Fill Your Pot Of Gold With 18 Brilliant Words For St. Patrick’s Day

Every March, people around the world celebrate St. Patrick’s Day with parades, street parties, festivals, sing-alongs, arts exhibitions, and yes, green rivers (such as the Chicago River, dyed green with what’s essentially food coloring). What began as a feast day for the patron saint of Ireland has evolved into a worldwide celebration of Irish culture and heritage—and it’s hard to resist the temptation to look for a lucky four-leaf clover come St. Patrick’s Day.

But there’s more to the day and the culture of Ireland than the color green or traditional celebrations. In honor of this special holiday, here are 18 interesting words to help you learn more about Irish history, culture, and the roots of St. Patrick’s Day.

blarney

Have you heard the one about the Blarney stone? Blarney means “flattering or wheedling talk; cajolery.” It’s often applied to insincere flattery that’s used to gain favor. The word, which was first recorded in English in the late 1700s, comes from the centuries old legend of the Blarney stone. It’s said that anyone who kisses the stone in Blarney Castle near Cork, Ireland, is given the gift of flattery and eloquence.

“Erin go Bragh”

Erin go Bragh is a popular expression of loyalty to, or affection for, Ireland, its people, and its culture. The phrase, which means “Ireland forever,” is an Anglicization of Éire go Brách, which translates to “Ireland till the end of time.” The phrase may have first come to use during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 as a rallying cry for Irish independence. In the time since, it’s been used in music, sports, and during celebrations like St. Patrick’s Day to celebrate Irish pride and culture.

leprechaun

Leprechauns originated in Irish folklore, but they’ve become a famous symbol all over the world. A leprechaun is a dwarf or sprite, often depicted as “a little old man who will reveal the location of a hidden crock of gold to anyone who catches him.” Though leprechauns are usually seen as joyful or mischievous, some representations of leprechauns feature offensive stereotypes that should be avoided. For example, the University of Notre Dame’s “fighting Irish” leprechaun has been voted one of the most offensive mascots in US sports.

banshee

Leprechauns aren’t the only well-known figures from folklore. In Irish legend, a banshee is “a spirit in the form of a wailing woman who appears to or is heard by members of a family as a sign that one of them is about to die.” The word comes from the Irish Gaelic bean sídh, which translates to “woman of the fairy mound.” In legends, banshees most often appear at night, and some believe they can only be seen by those of Irish descent.

Saint Patrick

Although the origin of St. Patrick’s Day is a mix of fact and legend, Saint Patrick was a real person. The day commemorates the feast of Saint Patrick, a ​​British-born missionary and bishop who became the patron saint of Ireland. Saint Patrick is believed to have been born Maewyn Succat, and later chose the Latin name Patricius, or Patrick in English and Pádraig in Irish. He is credited with bringing Christianity to Ireland and famously believed to have used the shamrock as a metaphor for the Holy Trinity.

Emerald Isle

Ireland is sometimes called the Emerald Isle. This poetic nickname for Ireland stems from the lush, green land and rolling hills that make up many parts of the country. Emerald green is a “clear, deep green color” most often associated with the gem of the same name. Green is strongly associated with Ireland not only because of the landscape and symbols like the shamrock, but also because of its use among people fighting for Irish independence throughout history.

luck

If you’ve ever searched for a four leaf clover, then you know a little something about the supposed link between Irish culture and luck. Luck is “the force that seems to operate for good or ill in a person’s life,” and many people believe Irish symbols, particularly those seen on St. Patrick’s Day, have a special ability to attract good luck. Maybe you’ve heard the phrase the luck of the Irish? This phrase is considered a cliché and is mostly only used in the US, but it’s an example of just how common it is to think Irish culture is imbued with potent powers of good luck. (Need a few more serendipitous ways to say lucky?)

Gaelic

You’ll notice many of the words on this list have Gaelic roots. Gaelic isn’t only one language. The term encompasses Celtic languages that include the speech of ancient Ireland and more modern dialects that have developed from it, especially Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic. Though the term Irish Gaelic is sometimes used outside of Ireland, Irish is made up of distinct dialects that vary in vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar, and the words Gaelic and Irish shouldn’t be used interchangeably.

shamrock

Shamrocks are among the most famous symbols of St. Patrick’s Day. ​​The word shamrock can describe a number of trifoliate, or three-leafed, plants but especially “a small, yellow-flowered clover: the national emblem of Ireland.” Shamrock comes from the Irish Gaelic seamrōg, or “clover.” Saint Patrick’s close association with Ireland and legendary use of the shamrock as a symbol for Christianity helped make it a symbol of Irish culture. These days, shamrocks are so popular there is even a Shamrock emoji.

donnybrook

In English, donnybrook means ​​”an inordinately wild fight or contentious dispute; brawl; free-for-all.” It comes from Donnybrook Fair, a traditional fair that was held in Donnybrook, county Dublin, Ireland, until 1855. The fair featured livestock and produce and later evolved into a carnival. It was ultimately shut down due to its reputation for brawls and raucous behavior. The word donnybrook entered English in the mid-1800s. Fun fact: the Donnybrook Fair grounds are now the Donnybrook Rugby Ground.

bodhran

Music is a big part of many St. Patrick’s Day celebrations, and some of it includes the bodhran. A bodhran is “a handheld, shallow Irish drum with a single goatskin head, played with a stick.” It’s often used in traditional Celtic folk music, and it’s known for its deep, distinct sound. Bodhran is borrowed in English from the Irish bodhrán, which derives from the middle Irish bodar, meaning “deafening, deaf.”

Celtic

The Celts were once the largest group in ancient Europe, and their influence on the language and culture remains prominent today, especially in Ireland. Celtic is a term for the family of languages that includes Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton. More broadly, Celtic refers to anything “of the Celts or their language.”

limerick

A limerick is “a kind of humorous verse of five lines.” It’s also a county in Ireland, and the two share an interesting link. The first known use of limerick referring to the poem comes from the late 1800s, and the word is thought to have originated as a part of a party game. People playing the game took turns making up nonsense verses, then everyone would sing the refrain: “Will you come up to Limerick?” The refrain referenced Limerick, the place, but later came to represent the poems themselves.

clover

It’s said that if you find a four-leaf clover, it will bring you good luck. So, is a clover the same thing as a shamrock? It’s complicated. Clover and shamrock are both used to describe plants from similar species. While shamrock derives from an Irish word, clover has roots in Old English. Clovers may have two, three, four, or more leaves, while the traditional shamrock that’s used as a symbol of Ireland has three. In other words, shamrocks are a type of clover, but not every clover is a shamrock.

balbriggan

There are many things that take their names from places in Ireland. Balbriggan is one. In addition to being a city in Ireland, balbriggan is “a plain-knit cotton fabric, used especially in hosiery and underwear.” The fabric was first made in the town of the same name, and the word has been in use in English since the mid-1800s.

shillelagh

A shillelagh is a cudgel, or club, traditionally made of blackthorn or oak, and it’s become a recognizable symbol of Irish culture in some St. Patrick’s Day celebrations. The name shillelagh comes from the Irish Síol Éiligh, the name of a town in County Wicklow, Ireland. The adjoining forest once provided the wood for the clubs, which are now sometimes carried in parades or sold as souvenirs.

brogue

Let’s hear it for the brogue. A brogue is “an Irish accent in the pronunciation of English.” Believe it or not, this term may be related to shoes. The word brogue can also refer to “a coarse, usually untanned leather shoe once worn in Ireland and Scotland.” It’s thought that brogue in reference to accents may be a special use of the word; it was first recorded in English in the early 1700s.

rainbow

Rainbows are often associated with Ireland and St. Patrick’s Day. Some legends say leprechauns leave gold at the ends of rainbows. There may also be a scientific explanation for Ireland’s close association with rainbows. A rainbow is an “arc of prismatic colors appearing in the heavens opposite the sun and caused by the refraction and reflection of the sun’s rays in drops of rain.” Because of its rainy climate and latitude, Ireland may actually have better conditions for the formation of frequent rainbows than other places.

