที่คุณต้องการถ่ายโอนไฟล์หนังสือ จากนั้นคลิก "Download" (ดาวน์โหลด)
6) บันทึกไฟล์: เบราว์เซอร์ของคุณจะเริ่มดาวน์โหลดไฟล์หนังสือ Kindle (.azw) ลงในคอมพิวเตอร์ของคุณ โปรดเลือกโฟลเดอร์ที่คุณต้องการบันทึกไฟล์
7) ถ่ายโอนไฟล์ไปยังอุปกรณ์ Kindle (ถ้าจำเป็น): ถ้าคุณต้องการอ่านหนังสือในอุปกรณ์ Kindle ที่ไม่รองรับการดาวน์โหลดโดยตรง คุณสามารถเชื่อมต่ออุปกรณ์ Kindle กับคอมพิวเตอร์ผ่านสาย USB แล้วคัดลอกไฟล์ .azw ไปยังโฟลเดอร์ "Documents" ในอุปกรณ์ Kindle ของคุณได้

https://www.zdnet.com/article/download-your-kindle-books-right-now-amazon-is-killing-this-option-in-a-few-days/

อนาคต Dog Walker #พักผ่อน #สบายใจ #จูงหมาเดินเล่น #สัตว์เลี้ยงแสนรัก #สัตว์โลกน่ารัก #funny #หมา #dog #animal #อาราเล่หมาดื้อ

“Venom” vs. “Poison”: Which One Is More Harmful To You?

Here’s the obvious thing about poison and venom: you don’t want either one in your body. But after that, things can get confusing. Although the two words are sometimes used interchangeably in casual use, a distinction is made between them in scientific contexts.

In this article, we’ll look at the key differences between poison and venom as well as the adjective forms poisonous and venomous, especially in the context of snakes, plants, and other living things.

Quick summary

The word poison can refer to any substance that is inherently harmful to a living thing—especially a substance that’s intended to be harmful. The word venom is more specific—it refers to a poisonous substance produced in the body of an animal and actively used to cause harm through injection, such as through a snake bite, a spider bite, or an insect sting. Venom is sometimes called poison in casual use, and animals that are venomous are sometimes casually described as poisonous, as in poisonous snakes. But in reference to organisms, there is a difference: poison is secreted through the skin or delivered through ingestion.

What is the difference between poison vs. venom?

The word poison can refer to any substance with an inherent property that makes it harmful or even deadly. The word is perhaps most often used to refer to substances that are intended to cause harm in this way, as in rat poison or The poison they used was a nerve agent.

The word poison is also sometimes used to refer to naturally occurring toxic chemicals and substances, such as arsenic or cyanide (which can also be used intentionally to cause harm). It’s also sometimes used to refer to manufactured chemicals that aren’t intended to cause harm but can if ingested, such as bleach or other cleaners.

The term venom is much more specific—it refers to a dangerous substance produced in the body of an animal, such as in some snakes, spiders, and wasps, and delivered via injection. Such animals may use venom as a way to defend themselves or as part of how they prey on other animals. Snakes are known for delivering venom via a bite, but some can spray or “spit” venom. Wasps and other insects can inject venom via stingers. Some jellyfish inject venom through barbed tentacles.

The toxicity of venom varies widely. The effects of different venoms range from minor irritation to death.

The toxic substances produced by some animals may be referred to as poison instead of venom. This is the case when the substance is simply secreted by the animal or stored inside its body (as in the poison-arrow frog), as opposed to being actively injected or sprayed.

Animals aren’t the only living things that produce poisonous substances. Many plants contain substances that are toxic if they’re ingested or come into contact with skin, but such a substance is typically called a poison as opposed to a venom.

Despite the technical distinction between the words, animal venom is sometimes generally referred to as poison.

Another difference in how we use the words: unlike the word venom, poison is also commonly used as a verb. It can mean “to administer poison to (a person or animal)” or “to add poison to something,” as in She poisoned the soup.

poisonous vs. venomous

The adjective poisonous is used broadly to describe substances that are considered poisons. It may also be applied to things that contain a substance considered a poison, as in The leaves of that plant are poisonous.

The adjective venomous is more narrowly applied to animals that produce venom, especially if they’re able to inject that venom as a way of actively defending themselves or preying on other animals.

However, in the context of animals, the word poisonous is often used casually to mean the same thing as venomous, such as in terms like poisonous snakes, which is often used to distinguish such snakes from ones that don’t have venom.

Although rare, it’s possible for an animal to be accurately described as both poisonous and venomous. The Asian tiger snake is one commonly cited example of this: it has a venomous bite, but it’s also poisonous because its body contains the poison from the poisonous toads that it eats.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

You Don’t Always Have To Use “But”

The word but is a useful word that often ominously precedes a lot of bad news or tough criticism. But is a word that appears in many of our sentences and is one of the most commonly used words in the English language. But–and this is a big but–we might be overusing the word just a bit. It makes sense why we would overlay on but; after all, it is a short little word that can easily connect sentences together. However, there are so many other words and phrases that sadly aren’t getting to shine with but hogging all the spotlight. The word but may not like it, but it is time for but to butt out and let someone else slip into our sentences for a little while.

What does but mean, and why do we use it so much?

The word but is often used in two major ways: to express a contrast or to express an exception. The sentence Jenny is tall, but her parents are short is an example of but used to show contrast; Jenny’s height is totally different from her parents’. The sentence Everyone but Rahul was right-handed shows how but is used to express exception; Rahul is the only left-handed person, which makes him unique from everybody else.

In addition to having these two very common uses, the word but is also one of the seven coordinating conjunctions. In short, coordinating conjunctions allow us to easily connect independent sentences by simply using a comma. For example, we can combine the two shorter sentences Rabbits are fast and Turtles are slow into the larger sentence Rabbits are fast, but turtles are slow. This is a fairly easy way of combining sentences, so we often rely on but to join sentences together.

That isn’t all, though. Besides its big job as a conjunction, but can also be used as a preposition as in We tried everything but the kitchen sink or as an adverb as in There is but one road that leads to safety. With how versatile and useful the word but is, it is no wonder that we might overwork it sometimes!

Examples of but in sentences

The following examples show some of the different ways we often use but in sentences:

- I thought the book was really boring, but everyone else liked it.
- Nobody but Camila was able to last more than five minutes in the cold water.
- We could do nothing but stare in horror as the sandcastle collapsed.
- She knew of only but one way to calm the crowd: Karaoke!

Alternatives of contrast

The first major way we use but is to show contrast, contradiction, or opposition. Luckily for us, there are plenty of other words we can use to show relationships like these. In fact, we can find one among but’s coordinating conjunction friends in the word yet. Because yet is also a coordinating conjunction, we can swap it in for but without even needing to change the sentence. For example:

• We need a new car, but we can’t afford one.
• We need a new car, yet we can’t afford one.

While yet is an easy substitution for but to mean contrast, it isn’t the only option. Some other useful words and phrases that can fill in this role include:

• although, despite, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, still, though, even though, on the other hand

Typically, we can use one of the above words/phrases in place of but while only making small changes to our sentences and without changing the sentence’s meaning. For example:

• The flight is on Saturday, but it might be delayed because of snow.
• The flight is on Saturday. However, it might be delayed because of snow.

Make the swap

The following pairs of sentences show how we can express a contrast by first using but and then by swapping it out for a similar word. Notice that the new sentences still express the same meaning.

• The painting looks great, but something is still missing.
• The painting looks great, yet something is still missing.

• The soldiers were heavily outnumbered, but they stood their ground anyway.
• The soldiers were heavily outnumbered. Nevertheless, they stood their ground anyway.

• Jessie and James act mean, but they are good people at heart.
• Jessie and James act mean. Still, they are good people at heart.

Alternatives of exception

The second major way that we use but is to express an exception. Again, we have a variety of different words and phrases with the same meaning that we can use to give but a break. Some of these words include:

• except, barring, save, without, excluding, minus, disregarding, omitting, aside from, not including, other than, apart from, leaving out

Most of the time, we can even substitute one of these words/phrases into a sentence without needing to change anything else. For example:

• Every student but Ryan enjoys basketball.
• Every student except Ryan enjoys basketball.

Make the swap

The following pairs of sentences show how we can state exceptions by first using but and then swapping it out for a similar word or phrase. Take note that the meaning of the sentence doesn’t change.

• All the animals but the tigers are sleeping.
• All the animals apart from the tigers are sleeping.