Copyright 2024, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

อังกฤษน่าจะยอมปฏิบัติตามหมายจับของศาลอาญาระหว่างประเทศต่อนายกรัฐมนตรี เบนจามิน เนทันยาฮู ของอิสราเอล หากเขาเดินทางมาเยือน – โฆษกของบ้านเลขที่ ๑๐ ถนนดาวนิ่ง
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Britain would most likely honor the International Criminal Court's arrest warrant against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu if he were to visit – spokesman for 10 Downing Street
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7:00 PM · Nov 23, 2024 · 5,215 Views
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5 Types Of Character Traits To Help You Create Your Complex Characters

Characters are arguably the most important part of any fictional work. Whether in a book, television show, or movie, characters are the ones audiences identify with and the vehicles for telling the entire story. But how do you go about creating characters that people will love, fear, want to know more about, and find utterly unforgettable?

It all begins with a character’s traits. Character traits are the essential building blocks of every character in a story, and choosing the right traits can help establish unique identities that will engage your audience from start to finish. Here’s what you need to know about writing great characters, the unique words you need to describe those characters, and how to get started on creating your own complex characters from scratch.

What are character traits?
When you meet a new person, you often learn about them by observing their traits. A trait is “a distinguishing characteristic or quality, especially of one’s personal nature.” The characters in stories have traits as well.

A character trait is a literary term for adjectives and descriptions that writers use to add personality and depth to characters. In fictional stories, character traits serve a number of purposes, including:

- Helping readers connect and identify with a character.
- Providing insight into a character’s motivations.
- Making it easier to differentiate between two characters.
- Solidifying a character’s role, such as villain or hero, in the story.
- Adding complexity to each character.


Character traits may be internal or external. External traits are things another person might notice, like how someone looks, their particular accent when speaking, or how they carry themselves. Internal traits have more to do with what’s going on inside a character’s mind. They are the emotional elements, private thoughts, and actions that make up a character’s personality.

The many different kinds of character traits
When it comes to deciding on traits for your own characters, there are no rules. Just like no two people on earth are exactly alike, no two characters in a story will ever be exactly alike. Let’s check out some words you might use when describing your own characters’ one-of-a-kind traits.

Personality

charming
stoic
approachable
reclusive
ambitious
impulsive
demanding
poised
distrustful
even-tempered


Physical attributes

lanky
energetic
petite
elegant
curvaceous
rugged
stately
graceful
fumbling
brawny


Beliefs and morals

philosophical
judicious
greedy
pious
deceptive
spiritual
altruistic
haughty
stingy
revolutionary


Classic hero traits

courageous
adventurous
honorable
sincere
visionary
persistent
humble
reliable
honest
noble


Classic villain traits

envious
demonic
unscrupulous
furtive
mischievous
deceitful
brutal
powerful
wounded
resourceful


Building characters
Now that you’re armed with a great character vocabulary, let’s learn a little more about how to build characters.

Option one: Start with the character
One method of character building is to begin with an idea of your character’s role or defining trait and build from there. For example: a queen.

Ask yourself questions about your character’s motivations and the way others see them.

- What does the queen look like?
- How did the queen ascend to power?
- Do people like this character? Why or why not?
- What is someone’s first impression of this character?
- What is this character afraid of?
- What does this character want more than anything?

As you answer questions about your character, their physical appearance, beliefs, personality and motivations will begin to emerge. The next step is to write them into a scene and see how these qualities impact their actions and interactions.

Option two: Start with traits
On the writing podcast Death of 1000 Cuts, author Tim Clare frequently uses timers and lists to flesh out ideas for everything from characters to story locations to plot points. The idea is to let the creative flow and avoid overthinking things.

Try setting a timer for 10 minutes and making a list of interesting traits a character might possess. These might include physical attributes, personality quirks, preferences, and strengths and weaknesses, like:


smart
anxious
curly hair
wears a lot of purple
loves video games
hates chocolate
lives in outer space
holds grudges
ambitious


Once time has lapsed, look at your list and start to dig into the traits you wrote down. Circle 8–10 character traits and begin to flesh them out. How do these traits work together? How did your character come to possess these traits?

As you begin to write your characters into scenes, their traits will solidify and you will get to know them better. Before you know it, they will feel real, and the traits you spent time cultivating will help drive the rest of your story.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

❗️ทรัมป์ประกาศเลือก แมตต์ เกตซ์ เป็นอัยการสูงสุด

ประธานาธิบดีโดนัลด์ ทรัมป์กล่าวเมื่อวันพุธว่า เขาจะเสนอชื่อสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร แมตต์ เกตซ์ ให้ดำรงตำแหน่งอัยการสูงสุดของสหรัฐอเมริกา

ทรัมป์กล่าวในรายการ Truth Social ว่า "ผมรู้สึกเป็นเกียรติอย่างยิ่งที่จะประกาศว่าสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร แมตต์ เกตซ์, จากฟลอริดา,ได้รับการเสนอชื่อให้เป็นอัยการสูงสุดของสหรัฐอเมริกา,"

ทรัมป์อธิบายถึงเกตซ์ว่าเป็น "ทนายความที่มีพรสวรรค์และดื้อรั้น," ซึ่งระหว่างดำรงตำแหน่งในรัฐสภา เขาได้ผลักดันให้มีการปฏิรูปกระทรวงยุติธรรมที่จำเป็นอย่างยิ่ง

เขายังเน้นย้ำถึง "บทบาทสำคัญของเขาในการเอาชนะเรื่องรัสเซีย, รัสเซีย, ข่าวลวงรัสเซีย, และการเปิดโปงการทุจริตของรัฐบาลที่น่าตกใจและเป็นระบบ รวมถึงการใช้อาวุธ" ในขณะที่อยู่ในคณะกรรมาธิการตุลาการของสภาผู้แทนราษฎร

“แมตต์จะยุติรัฐบาลที่ใช้อาวุธ, ปกป้องพรมแดนของเรา, ยุบองค์กรอาชญากร และฟื้นคืนศรัทธาและความเชื่อมั่นที่บอบช้ำของชาวอเมริกันที่มีต่อกระทรวงยุติธรรม,” ทรัมป์กล่าว
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❗️ TRUMP ANNOUNCES MATT GAETZ AS HIS PICK FOR ATTORNEY GENERAL

President-elect Donald Trump said on Wednesday that he will nominate Congressman Matt Gaetz to serve as US Attorney General.