• I like all flavors of ice cream but mint.
• I like all flavors of ice cream other than mint.

• Every guard was loyal but one.
• Every guard was loyal, save one.

Change the sentence

It might be the case that the word but is just not the word we were looking for. In that case, we may need to take more drastic action and really change up a sentence. We might exchange but for a different word that alters the meaning of the sentence or even rewrite our sentences entirely.

Sometimes, we may want to frame our sentence in a way in which we don’t put two things in opposition or contrast, even if they are different. For example, we may just want to present two different options or state two different but equally important opinions.

Whatever our reasons, we have several different ways we could get but out of the sentence. The simplest way, which often won’t involve changing a sentence too much, is to swap out but for one of the other coordinating conjunctions. For example:

• I like dogs, but I don’t like cats. (Two opposing thoughts.)
• I like dogs, and I don’t like cats. (Two equal, different thoughts.)

• She might win big, but she might lose it all. (Two contrasting thoughts.)
• She might win big, or she might lose it all. (Two alternative outcomes.)

If we can’t use a different coordinating conjunction, we will often need to make more significant changes to our sentences in order to follow proper grammar. So, we might use a subordinating conjunction or split our clauses apart into separate sentences. For example:

• We wanted to go to the beach, but it rained all day.
• We didn’t go to the beach because it rained all day.

• Keith needed new shoes, but he couldn’t afford them.
• Keith needed new shoes. However, he couldn’t afford them.

Examples

Let’s look at different ways we can take but out of a sentence. You’ll notice that some of the sentences will change their grammar or even their meaning after but is replaced.

• Jason lives at Camp Crystal Lake, but he doesn’t work there.
• Jason lives at Camp Crystal Lake, and he doesn’t work there.

• She wants a new pony, but only if she can name it Pinkie Pie.
• She wants a new pony under the condition that she can name it Pinkie Pie.

• I didn’t practice much, but I won the game anyway.
• Despite the fact that I didn’t practice much, I won the game anyway.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Pack Your Bags! 6 Current Travel Slang Terms To Take On Your Next Trip

Have you been feeling wanderlust lately? If so, you are not alone. Lots of people are looking to hit the road and travel as pandemic restrictions slowly lessen across the world. All of this vacationing and globetrotting is likely to lead to a whole bunch of trendy new travel jargon—either organically or as marketing pushes by a travel industry hungry for all those new travelers. While you start prepping for your own big trip, here are some examples of modern travel slang that you can stuff into your suitcase.

baecation
The word baecation simply refers to any vacation spent with your bae, your romantic partner. Baecation is often used in travel marketing and advertising of romantic getaways or destinations known as lands of love.

Baecation is a hybrid construction that combines the word bae with the end of the word vacation. The fact that baecation rhymes with vacation is an added marketing bonus. Baecation is formed similarly to the word staycation–meaning a vacation where someone stays home– which has become a mainstay of travel lingo.

friendcation
As you might have guessed, the term friendcation refers to a vacation spent with friends. A friendcation could refer to any type of vacation as long as you bring a buddy or two along. In marketing and social media, friendcation is often used to refer to vacation spots that feature group activities, such as hang gliding or nightclub-hopping.

As with baecation, friendcation is simply a hybrid construction that combines the word friend with the ending of the word vacation.

eduvacation
You know something that goes great with a vacation? Learning! The term eduvacation refers to a vacation or trip that involves learning about things. The term is broadly used and could refer to a wide variety of vacation destinations and activities, such as a trip to a famous museum, a tour of a cultural historic site, or a safari that teaches about animals.

The word eduvacation is a combination of the words education and vacation. Unlike baecation and friendcation, the entire word vacation makes an appearance because without the whole thing you would just have … education.

familymoon
A familymoon is a vacation for a newly married couple—and their children. The term is used to refer both to couples that have had children with each other prior to getting married and to couples who had children from previous relationships. As you’d expect, familymoon is used in advertising and social media when referring to travel spots that are kid-friendly and have plenty of things for children to do.