"It is my Great Honor to announce that Congressman Matt Gaetz, of Florida, is hereby nominated to be The Attorney General of the United States," Trump said on Truth Social.

Trump described Gaetz as a "deeply gifted and tenacious attorney," who during his term in Congress has pushed for "desperately needed reform at the Department of Justice."

He also highlighted his "key role in defeating the Russia, Russia, Russia Hoax, and exposing alarming and systemic Government Corruption and Weaponization" while on the House Judiciary Committee.

"Matt will end Weaponized Government, protect our Borders, dismantle Criminal Organizations and restore Americans’ badly-shattered Faith and Confidence in the Justice Department," Trump said.
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3:40 AM · Nov 14, 2024 · 3,157 Views
https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1856799318692200585

❗️ทรัมป์ได้เลือกวุฒิสมาชิก มาร์โก รูบิโอ เป็นผู้เข้าชิงตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรีต่างประเทศอย่างเป็นทางการ

โดนัลด์ ทรัมป์ ว่าที่ประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐฯ กล่าวเมื่อวันพุธว่า เขาจะเสนอชื่อวุฒิสมาชิก มาร์โก รูบิโอ จากฟลอริดาให้ดำรงตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรีต่างประเทศ

“ผมรู้สึกเป็นเกียรติอย่างยิ่งที่จะประกาศว่าวุฒิสมาชิก มาร์โก รูบิโอ, จากฟลอริดา, ได้รับการเสนอชื่อให้ดำรงตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรีต่างประเทศสหรัฐฯ มาร์โกเป็นผู้นำที่ได้รับการเคารพนับถือ, และเป็นกระบอกเสียงที่ทรงพลังสำหรับเสรีภาพ เขาจะเป็นผู้สนับสนุนประเทศชาติของเรา, เพื่อนแท้ของพันธมิตรของเรา, และเป็นนักรบผู้กล้าหาญที่จะไม่ยอมแพ้ต่อศัตรู ผมตั้งตารอที่จะร่วมงานกับมาร์โกเพื่อให้ประเทศอเมริกา, และโลก, ปลอดภัยและยิ่งใหญ่ขึ้นอีกครั้ง!” ทรัมป์กล่าวในแถลงการณ์

รูบิโอถือเป็นคู่หูของทรัมป์ในการชิงตำแหน่งรองประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐฯ ในการเลือกตั้งปี ๒๐๒๔, แต่เลือกรองประธานาธิบดี เจ.ดี. แวนซ์แทน นับตั้งแต่เริ่มปฏิบัติการพิเศษทางทหารของรัสเซียในยูเครน, เขาได้เสนอร่างกฎหมายต่อต้านรัสเซียหลายฉบับและมีมุมมองที่รุนแรงต่อจีนและรัสเซีย หากได้รับการแต่งตั้ง, รูบิโอจะเป็นรัฐมนตรีต่างประเทศคนแรกที่เป็นชาวฮิสแปนิก
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❗️ TRUMP HAS OFFICIALLY SELECTED SEN. MARCO RUBIO AS HIS PICK FOR SECRETARY OF STATE

US President-elect Donald Trump said on Wednesday that he will nominate Florida Senator Marco Rubio to be the US Secretary of State.

"It is my Great Honor to announce that Senator Marco Rubio, of Florida, is hereby nominated to be The United States Secretary of State. Marco is a Highly Respected Leader, and a very powerful Voice for Freedom. He will be a strong Advocate for our Nation, a true friend to our Allies, and a fearless Warrior who will never back down to our adversaries. I look forward to working with Marco to Make America, and the World, Safe and Great Again!" Trump said in a statement.

Rubio was considered as Trump's running mate for the position of the US vice president in the 2024 election, but Vice President-elect J.D. Vance was chosen instead. Since the beginning of the Russian special military operation in Ukraine, he has introduced a number of Anti-Russian bills and holds harsh views on China and Russia. If appointed, Rubio would be the first Hispanic secretary of state.
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Last edited 3:24 AM · Nov 14, 2024 · 2,086 Views
https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1856795310355300520

What To Write In A Holiday Card

Just as we look forward to presents and parties this time of year, we can’t get enough of holiday cards! We love them all: from colorful cards sent by snail mail to animated emails to newsletters summing up what everyone in the family has been up to all year. Fun fact: the very first holiday card in 1843 depicted children toasting with wine—oops!

But when it comes to sending your own holiday cards this season, it can be confusing to know how to get them just right. The fear of accidentally offending someone or leaving someone off your list can be daunting.

That’s why we’ve put together these dos and don’ts to kickstart (or improve) your holiday writing tradition.

Do start early

You’ll want to leave yourself time to get (or make, if you’re ambitious) cards, write a message, and sign them. If your holiday card includes a picture of your adorable family in matching elf costumes, you’ll need even more time to get the costumes, take the photo, and have it printed. Keep that in mind!

If you’re planning on sending your holiday cards via the post, it’s recommended you mail them before December 17. So think about the time you have, and what you can reasonably accomplish, which leads us to …

Don’t be overly ambitious

Maybe you’re one of these people who, like Martha Stewart, can handcraft a card for each person on your 40-person list and still get them out on time. But most of us mere mortals are not Martha Stewart (sadly).

People are happy to get a holiday card because it shows you care about them and are thinking about them. Whether it’s store-bought or handmade, it’s the thought that counts.

Now that we’ve set reasonable expectations, let’s get into the details of writing those holiday cards.

Do write the recipient’s name

Even if it’s a store-bought card with a pre-printed message, you want to be sure to write the recipient’s name(s) at the top of the card. You can be formal or informal, depending on the context.

For a less formal card, you can use the formula of “Dear” plus first names: e.g., Dear Jack & Jill.

If you’re writing a more formal card, then you’ll want to use honorifics and last names: e.g., Dear Mr. & Dr. Falldownhill or Dear Ms. Dalloway.

Don’t guess the spelling

When you’re writing the recipient’s name, make sure you get it right. If it’s a name you’re unfamiliar with or one that has multiple spellings, double-check your address book or other references (social media works) to ensure that you haven’t left out a letter or put in one too many. It’s not a good look.

Do include a personal message

Even if your holiday card comes from a box or is an online widget, you should include a personal message to the recipient. This can be short and sweet, as simple as:

- Wishing you and your family a happy holiday season!
- The holidays come but once a year: enjoy!
- Thinking of you over the holidays.
- Hoping you have a joyous and peaceful holiday.
- Have a wonderful New Year!
- Let the spirit of the season inspire you.
- Warm wishes for the holiday and New Year.
- Hope this season is filled with joy and cheer!
- Sending you good luck into the New Year!

Stock phrases are a good starting point, but you can also include some personal details. For instance, you might consider adding:

- the important things that happened to you or your family this year, like marriages or births;
- a wish for the recipient’s health, especially if you know they’ve been under the weather this year;
- or a note about your desire to see them if they live far away.

All that said, unless you’re writing a holiday letter, your holiday card note shouldn’t be too long. Aim for no more than 150 words.

If you’re writing a holiday letter, keep it to a single page long (about 400 words). Nobody needs to know about every detail of your year, trust us.