The word familymoon is based on the word honeymoon, a trip taken by newly married couples. The family in familymoon refers to the couples’ children—their family. A similar word that uses the -moon suffix based on honeymoon is the fairly well-known term babymoon. A babymoon is a vacation that a couple takes to celebrate (and rest before) the upcoming birth of a baby.


gramping
It is time to bridge the generational divide and go gramping. The word gramping refers to grandparents and their grandchildren going on vacation together. While this term can refer to camping trips, it is also used more broadly to refer to any kind of trip or travel that grandchildren spend with their grandparents. Similar to familymoon, gramping is often used to refer to places that are accessible to both children and older people and have plenty of things they can do together.

The word gramping is a hybrid combination of the word camping with the prefix grand- found in both grandparent and grandchild(ren). It is formed similarly to the popularly used travel word glamping, which refers to glamorous camping in which a person brings luxuries on a camping trip.

bleisure
Let’s get down to business and … go on vacation? The word bleisure is often used in the phrase “bleisure travel” to refer to a combination of business and leisure travel. The term is often used to refer to business trips that involve some form of enjoying oneself. This could involve things such as making time for a hiking trip, fitting in some sightseeing, or bringing the kids along to have fun in between video conferences. Bleisure travel has become increasingly popular in recent times due to large numbers of people having to work remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The word bleisure is an oxymoronic mashup of the words business and leisure. Bleisure is used to refer to trips that in some way combine getting work done while finding time to relax or do something fun.

These travel terms, as well as many others, are often driven by travel marketing. For example, you may see the newer travel term open-jaw flight, meaning a flight that leaves from a different city from the one that a person arrived in, alongside the well-known term red-eye flight, which refers to a flight taken during the sleep hours.

Given that it is in travel agencies’ best interest to come up with snappy, marketable ways to sell vacation packages, don’t be surprised if we continue to see plenty of new travel lingo to get us all gallivanting across the globe.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Homophone” vs. “Homonym” vs. “Homograph”: Differences And Examples

English is absolutely full of words that sound or look the same but have different meanings. And we have words for these kinds of words: homophones, homographs, and homonyms. But remembering the difference can be its own challenge.

In this article, we’ll break down the differences and the overlap and provide examples of all three.

Quick summary

Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings, like there/their/they’re and its/it’s. Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings. Homographs can be pronounced differently (like bass the fish and bass the instrument) or the same (like fair meaning “equitable” or “a carnival”). The word homonyms is often used to refer to all such words in general. Some words, like bark, fall into more than one category—bark on a tree and bark of a dog are both homophones (sounding the same) and homographs (being spelled the same), for example.

What is the difference between homophones, homonyms, and homographs?

There is a helpful way to tell the difference between the words homophone, homograph, and homonym: knowing what their endings mean can help you remember how they’re used.

Homophone, homonym, and homograph all start with homo-, which means “same.”

The -phone in homophone means “sound.” So homophones are words that sound the same. Homophones always have different meanings, but they may be spelled the same or differently. Bear (the animal) and bare (meaning “uncovered” or “empty”) are homophones. But so are bark (the sound a dog makes) and bark (the covering of a tree). And the different senses of bear (the animal and the verb meaning “to carry”).

The -graph in homograph means “written.” Homographs are words that are written the same—meaning they always have the same spelling—but have different meanings.

Homographs can be pronounced the same or not. For example, bass (the fish, rhymes with class) and bass (the instrument, rhymes with ace) are homographs. But so are the different senses of bark and bear.

Take a closer look at the homonym pair bare vs. bear.

Homonym examples

As we’ve just explained, the term homonym can refer to both a homophone and a homograph, so we’ve broken them down into two separate lists. The items from both lists can be broadly referred to as homonyms. But for clarity, it’s best to use the term homophones when referring to words that sound the same and homographs when referring to words that are spelled the same. Still, there are examples that fit into both categories, such as the different senses of bark and bear discussed earlier.

Homophone examples

Here are just some of the many examples of homophones in English:

there | their | they’re
to | too | two
its | it’s
your | you’re
whose | who’s
by | buy | bye
I | eye
see | sea
dear | deer
bare | bear
hair | hare
here | hear
air | heir
where | wear
pair | pear | pare
fair | fare
right | write | rite
sight | site | cite
steal | steel
plain | plane
sale | sail
break | brake
know | no
week | weak
add | ad
meet | meat
sell | cell
great | grate
piece | peace
eight | ate
one | won
flower | flour
for | four | fore
our | hour
wait | weight
night | knight
male | mail
son | sun
board | bored
hole | whole
sweet | suite
tail | tale

Homograph examples

It’s impossible to count how many words are homographs because so many words have more than one meaning.

We’ll separate this list into homographs that are pronounced differently and those that are pronounced the same. There are far fewer examples of ones that are pronounced differently.

Homographs that are pronounced differently

Here are several examples of homographs whose pronunciation is different.

minute (the noun meaning “60 seconds”; the adjective meaning “very small”)
bass (the fish; the instrument)
Polish (from Poland) and polish (to make something shiny)
bow (the noun referring to a ribbon tied in a decorative way; the verb meaning to bend reverently)
close (the adjective meaning “nearby”; the verb meaning “to shut”)
lead (the metal; the verb meaning “to act as a leader”)

Homographs that are pronounced the same

Here are some of the many, many homographs that sound the same, along with some of their common meanings (in many cases, there are multiple other meanings).

bear (the animal; the verb meaning “to carry”)
ring (a circle; a type of jewelry; what a phone does)
fan (the appliance that makes wind; an admirer/appreciator)
band (music group; a ring or strap)
bat (the animal; a baseball bat)
kind (the adjective meaning “nice”; the noun meaning “type”)
part (a component of something; a line in one’s hair; the verb meaning “to separate”)
park (a noun meaning an outdoor space; a verb meaning what you do to a car)
class (lesson; category; classiness)
fair (equitable or according to the rules; a carnival)

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Did You Know You Can Write These 17 Words On The Calculator?

Where were you the first time you learned you could spell words on a calculator? For most of us, the answer is an elementary or middle school math class. Maybe you had a friend who taught you the numbers to push to spell hello. Or, perhaps you were busy with homework and noticed the upside down numbers on your calculator looked like LOL. Before long you were probably trying all sorts of letter combinations trying to spell the longest (and silliest) possible words.

The extra fun thing about calculator words is that they’re one type of ambigrams. An ambigram is a word, number, or other figure that can be read upside down. To create and read a calculator word, you have to enter the corresponding numbers backwards, then flip the calculator upside down. When you do this, a 7 becomes an L, a 3 becomes an E, and suddenly, it’s a whole new world of words to explore. Here’s a look at some of the most classic and entertaining calculator words you may have forgotten about. Please note: this post includes some anatomy slang.

zoo

Or should we say 200? Some words become “calculator words” simply because they’re easy to write, and this is certainly one of them. Most of us know zoos as parklike areas where wild animals are on public display, but the word zoo can also mean “a place, activity, or group marked by chaos or unrestrained behavior.” For example, a math class where every student is busy writing secret messages on their calculators. Hey, we’re just kidding.

sizzle

Multisyllable calculator words are a good way to dazzle everyone with your sizzling intellect. Case in point: if you type 372215 and flip it upside down, you get the word sizzle. This word originated in English as an imitation of the hissing sound sometimes heard during cooking, so it’s one calculator word that’s both an ambigram and an onomatopoeia.

boob

If you’ve ever typed 8008 or 8008135 into your calculator, you aren’t alone. Boob and boobies are the quintessential, silly calculator words many people first learn in middle or high school. Boob is, of course, slang for a breast (or a foolish person—like the kind that types boob on a calculator). Like many words that make middle schoolers giggle, these ones are probably frowned upon in most math classes. The less we say about this one, the better.

logo

Logotype isn’t possible to spell on a calculator, but its shortened form, logo, certainly is. Typing 0607 will give you this noun that means “a graphic representation or symbol of a company name, trademark, abbreviation, etc., often uniquely designed for ready recognition.” Come to think of it, a brand name spelled out on a calculator could make a pretty cool logo.

obsess

If you’re a little bit obsessed with calculator words (or the number five), just input 553580. That’s how you spell obsess, which means “to occupy or preoccupy the thoughts, feelings, or desires of (a person); beset, trouble, or haunt persistently or abnormally.” The word comes from the Latin obsessus, a past participle of obsidēre, meaning “to occupy, frequent, besiege.”