Don’t assume everyone celebrates the same holidays

If you’re sending cards to people you know well, you probably know what holidays they celebrate, so feel free to write “Merry Christmas” and “Happy Hanukkah.” [Is it Tis the Season or ’Tis the Season? Find out!]

But if you’re sending cards to coworkers, family, or friends you know less well, don’t assume they celebrate the same holidays you do. That can cause unnecessary offense.

If you’re unsure, stick to the more generic happy holidays or season’s greetings. Make it easy on yourself. Or, as the Emily Post Institute suggests, you can also opt to send a more secular greeting for the new year.

Do be funny (if you want)

You can absolutely send formal holiday cards. In which case, we don’t recommend you include jokes.

But if you’re sending cards to friends and family, a little bit of levity can be nice. That said, avoid any jokes that could be offensive. For example, many people include humorous pictures of their family on their holiday cards. It’s a little cheesy, but also kind of wonderful.

Don’t be depressing

Unless you’re Eeyore, you should try to keep a positive, happy tone in your holiday card message.

Don’t write “This year has sucked” or “Everything is garbage.” If you feel that way, we get it—the holidays can be tough. But holiday cards are a place where the maxim If you don’t have anything nice to say, don’t say anything at all rules.

If you’re too bummed out to think of any good news to share, just write a generic message like the ones we suggested above.

Do have everyone in the family sign the card

After you’ve written your short, thoughtful note in your card, be sure to sign it. If it’s just you, that’s simple enough.

If you’re sending the card on behalf of your entire immediate family and are going the paper route, pass the card around the family to have them sign. If you’re sending an online card, just include everyone’s name in the signature line.

Don’t boast

Holiday cards and letters are an opportunity to reach out to the people you love and care about. It’s not an opportunity for you to boast about how wonderful you and your family are (although we are sure they are wonderful).

This isn’t a resumé, it’s a highlight reel. Instead of listing every good deed every family member has done all year, pick one or two of the most important things to mention in your message. Moves, weddings, graduations, and births are worth mentioning. Volunteer work at the local soup kitchen, while admirable, is not.

We wish you the best of luck with your holiday cards this season. Sometimes the cards are as hectic as the holidays … so grab a cup of eggnog and get writing!

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

ปรากฏการณ์มนุษย์กลายเป็นปีศาจ

ปรากฏการณ์ดังกล่าวประกอบด้วยลักษณะสำคัญร่วมกัน 10 ประการ
ที่ทำให้เปลี่ยนด้านสว่างของมนุษย์ที่ถือว่าเป็นสัตว์ประเสริฐและสมองถูกวิวัฒน์ จนกระทั่งคิดว่าปกครองพัฒนาชีวิต การเป็นอยู่สิ่งแวดล้อมให้ดีที่สุด เพื่อเอื้อประโยชน์ให้มนุษย์ด้วยกัน
กลายเป็นด้านมืดที่สุด ที่กระทำทุกอย่างได้โดยไม่กระพริบตา

ทั้งนี้รวมถึงการฆ่าฟัน การนำพาสิ่งอันตรายต่างๆ มาให้คน โดยจุดประสงค์แฝงเพื่อประโยชน์มหาศาลรวมทั้งการเกื้อกูลพวกเดียวกันโดย ให้อำนาจ เงิน อามิส สินจ้าง ทั้งนี้ล้างสมองตัวเองก่อนและล้างสมองแพร่ออกเป็นกลุ่มก้อน

ปรากฏการณ์เกิดปีศาจร้าย ได้มีการรวบรวมและสรุปจากหมอผ่าตัดสมอง Itzhak Fried จาก University of California, Los Angeles ในปี 1997 โดยเรียกว่า Syndrome E และ E มาจาก Evil

กลุ่มอาการทั้ง 10 ประกอบด้วย การแสดงออกซึ่งอธิบายได้ทางกลไกประสาทวิทยาศาสตร์ที่ส่งผลทางด้านอารมณ์และพฤติกรรม

“การประพฤติบ่อย“ นำไปสู่

“ความอยากทำอีก” โดยเริ่มมีการชำระล้างความชั่วที่ทำ ให้กลายเป็นสิ่งที่ดี

“ การทำซ้ำๆที่ควบคุมไม่ได้” โดยสถานการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นไม่มีผลกระทบต่อ อารมณ์และจิตใจ และความประพฤติปฏิบัติ ต่อมา แม้ว่าจะเกิดความเสียหายแม้กระทั่งต่อตนเองก็ตาม

“ ไร้อารมณ์ความรู้สึก“ เมื่อกระทำชั่ว

” ความเร้าใจ” เมื่อกระทำได้สำเร็จ ตัวอย่าง ถ้าเป็นเรื่องเกี่ยวข้องกับชีวิตมนุษย์ ยิ่งตายมาก พิการ ทรมานมาก เท่าไหร่ ยิ่งเร้าใจมาก

“ ยังดูเหมือนเป็นมนุษย์ปกติ” สมองยังคงทำงานได้ ความจำ การสื่อสาร ความสามารถในการแก้ปัญหา และอื่นๆ

“ เกิดการเสพติด” เฉยชา ในความเลวร้าย ที่ตนตนเองทำ

“ แบ่งส่วนกับครอบครัวตนเองได้” มีชีวิตสุขสบายปกติกับครอบครัวตนเอง ไม่มีใครสำเหนียก

“ ถูกกระตุ้นได้ง่าย“ เมื่อมีเหตุการณ์ที่มีโอกาศทำ จะรีบนำพาไปสู่ความคิดและการกระทำที่ชั่วร้าย

“ แพร่เชื้อเหมือนโรคระบาด” มนุษย์ที่กลายเป็นปีศาจมีความต้องการอย่างแรงกล้าที่จะเปลี่ยนผู้อื่นให้กลายเป็นพวกเดียวกันในความคิดและการปฏิบัติเหมือนกัน

มนุษย์กลายเป็นปีศาจนั้นไม่ใช่ลักษณะเดียวกับ กลุ่มที่ มีจิตและความประพฤติผิดปกติต่อต้านสังคมตั้งแต่ต้น เปรียบเสมือนทหารนาซีที่ สามารถฆ่าได้เป็นล้าน และในปัจจุบันอิสราเอลที่ฆ่าได้เป็นหมื่นเป็นแสน โดยประกาศตั้งเป้าเป็นการฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ เช่นเดียวกับที่เกิดในแอฟริกา

ปรากฏการณ์ E ตั้งแต่ปี 1997 ทำให้มีการประชุมกลุ่มนักวิทยาศาสตร์ทางด้านสมอง นักจิตวิทยาทางสังคม จิตแพทย์ กลุ่มต่อต้านผู้ก่อการร้าย นักเชี่ยวชาญสรีระวิทยาทางสมอง จนกระทั่งถึงกลุ่มทางกฎหมาย โดยมีการประชุมที่ปารีสสามครั้งระหว่าง 2015 ถึง 2017

แกนกลางปัจจัยของปรากฏการณ์ E คือ
ความเฉยชาไร้อารมณ์ ก่อน รวมทั้งในช่วงวางแผน จน ขณะก่อ ความชั่วร้าย และ แม้กระทั่งหลังจากนั้น แม้ถึงกับทำให้คร่าชีวิตคนด้วยกัน แต่ไม่ได้รู้สึกเจ็บปวด รู้ร้อนรู้หนาว แต่กับครอบครัวยังเป็นปกติ