LOL

You can laugh out loud or you can laugh on a calculator. 707 should get the message across. LOL is a ’90s internet abbreviation for “laugh out loud” or “laughing out loud.” These days, it’s less popular than a simple haha or a laughing emoji, but on a calculator it’s the clearest (and only) way to let someone know you appreciate their sense of humor.

eggshell

The next word on the list is eggshell. That’s 77345663, for those trying to spell it at home. This word, which refers to the shell of a bird’s egg, a paint color, and even a type of paper, may not be the zaniest word you can think of, but if your goal is to type the longest calculator word, it is definitely a contender.

giggle

Sometimes a good calculator word can give you a serious case of the giggles. Other times, the word is literally giggle. You can create this word by punching in 376616. This word, which entered English in the 1500s, is likely related to the Dutch gigelen or the German gickeln. On a calculator, it’s ideal for people who really like the number six.

hello

Here’s another quintessential calculator word that’s easy to learn. 07734 spells hello. Interestingly, it wouldn’t be possible to spell hello on a calculator if not for its modern form. The word evolved from hallo, a variant of hollo, which is itself a variant of the earlier Middle French hola, equivalent to “ahoy there.” There’s no great way to make the letter A on a calculator, so it’s a good thing language evolves.

hobbies

It’s nice to have hobbies. Hobby comes from the Middle English hoby, which referred to a horse in the 13th century. From hoby evolved hobbyhorse, a children’s toy, which was later shortened to its modern form. Since the word hobby means “an activity or interest pursued for pleasure or relaxation,” practicing your calculator spelling could technically count as one. If you grab the nearest calculator and type the numbers 5318804, you’ll have both the word hobbies and a new hobby.

LEGO

If you input 0637 on a calculator, you’ll get the name of a beloved classic toy. We know typing LEGO may not be as fun as playing with the trademarked LEGO construction toys, but it’s still pretty interesting, especially if you know where the LEGO name comes from. LEGO is an abbreviation of the Danish leg godt, which means “to play well.”

Ohio

You can’t spell all of the US state names on a calculator, but you can spell Ohio. Just hit 0140. While you’re typing it, it might be fun to share a few fun Ohio facts, like the fact that its capital is Columbus, it’s abbreviated with the letters OH, and it’s bordered by five other states: Michigan, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana.

igloo

It’s time for the ones and zeros to shine. Igloo can be spelled on a calculator by pressing 00761. First recorded in the mid-1800s, igloo comes from the Inuit word iglu, meaning “house.” In English, igloo doesn’t only describe dome-shaped structures. It’s also the word for “an excavation made by a seal in the snow over its breathing hole in the ice.”

goggle

Quick, what’s a six-letter calculator word that’s formed using at least three sixes? Goggle, or 376606, is the answer. Goggle is an interesting word because no one is 100% certain where it comes from. The word was first recorded in the 1300s and referred to movements of the eyes, such as bulging or rolling. It wasn’t until the 1700s that goggle began to refer to protective eye coverings.

lilies

The plural of lily is lilies, our next fun calculator word. Note that there is only one L in the middle of the word, so the correct way to input it on the calculator is 531717. A lily is, of course, a type of flowering plant, or it may refer to the ​​fleur-de-lis, especially as the symbol of France. It’s one of the only flower names able to be spelled using a calculator.

boss

Are you a 5508? That spells boss. You may be a boss in the literal sense, like a manager, or you might be a boss in the slang sense, which means “first-rate.” Believe it or not, the slang sense of the word isn’t just something the kids are saying. The first recorded use of boss to mean “excellent” occurred in the 1880s.

shoes

It’s almost time to hit the road, but not before we get to our final word: shoes. Footwear has certainly evolved since the ’90s and ’00s, when many of us were learning calculator words for the first time, but this five-letter word never goes out of style. In fact, shoe was first recorded in English before the year 900. All you need to do to spell this one is to hit 53045.

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What Are The 4 Types Of Brackets?

When considering punctuation marks, there are four pairs of marks that may be referred to as a type of bracket. They are parentheses, square brackets, curly brackets, and angle brackets. Of these four, parentheses are by far the most commonly used and are the punctuation marks that most writers are likely most familiar with. Although you may not get many chances yourself to bust out a pair of curly brackets or angle brackets, it doesn’t hurt to learn what they are typically used for so they don’t catch you by surprise.

Types of brackets

Parentheses ()

Let’s look at each of the four different types of brackets, moving from the pair you are most likely to see to the pair you will almost never see (in writing, at least).