เมื่อเป็นการล้างสมองอย่างสมบูรณ์แบบ ไร้ความเห็นใจ ไม่มีความเข้าอกเข้าใจ แต่สามารถแสร้งทำปกติได้อย่างแนบเนียน ตามสถานการณ์ได้อย่างนุ่มนวล

ในขณะเดียวกันมีความรู้สึกเหมือนถูกบีบบังคับเมื่อเจอเหตุการณ์ที่ตนเองรู้สึกว่า “น่าทำ”

ความเข้าอกเข้าใจนั้นเป็นลักษณะสำคัญในการเติบโตของมนุษย์แต่ละคนที่เรียนรู้ที่จะอยู่ร่วมกับคนอื่นโดยเกิดขึ้นในช่วงห้าขวบปีแรก และทำให้ตระหนักว่าการกระทำของตนเองนั้นเป็นสิ่งที่รับรู้จากคนอื่นด้วย

ดังนั้น เป็นการสร้างความตระหนักที่ให้เรียนรู้ในสังคม แต่ทำให้มีการแบ่งแยกโดยการสร้างกลุ่มของตนเองและบูลลี่คนเคราะห์ร้าย

และกลุ่มอาจสร้างค่านิยมให้แบ่งชนชั้น (selective empathy) ดูถูกคนไร้บ้าน คนข้างถนน คนที่ด้อยกว่า ในที่ทำงาน ในธุรกิจ เป็นการกัดกร่อน ความเข้าอกเข้าใจคนด้วยกัน (empathy erosion)
และในที่สุดจุดประกายกำเนิดความโหดร้าย และเป็นด้านมืดของสังคม ที่เพาะบ่ม เหมือนกับการตีสองหน้า ช่วยพวกเดียวกันเอง ถีบหัวไสส่ง มนุษย์ที่ไม่ใช่พวกตัวเอง หรือด้อยกว่า

การปรับเปลี่ยนจนเกิดความเป็นปึกแผ่นของกลุ่มและสังคม อาจมีประโยชน์ในการป้องกันศัตรูที่เข้ามารุกราน

แต่แล้วที่เห็นในปัจจุบันคือการตีความ “ศัตรู” ให้อยู่ร่วมกันไม่ได้ประนีประนอมไม่ได้ใช้ประโยชน์พื้นแผ่นดินทรัพยากรรวมกันไม่ได้ และต้องหายไปจากพื้นโลกนี้

วงจรสมองที่ประกอบขึ้นมาในการเป็นอารมณ์และความเข้าอกเข้าใจกันนั้น มีความซับซ้อนและประกอบด้วย

สมองส่วน vmPFC หรือ ventromedial Prefrontal cortex OFC หรือ orbito Frontal cortex และ ส่วน ของ amygdala ในระบบ limbic

ปรากฏการณ์ เฉยชาต่อความเข้าอกเข้าใจ
จะมีการกระตุ้นผิดปกติของบริเวณสมองส่วนหน้าซึ่งจะยับยั้ง สมองส่วน amygdala และอธิบายได้จนกระทั่งถึงความคิดและการกระทำที่ออกมาเป็นย้ำคิดย้ำทำและอยากฆ่าทำร้าย ยาเสพติด cocaine ก่อให้เกิดลักษณะเช่นนี้ได้

แต่ถึงแม้จะรู้ระบบวงจรเหล่านี้มานานแล้วก็ตาม แต่ไม่สามารถอธิบายได้อย่างสมบูรณ์ ถึงปรากฏการณ์ E ซึ่งทำให้มนุษย์กลายเป็นปีศาจได้อย่างหมดจด เพราะมนุษย์ปีศาจนั้น แยกตัวเองจากความรู้สึก จนเป็นความแตกหักของสมองและปัญญาอันประเสริฐ (cognitive fracture)
ไม่เคยมีความรู้สึกผิดหรือเสียใจใดๆทั้งสิ้น และเกิดได้ทุกเชื้อชาติภาษา เช่นเขมรแดงทรมานและฆ่าทิ้ง

ความเฉียบคมของสมองของมนุษย์ปีศาจเหล่านี้ยังคงอยู่

สรรหาวิธีการทรมานที่ทำให้เจ็บปวดที่สุด หาวิธีที่มีประสิทธิภาพที่สุด ที่ทำให้เกิดการสังหารหมู่เป็นกลุ่มก้อน
แม้กระทั่งมีการใช้ยา บ้า amphetamine ในกลุ่ม ISIS โดยทำให้มีการทำงานของระบบโดปามีน แปรปรวน ลดการทำงานของ serotonin ใน OFC นำไปสู่ พฤติกรรมต่อต้านสังคมฆ่าได้อย่างเฉยชา มีความก้าวร้าวและทำเป็นสันดาน ซึ่งเป็นการก่อการร้ายโดยใช้ยาเสพติดร่วมด้วย (pharmaco-terrorism)

การกระทำชั่วร้ายของมนุษย์ปีศาจเหล่านี้ก่อให้เกิดอารมณ์ ปิติ ปลาบปลื้ม มีความสุขเป็นรางวัลให้ตัวเอง และต้องทำชั่วไปเพื่อความสุขของตนเอง แม้กระทั่งมีความอิ่มเอมเมื่อเห็นเหยื่อร้องขอชีวิต

ในขณะเดียวกันต้องไม่ลืมว่า ปรากฏการณ์ปีศาจนี้ มนุษย์ที่กลายเป็นปีศาจไปแล้วนั้น จะมีความกระหายอย่างแรงกล้าที่จะทำให้คนรอบข้างเห็นดีเห็นงามไปกับการกระทำนั้น และกลายเป็นปีศาจด้วยกัน และปีศาจตัวหัวหน้าใหญ่ แม้เมื่อตายไปแล้วก็จะมีปีศาจตัวอื่นๆทยอยขึ้นมาแตกกิ่งก้านสาขาไปทั่ว

ถึงตรงนี้ เราทุกคนต้องถามตัวเองว่า เราใช้ด้านมืด จนกลายเป็นปีศาจไปแล้วหรือไม่?

รวบรวม เรียบเรียงจากบทความใน aeon ของ Naga Arikha associate fellow ของ Warburg Institute (London) และ honorary fellow of the Center for the Politics of Feelings, and a research associate at the Institut Jean Nicod of the Ecole Normale Supérieure (Paris) 30 กรกฎาคม 2018

ศ นพ ธีระวัฒน์ เหมะจุฑา ที่ปรึกษาวิทยาลัยการแพทย์แผนตะวันออก มหาวิทยาลัยรังสิต

HONOR Magic V3 มือถือฝาพับบางที่สุดในโลก 12/10/67 #HONOR Magic V3 #มือถือฝาพับ #สมาร์ตโฟน

“Persons” vs. “People” vs. “Peoples”: Which Word Is The Right Choice?

Persons, people, and peoples: we know what they mean, but the relationship between them can be confusing. What’s the correct plural of person—persons or people? Why does people have its own plural?