Despite being the most commonly used of the four types of brackets, parentheses are still less common than other punctuation marks in formal writing. Most writers will tend to use them sparingly but effectively.

Parentheses have a lot of different uses. One particularly common use is to insert additional but unessential information, such as a writer’s commentary, into a sentence.

Last year, the first pitch was thrown by Santa Claus (yes, really).
Bananas are good for you (and tasty, too).
Some other information that might be contained within parentheses includes sources, references, abbreviations, acronyms, telephone area codes, and lifespans.

Parentheses examples

The owners loved dressing their dogs up in funny outfits. (The dogs were much less enthusiastic about it.)
The cat population doubled over the past 10 years. (Purrcy and Kitchins, 2005)
The shuttle was built by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
Edward I of England (1239–1307) was called “Edward Longshanks.”


Square brackets []

Square brackets, often just called brackets in American English, are typically only used with quotations in formal writing. Square brackets are used to indicate to a reader that the writer added their own words to a quote, added additional context, or otherwise made a change to a quote that wasn’t originally there. The term sic is also often used in a pair of square brackets to indicate that a quote originally had a grammatical error in it, and the writer didn’t make a mistake when reprinting it.

Square bracket examples

The following examples show the different ways that square brackets are typically used with quotations.

The president said, “He [the Polish ambassador] is a tough negotiator, but I’m confident we will reach an agreement that is best for both countries.”
The legendary pop singer said that “[she] would come back [to Miami] every summer if [she] could.”
My textbook says, “The explorers traveled down the Mississipi [sic] River.”


Curly brackets {}

Curly brackets, also known as braces or curly braces, are rarely used in formal writing and are more common in other fields such as science, math, and computing. Some style guides will allow them to be used for one specific purpose: grouping together a set.

The pastries {cakes, pies, croissants, danishes} looked delicious.
Informally, curly brackets may also be used to attempt to avoid confusion if a writer is using multiple sets of brackets in the same sentence.

Clifford (a {very, very} big dog) stomped his way down the street.
Both of these uses, though, are rare and many style guides and grammar resources may not have any formal use for curly brackets in writing. It is entirely possible that you may never read anything that uses curly brackets.

Curly bracket examples

The following examples show how curly brackets might be used. Keep in mind that these sentences may not be considered appropriate in formal writing.

The circus animals {lions, tigers, elephants, monkeys} were very well trained.
Madame Mysteria (who I {sadly} never met) was a legendary fortune teller.


Angle brackets <>

Angle brackets have no formal use in writing, at least in English. In other languages, double sets of angle brackets are sometimes used in place of quotation marks. Like curly brackets, you are much more likely to see angle brackets used in other fields, such as math and computing.

Informally, angle brackets might be used in place of parentheses to insert asides or you might see them used to introduce a website in an older piece of writing.

Angle bracket examples

The following examples show how angle brackets might be used in writing. These examples would typically not be considered appropriate in formal writing.

The car was both very fast and very pink. << Much too pink if you ask me >>
If you’re curious, you can find the rest of Chef Baker’s recipes at <www.bakeittillyoumakeit.yum>

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Add A Pop Of Color With The Vibrant Purple Synonyms

When you hear the word purple, what pops into your head? Chances are it’s one of a huge number of different shades, ranging from pale lavender to deep burgundy. There are so many different colors that fall under the vast umbrella of purple, so when you’re writing or talking about something in the shade, it’s helpful to be a bit more specific. Shades of purple can be found on everything from fruit to plants to wild animals. Here are 15 unique and vibrant words you can use when talking about the color purple.

lilac

Lilac is a “pale, reddish purple” that might call to mind a stroll through a garden. The color is named for the purplish flowers that grow on the shrub of the same name. This pale violet color is at home in a spring scene or even in the color palette of a sunrise. First recorded in the early 1600s, the word lilac comes from the Persian līlak, meaning “bluish.”

plum

If you need a darker shade of purple, plum will do. Plum is “a deep purple varying from bluish to reddish.” Like many words on the list, plum gets its name from something in nature. In this case, it’s the fruit that grows on plum trees. It can be traced to the Greek proúmnē, or “plum tree,” and it has been in use in English since at least the 900s.

violaceous

Is it purple or is it violaceous? This adjective means “of a violet color; bluish-purple.” It’s a perfect descriptor for anything with purplish hues, from fruit to flowers to the looming mountains in the distance. Violaceous is related to violet and was first recorded in English in the mid-1600s.

magenta

Magenta is a “purplish red.” It’s also the name of a town in Italy where the French and Sardinians defeated Austrian troops in 1859. The color was named for this battle site, as the famous fight took place shortly before magenta dye was discovered. But why was the town called Magenta? The town’s name may trace back to the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius, who is believed to have had a headquarters there.

amethyst

Some shades of purple really shine. Amethyst is “a purplish tint,” consistent with the purple or violet color of a type of quartz that shares the same name. It has a surprising backstory. Though the word has been in use in English since the mid-1200s, it has roots in the Greek améthystos, meaning “not intoxicating, not intoxicated.” This is because it was once believed the stone amethyst could prevent intoxication.

amaranthine

If you’re describing a red wine or something else that’s “of purplish-red color,” consider amaranthine. Amaranthine is the color of amaranth, a flowering plant known for its striking foliage or flower clusters. Amaranth comes from the Latin amarantus, an alteration of the Greek amáranton, meaning “unfading flower.”

periwinkle

Is it blue or is it purple? If it’s periwinkle, it must be somewhere in between. Periwinkle means “a blue-violet color,” and it’s associated with myrtle, a trailing plant with evergreen foliage and blue-violet flowers. Periwinkle is a common color used on furniture or clothing. The word has been in use in English since before the year 1500.

grape

If you asked someone to name something purple, a grape would probably come to mind. Because of the appearance of the fruit, grape has also come to mean “a dull, dark purplish-red color.” When something is grape, it has the flat, muted shade we associate with grapes, and it may range from a very deep purple to one with shades of pink or red. Grape comes from Middle English and was first recorded in the early 1200s.

lavender

While the plant lavender is well known for its scent, it has also influenced the name of a well-known shade of purple. Lavender, as a color, is “a pale bluish purple.” It’s a popular choice for weddings. There’s even lavender ice cream! Lavender comes from the Medieval Latin lavendula, meaning “a plant livid in color.”

wine

Wine isn’t just a drink you have with dinner. It’s also “a dark reddish color, as of red wines.” Wine might describe the particular shade of purple you want to paint your kitchen or the pretty new lipstick that’s on sale at the cosmetics store. While wine certainly indicates a deep purple-red color, you could be even more specific by naming a certain type of wine. For example, burgundy can be used to mean a “grayish red-brown to dark blackish-purple.”

violet

As a flower, violets are known for their vibrant purple color. That’s why the “reddish-blue” color of the same name is called violet. Violet exists at the opposite end of the visible spectrum from red. You probably recognize it as the “V” in the abbreviation ROYGBIV, the colors of the rainbow. Typically, violet is more red in hue than a standard purple, like the color of the sky at sunset or the feathers of a Violet-backed starling.

pomegranate

Much like the fruit, pomegranate is a deep reddish or pinkish-purple color. Because of its complexity, it’s a great color for decorating. Pomegranate has been in use in English since at least the late 1200s, and it has a pretty straightforward origin. The name for the many-seeded fruit comes from the Medieval Latin pomum granatum, which literally means “a seedy apple.”

heliotrope

For a lighter shade of purple, give heliotrope a try. It’s “a light tint of purple; reddish lavender.” Not only is this word fun to say, but it also has a cool backstory. Like other purple shades, the color heliotrope shares its name with a plant. Helios is Greek for “sun,” while the Greek trópos means “a turn, change.” The plant heliotrope was named for the way its flowers and leaves turn towards the sun.

orchid

The word orchid calls to mind the delicate flowers of an orchid plant, which are sometimes a light “bluish to reddish purple color.” You can use orchid to talk about light shades of purple that fall somewhere between lilac and lavender. Orchid entered English in 1845 in the third edition of School Botany by John Lindley, and you might be surprised by its origins. This plant-name-turned-color can be traced to the Greek órchis, meaning “testicle.”

perse

Perse means “of a very deep shade of blue or purple.” You might use perse to describe fabric or pigments that are a deep indigo or even purple with hints of black. Though a less common term for purple, the word has been in use in English since the 1300s. It comes from the Middle English pers, perhaps a variant of the Medieval Latin persus, a kind of blue.

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