Some of these questions have easy answers. But there are a number of nuanced aspects to their use, including those related to legal language, personal identity, and decisions about whether to emphasize individuals or groups. Then there are questions about capitalization, particularly for terms like people of color and Indigenous Peoples.

In this article, we’ll address the frequently asked questions surrounding persons, people, and peoples, including:

- When should persons be used instead of people?
- When should peoples be used instead of people?
- When should peoples be capitalized?
- What are the possessive forms of persons, people, and peoples?

Quick summary

Both persons and people can be used as plural forms of person. Persons is often used in formal, legal contexts to emphasize individuals as opposed to a group. People is the plural of person that’s most commonly used in everyday communication to simply refer to multiple humans. But people can also be used as a singular noun to refer to a population or particular community. The plural of this sense of people is peoples, and it’s often used in terms like Indigenous Peoples (in which it’s often capitalized since it refers to specific communities).

What is the plural of person? Persons or people?

Both persons and people are acceptable plural forms of person. They’re not necessarily always interchangeable, but there is some overlap.

The plural form people is more common. That’s because it can be used in any context to refer to multiple individuals—one person, two people (or 100 people or 8 billion people, etc.).

Usually, you’ll see persons in more formal contexts, especially in legal and technical text, as well as a few other situations.

When to use persons vs. people

Persons is especially associated with its use in legal language, in which it’s often used rather than people to ensure clarity by emphasizing that the text is referring to multiple individuals, as opposed to a group as a whole, as in Occupancy is limited to 200 persons or Any person or persons found to be in violation of these rules shall be prohibited from participating.

When persons is used in this way outside of legal texts, it has historically been regarded as overly formal or stilted—it wouldn’t be natural to say I invited 10 persons to the party, for example. Increasingly, however, there are cases in which persons is thought to be more appropriate than people for other reasons.

This is especially the case in situations when you want to talk about individuals within a group, rather than the group as a whole. In this way, persons is sometimes used with terms related to identity to emphasize individuality, such as saying Jewish persons instead of Jewish people. Regardless of intent, though, statements that are about individuals with a common identity can lead to overgeneralizations or stereotyping, so it’s always best to consider whether the individuals’ common identity is an essential part of what you’re trying to say. Choosing how to refer to people can also be informed by preferences around language that’s person-first (as in person with autism) or identity-first (as in autistic person).

More generally, the word people can also be a collective noun that refers to a specific group, nation, tribe, or community, as in We are a resilient people or The Statue of Liberty was a gift to the American people.

When to use peoples

The word peoples is specifically used as the plural of people in its sense as a collective singular noun referring to a nation, or tribe, or other community, as in Indigenous Peoples or the many peoples of the world.

This usage emphasizes that you’re talking about several different specific groups that share a commonality. This can be important for clarity—the many people of the world means something different than the many peoples of the world.

In practical terms, using peoples in this way can help to prevent erasure and homogenization of groups that are often lumped together in ways that obscure their specific, complex identities. In this way, the term Indigenous Peoples emphasizes the vast diversity among the world’s Indigenous groups while also implying that there are, in fact, separate and distinct groups.

When should People and Peoples be capitalized?

You may have noticed that Peoples is capitalized in Indigenous Peoples in this article (and in other articles that use the term).

Capitalization is increasingly used as a form of respect and distinction for terms that relate to identity. (capitalizes Indigenous across the dictionary when it relates to identity in this way, just as we do for the word Black.)

The word Peoples is most often capitalized when it follows a specific modifier, as in Hispanic Peoples and Indigenous Peoples. In cases when it’s capitalized, it is often due to the fact that it refers not to people in general but to specific, distinct communities.

Similarly, the term People of Color is also sometimes capitalized, though not always, likely because it is typically used as a broad term that encompasses more specific identities, including Black and Indigenous people, for example (relatedly, this is what’s represented in the first part of the the abbreviation BIPOC).

- What are the possessive forms of person, persons, people and peoples? Where should I put the apostrophe?
- Is it people’s or peoples’? Person’s or persons’? All of these are valid possessives, but they indicate different things. Here is a breakdown of each possessive form, along with examples of their use.

Person

Possessive form: person’s (singular possessive)
Example: One person’s trash is another person’s treasure.
Persons

Possessive form: persons’ (plural possessive)
Example: The suspect confessed to the theft of several persons’ social security numbers.
People

Possessive form: people’s (plural and singular possessive)
Plural example: Tech support should be able to fix all six people’s issues by the end of the day.
Singular example: The French people’s love of fine food is well known.
Peoples

Possessive form: peoples’ (plural possessive)
Example: The goal of the festival is to celebrate many different peoples’ cultures.

Examples of persons, people, and peoples used in a sentence

Here are some examples of the ways that each word is commonly used.

- We were hoping that at least one person would apply for the job, but we received applications from 60 people!
- The person or persons who may have witnessed the incident are being sought by police.
- My partner and I, as persons with autism, have a unique perspective on the issue.
- The class will be focused on the history, peoples, and cultures of the region.
Indigenous Peoples’ Day is a time to honor Indigenous Peoples in the Americas and around the world.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Other Ways To Say “Thank You”

Is a “thank you” in order?

On a daily basis, we’re inundated with reasons to thank the people around us. Maybe someone held the elevator for you while you were running late, the barista was kind despite the huge crowd in the coffee shop, or your colleague lets you know they did the legwork to help you get started on a particularly tricky project.

We’re lucky to have so many reasons to say “thanks” every day, but sometimes we need some new words and expressions to adequately express the gratitude we feel. If you’re stuck in a rut of “thank you so much” and “thanks a lot,” here are 25 alternatives that are perfect for sharing your thanks and appreciation in every kind of setting.

1. I’m so grateful.
Thanks is an expression of gratitude, so cut to the chase. Tell someone you’re grateful for whatever way in which they’ve helped you, and go into detail about exactly what they did to personalize your message.

2. I appreciate it.
It’s always nice to feel appreciated. When someone does something to help you out or make your life easier, be sure to say how much it means to you that they went out of their way to help.

3. Thanks for your hard work on this.
Don’t just offer colleagues and collaborators a run-of-the-mill thanks. Letting them know how much you appreciate the specific efforts they’ve made will help them feel seen and create a positive working relationship.

4. I couldn’t have done it without you.
If you couldn’t have made something happen without another person’s help, then they should definitely know that! Don’t hold back in telling them how vital they are.

5. I owe you one.
Sometimes the only way to truly appreciate a favor is by returning it. This “thank you” alternative lets them know you plan to do just that.

6. Much obliged.
Obliged means “appreciative or grateful.” It’s especially handy for a quick but courteous email or text sign-off that still expresses thanks in a meaningful way.

7. Thanks for having my back.
Sometimes the best thing someone else can do for you is be in your corner when you need support. Thanking them for being there is a way to let them know how much it means to you.

8. Please accept my deepest gratitude.
Giving thanks in a more formal setting? This one is perfect for a professional letter, important speech, or in a thank-you note.

9. I have to give credit where it’s due.
Let’s be honest: we all love getting credit for the good things we do. Credit is “commendation or honor given for some action, quality, etc.” When we thank someone, we’re giving them their earned credit for something they did, and it’s a gesture we should make often.

10. This has been such a blessing.
We tend to think of a blessing as a favor or gift bestowed by God, but a blessing can also be “a special favor, mercy, or benefit.” Letting someone know their kind gesture or effort was a blessing is a way of letting them know you are thankful for the gift of their time, energy, and thoughtfulness.

11. I can’t thank you enough.
Sometimes a simple “thanks” won’t cut it. In those instances, let them know the words may be inadequate, but the depth of your gratitude is not.

12. Cheers.
Cheers isn’t just something we say when we’re giving a toast. It’s also a unique and quick way of saying “thanks.” Try it next time you’re at a party or other social event where a lighthearted expression of gratitude is needed.

13. That’s so kind of you.
One way of thanking someone is telling them how their gesture felt to you: kind. By telling someone how kind they’ve been, you let them know you see their favors as coming from the heart.

14. Much appreciated.
If you need to say thanks in a big way but on a small scale, go with “much appreciated.” This one is perfect for a quick email, text, or even a brief conversation.

15. Thank you for taking the time to do this.
When people go out of their way to do something nice or help out, they’re also giving the gift of their time. We only get so much of that, so thank them for using some of their time to make your life easier.

16. Your support means the world.
Support means “to bear or hold up (a load, mass, structure, part, etc.); serve as a foundation for.” The people who do that for us deserve to know how much we appreciate it.

17. Many thanks.
One thanks? We don’t think so. If you’re shooting off a quick email, text, or call to say thank you, let them know your gratitude could be expressed many times over.

18. I’m beyond grateful.
Go big or go home. Grateful means “warmly or deeply appreciative of kindness or benefits received; thankful.” And sometimes, well, you just feel all of that and beyond.

19. I sincerely applaud you.
A true “thank you” should be sincere. That means “genuine; real.” The best expressions of gratitude are usually the ones that come from the heart.

20. I’m forever indebted.
Sometimes one act of kindness inspires another. Indebted means “obligated for favors or kindness received,” and it’s a way of saying you plan to pay the kind act forward.

21. I stand in recognition.
Giving thanks is about shining a spotlight on someone’s thoughtfulness, kindness, hard work, care, or effort. Carving out space specifically to recognize their efforts is a powerful way of saying thanks.

22. I’m blown away by your kindness.
If you’re blown away by something, that usually means it was unexpectedly inspiring, moving, or touching. Use this one for gestures and acts of kindness that truly make a difference.

23. It means the world to me.
It’s not always easy to explain how important or valuable someone’s contributions are. Saying “it means the world” to you is a pretty good place to start.

24. I want to acknowledge how much you’ve done.
Sometimes the “thanks” people crave is just knowing that their efforts aren’t going unnoticed. Whether it’s a colleague, a friend, or a partner, acknowledgment is always a welcome expression of gratitude.

25. Thanks in advance.
It’s possible to thank people even before they’ve done you a favor. If someone offers up a future kindness or promises to go out of their way for you, thanking them in advance lets them know they’re appreciated even before they’ve lifted a finger.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Turtle” vs. “Tortoise”: What’s The Difference?

Those who attended the University of Maryland or are familiar with this institution know to “fear the turtle.” Thanks to their trusty mascot, Testudo, this slogan is a favorite of students and fans. But is Testudo the terrapin actually a turtle or a tortoise? And is there even a difference between them? Let’s take a closer look.


What is a turtle?

Turtles and tortoises are both reptiles that belong to the order Testudines. This order is comprised of aquatic and terrestrial species that have their trunk enclosed in a shell. To be specific, that shell consists of a dorsal carapace—or shell covering—and a ventral plastron (the bottom part of the shell). The architecture of this shell that houses the skeleton is unique to turtles. Turtles cannot leave their shell or shed it for a new one.

The word turtle dates back to around 1625–35. It originated from an alteration of the French tortue, which is itself derived from the Latin word for this animal, tortūca.

To use the word correctly, you might say:

- Her family refers to her as “The Turtle” because she is quick to retreat into her “shell” instead of getting to know people.
- Out of all of the animals he grew up with, Gabe’s favorite pet was his beloved turtle, Shelly, whose shell patterns inspired his artwork.
- Since turtle, or the order Testudines, refers to reptiles who have their bodies protected or encased within a shell, it’s no surprise that there are many species of turtles: 356 of them to be exact. Some of these types of turtles include sea turtle, box turtle, green turtle, and snapping turtle.

However, an aquatic turtle can be distinguished from a terrestrial one, known as a tortoise.


What is a tortoise?

A tortoise is a noun that refers to a terrestrial turtle or a slow-moving person. This type of turtle belongs to the family Testudinidae and typically spends its time on land.

Tortoise was first recorded in English around 1350–1400. It originated as a variant of the earlier words tortuse, tortose, and tortuce. The word tortoise may be related to the Latin for “twisted” (tortus). The Latin word testudo comes from testa (“shell”).

You might use the word like so:

- After Tamara broke her leg, she felt like a tortoise: only able to inch along on her crutches at an excruciatingly slow pace.
- While his family was visiting the desert, Lucas came across a tortoise eating a piece of cactus.
She opted for tortoiseshell glasses in honor of her favorite reptile: the tortoise.


How to tell the difference between a turtle and tortoise

Although tortoises are a type of turtle and belong to the order Testudines, they have distinct differences from aquatic turtles who spend their time in the water. Firstly, terrestrial turtles or tortoises are land-dwellers that eat vegetation and typically live in hot, dry areas. There are also physical differences, according to the San Diego Zoo, and these make it much easier to tell them apart.

In order to accommodate their time in the water, turtles have webbed feet. Some turtles have flippers and spend their entire lives swimming while others hang out on the shore, rocks, or beaches on occasion and burrow in the mud when they get cold.

Instead of webbed feet, tortoises have round feet that look like stumps and help them walk on land. They live in dry and hot habitats, and some even eat cactus. To avoid the sun, some dig burrows and head underground. Most tortoises have shells that are higher with more of a domed shape.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Piblings & Niblings: Do You Know These Words For Aunts, Uncles, Nieces, & Nephews?

For many of us, our parents’ siblings are a big part of our life—from providing love and support to, let’s be honest, spoiling us. National Aunts and Uncles Day on July 26 is a time to honor and show our appreciation for these family members (and not just because they let us do the stuff our parents wouldn’t). But, perhaps because they’re so under-appreciated, there isn’t a common, single term to refer to them all at once.

Think about it: we can refer to moms and dads as parents and brothers and sisters as siblings. Each word can also be used in the singular to refer to such a relative without specifying their gender—which is also the case for cousin. But what about aunts and uncles—or their counterparts, nieces and nephews?

Well, it turns out there are some terms we can use to refer to these important relatives when we’re talking about more than one. Not only that, these terms are great examples of gender-neutral and gender-inclusive language that can make it easier to refer to and address the relatives we love—regardless of their gender.

Aunt and uncle

You’re familiar with the terms aunt and uncle, but do you know where they come from? The word aunt ultimately comes from the Latin amita, meaning “father’s sister.” In modern use, aunt can refer to the sister of one’s parent or to the female partner of a parent’s sibling (your mom’s sister’s wife, for example). The word uncle is the male equivalent, referring to the brother of one’s parent or the male partner of a parent’s sibling (your dad’s sister’s husband, for example). It ultimately comes from the Latin avunculus, meaning “mother’s brother.”

If that Latin root looks familiar, it might be because you’ve heard the adjective avuncular. It literally means “of or relating to an uncle,” but we most commonly use it in a figurative way to describe someone, usually a man, as “kind, patient, and generous, especially to younger people—like a good uncle is.” The less commonly known adjective materteral is specifically used to describe things relating to a maternal aunt (the sister of one’s mother).

Many languages have specific words for aunts or uncles depending on what side of the family they come from. Old English, for example, had two words for uncle: fædera, for the paternal uncle, and ēam, for the maternal uncle. In Swedish, the word for a paternal uncle is farbror (“father’s brother”) and the word for a maternal uncle is morbror (“mother’s brother”). Similar distinctions exist in many other languages, including Tamil and Ukrainian.

Gender-neutral and nonbinary terms for aunt and uncle

When it comes to referring to a mixed group of aunts and uncles (like we can do with parents or siblings when referring to those relatives), the language is far from settled. That said, one term that has become increasingly popular is pibling. Pibling can refer to either an aunt or an uncle and is modeled on sibling, blended with the P from parent. For example:

- My piblings Alex, Jo, and Alice took me to the baseball game last week.

Pibling can also be used as a gender-neutral or nonbinary term to refer to the sibling of a parent regardless of their gender identity. There are also other gender-neutral or nonbinary terms for aunt and uncle that some people use or have proposed, including:

- titi: modeled on terms for aunt and uncle in Spanish (tía and tío)
- zizi: modeled on terms for aunt and uncle in Italian (zia and zio)
- bibi: modeled on titi and zizi, with the B from nonbinary (which is often abbreviated as nb)
- nini: similarly modeled on titi and zizi, with the N from nonbinary

Some terms are used by those who identify as gender-fluid or in other ways, including:

- auncle [ ahn-kuhl ]: a combination of aunt and uncle
- unty/untie: a combination of uncle and aunty/auntie

When it comes to using these words, the key is, as always, respect. Use the term your relative prefers. If you’re considering what term to use for yourself, this resource from the organization known as A Gender Agenda lists several options.

Niece, nephew, and nibling

The terms for niece and nephew are also gendered in the way that aunt and uncle are. Niece ultimately comes from the Latin neptis, meaning “granddaughter.” Of course, in English a niece is not a granddaughter—she’s “the daughter of one’s sibling.” Nephew (“the son of one’s sibling”) ultimately comes from the Latin nepōs, meaning “nephew, grandson.”

The linguist Samuel Martin is credited with coining the gender-neutral nibling in the 1950s. Nibling, like pibling, is modeled on sibling, with the addition of the letter N from niece and nephew.

Other proposed nonbinary or gender-inclusive terms for niece and nephew include:

- niephling: a combination of niece, nephew, and sibling
- neiph/nephiece/niephew: combinations of niece and nephew
- chibling: a combination of child and sibling
- sibkid: a shortening of sibling’s kid

Gender-neutral and gender-inclusive terminology for aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews is relatively new and continues to evolve. If none of the terms mentioned here suit you (or your relative), there is always an option to create your own, just like we do with other kinship terms. For example, rather than use traditional terms like Grandma or Grandpa, some grandparents prefer to create their own titles, like Pipp or Birdy. The same creativity can be used to create your own alternative terms for aunt, uncle, niece, and nephew. The word you come up with might even become the one that everyone starts to use.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Equinox” vs. “Solstice”: The Difference Between Them Is Like Night And Day

Four times a year, the season officially changes. And each change is marked by a specific point known as an equinox or a solstice. One term is used for the transition from winter to spring and summer to fall, and one is used for the switch from spring to summer and fall to winter.

Join us on a journey through the seasons as we break down the difference between equinoxes and solstices, tell you when they occur, and explain why this is different depending on what hemisphere you’re in.

Quick summary

An equinox is one of the two times of the year when the amount of daylight and nighttime hours are just about of equal length. The vernal equinox marks the start of spring, and the autumnal equinox marks the start of fall. A solstice is one of the two times of the year resulting in the most amount of daylight time or the least amount of daylight time in a single day. Solstices mark the start of summer and winter.


What is an equinox?

An equinox is one of the two times of the year when the amount of daylight and nighttime hours are just about of equal length. The two equinoxes occur around March 20–21 and September 22–23, marking the onset of both spring and autumn.

During the equinox, the sun crosses the plane of Earth’s equator, making nighttime and daytime (roughly) equal length all over the world. In the Northern Hemisphere, the spring equinox, or vernal equinox, occurs around March 21, when the sun moves northward across the celestial equator. The autumnal equinox occurs around September 22 or 23, when the sun crosses the celestial equator going south. In the Southern Hemisphere, it’s the reverse. For this reason, the terms March equinox and September equinox are sometimes used to avoid a Northern Hemisphere bias.

Contrary to popular usage, an equinox doesn’t last for a full 24 hours. Technically speaking, an equinox is one of the two specific moments in time when the sun is exactly above the celestial equator. The word equinox can also refer to the position of the sun at this moment.

Where does the word equinox come from?

The word equinox comes from the Latin aequinoctium, meaning “the time of equal days and nights,” from equi-, meaning “equal,” and nocti-, meaning “night.”

What is a solstice?

A solstice is one of the two times of the year when the positioning and tilt of Earth relative to the sun results in the most amount of daylight time or the least amount of daylight time in a single day.

Technically speaking, a solstice is one of the two the exact moments in the year when the sun reaches its northernmost point (around June 21, when the North Pole tilts closest to the sun) or southernmost point (around December 22, during the winter solstice) from Earth’s equator.

The solstices are traditionally considered to mark the start of summer and winter. But which season begins with each solstice depends on which hemisphere you’re in. In the Northern Hemisphere, the summer solstice occurs in June and the winter solstice occurs in December. In the Southern Hemisphere, it’s the opposite.

The summer solstice results in the longest day of the year (sometimes called midsummer), meaning it has the most time of daylight, and the winter solstice results in the shortest day of the year, meaning it has the longest period of darkness.

The winter solstice corresponds with some major cultural observances, including Christmas. Even in ancient times, Germanic peoples celebrated a 12-day festival to mark the winter solstice. Also known as yule, this festive period is considered one of the oldest celebrations of wintertime in the world.

In the days of the Incan Empire, the winter solstice (in June in the Southern Hemisphere) was honored with Inti Raymi, or Festival of the Sun. It involved a ceremony in which an Inca priest would “tie” the sun to a column stone in a symbolic effort to keep it from escaping.

Where does the word solstice come from?

The word solstice ultimately derives from the Latin sōlstitium, which comes from the parts sōl, “sun,” and sistere, “to stand still.” This means that sōlstitium literally translates to something like “the standing still of the sun.”

What is the difference between an equinox and a solstice?

When the equinox occurs, as the equi- prefix might suggest, day and night are of equal length, and it marks the onset of spring (vernal equinox) and autumn (autumnal equinox).

The solstice, meanwhile, marks the beginnings of summer and winter, and it’s either the longest day of the year (summer solstice) or the shortest (winter solstice).

Remember, sol means sun, and solstices are the days with the most or the least amount of daylight.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.