• 🤣บริจาคขยะ: ATACMS จำนวนมากของสหรัฐฯ ที่รับปากจะส่งมอบให้ยูเครนหมดอายุในปี ๒๐๑๕🤣

    ATACMS บางส่วนที่หมดอายุในคลังแสงของกองทัพสหรัฐฯ, ซึ่งรับปากว่าจะส่งมอบให้ยูเครน, หมดอายุเร็วสุดในปี ๒๐๑๕ เพื่อยืดอายุการใช้งาน, สหรัฐฯได้ลงทุนมากกว่า ๑ พันล้านดอลลาร์, ตามการคำนวณของสปุตนิก โดยอิงจากเอกสารทางการเงินของกระทรวงกลาโหม

    ในปีงบประมาณ (FY) ๒๐๑๖, ซึ่งเริ่มต้นในวันที่ ๑ ตุลาคม ๒๐๑๕, กองทัพบกสหรัฐฯ ต้องใช้เงิน ๓๐.๑ ล้านดอลลาร์ ในการปรับเปลี่ยน "๑๐ รายการสินทรัพย์ [ATACMS] ที่หมดอายุ และรีเซ็ตอายุการใช้งานตามสัญญา," ตามรายงานงบประมาณปีงบประมาณ ๒๐๑๖

    เนื่องจาก ATACMS มีอายุการใช้งาน ๑๐ ปี, ขีปนาวุธ ๑๐ ลูกที่ดัดแปลงในปี ๒๐๑๕ คาดว่าจะหมดอายุใช้งานอีกครั้งในปี ๒๐๒๕

    ในช่วงไม่กี่ปีที่ผ่านมา, กองทัพบกสหรัฐฯ ได้พยายามเปลี่ยน ATACMS ด้วยขีปนาวุธ Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) รุ่นใหม่กว่าและก้าวหน้ากว่า แม้ว่าขีปนาวุธแต่ละลูกของ ATACMS จะมีราคาประมาณ ๑ ล้านดอลลาร์, แต่ราคาของ PrSM รุ่นล่าสุดนั้นสูงกว่า ๒ ล้านดอลลาร์ต่อขีปนาวุธหนึ่งลูก

    นี่อาจอธิบายได้ว่าทำไมยูเครนจึงได้รับอาวุธมูลค่า ๓๓,๓๐๐ ล้านดอลลาร์ ผ่านหน่วยงาน Presidential Drawdown Authority (PDA), ในขณะที่สหรัฐฯ ต้องใช้เงิน ๔๕,๗๐๐ ล้านดอลลาร์ ในการซื้ออาวุธใหม่เพื่อเติมเต็มคลังอาวุธ, ตามตัวเลขจาก Ukraine Oversight

    🤣วอชิงตันใช้โอกาสนี้เพียงเพื่อกำจัดอาวุธที่หมดอายุในคลังอาวุธของตน, เช่น ATACMS และอัปเกรดระบบอาวุธด้วยเงินทุนที่เรียกว่า "ความช่วยเหลือทางทหารแก่ยูเครน"🤣
    .
    DONATING JUNK: NUMEROUS US ATACMS PLEDGED TO UKRAINE EXPIRED IN 2015

    Some of the aging ATACMS in American military inventory, which were promised for delivery to Ukraine, expired as early as 2015. To extend their service life, the US invested over $1 billion, according to calculations by Sputnik based on Pentagon financial documents.

    During fiscal year (FY) 2016, which began on October 1, 2015, the US Army had to spend $30.1 million to modify “10 expired [ATACMS] assets and reset their contractual service life,” according to the FY 2016 budget report.

    Since the ATACMS has a 10-year service life, the 10 missiles modified in 2015 are expected to expire again in 2025.

    In recent years, the US Army has been working to replace the ATACMS with the newer and more advanced Precision Strike Missile (PrSM). While each missile of the ATACMS costs approximately $1 million, the price for the latest PrSM exceeds $2 million per missile.

    This may explain why Ukraine received $33.3 billion worth of weapons through the Presidential Drawdown Authority (PDA), while the US had to spend $45.7 billion to buy new weapons to replenish its stockpile, according to figures from Ukraine Oversight.

    Washington simply took the opportunity to get rid of expiring weapons in its inventory, such as the ATACMS, and upgraded its weapons systems with funds labeled as “military assistance to Ukraine.”
    .
    2:18 PM · Nov 21, 2024 · 3,242 Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1859496668044964345
    🤣บริจาคขยะ: ATACMS จำนวนมากของสหรัฐฯ ที่รับปากจะส่งมอบให้ยูเครนหมดอายุในปี ๒๐๑๕🤣 ATACMS บางส่วนที่หมดอายุในคลังแสงของกองทัพสหรัฐฯ, ซึ่งรับปากว่าจะส่งมอบให้ยูเครน, หมดอายุเร็วสุดในปี ๒๐๑๕ เพื่อยืดอายุการใช้งาน, สหรัฐฯได้ลงทุนมากกว่า ๑ พันล้านดอลลาร์, ตามการคำนวณของสปุตนิก โดยอิงจากเอกสารทางการเงินของกระทรวงกลาโหม ในปีงบประมาณ (FY) ๒๐๑๖, ซึ่งเริ่มต้นในวันที่ ๑ ตุลาคม ๒๐๑๕, กองทัพบกสหรัฐฯ ต้องใช้เงิน ๓๐.๑ ล้านดอลลาร์ ในการปรับเปลี่ยน "๑๐ รายการสินทรัพย์ [ATACMS] ที่หมดอายุ และรีเซ็ตอายุการใช้งานตามสัญญา," ตามรายงานงบประมาณปีงบประมาณ ๒๐๑๖ เนื่องจาก ATACMS มีอายุการใช้งาน ๑๐ ปี, ขีปนาวุธ ๑๐ ลูกที่ดัดแปลงในปี ๒๐๑๕ คาดว่าจะหมดอายุใช้งานอีกครั้งในปี ๒๐๒๕ ในช่วงไม่กี่ปีที่ผ่านมา, กองทัพบกสหรัฐฯ ได้พยายามเปลี่ยน ATACMS ด้วยขีปนาวุธ Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) รุ่นใหม่กว่าและก้าวหน้ากว่า แม้ว่าขีปนาวุธแต่ละลูกของ ATACMS จะมีราคาประมาณ ๑ ล้านดอลลาร์, แต่ราคาของ PrSM รุ่นล่าสุดนั้นสูงกว่า ๒ ล้านดอลลาร์ต่อขีปนาวุธหนึ่งลูก นี่อาจอธิบายได้ว่าทำไมยูเครนจึงได้รับอาวุธมูลค่า ๓๓,๓๐๐ ล้านดอลลาร์ ผ่านหน่วยงาน Presidential Drawdown Authority (PDA), ในขณะที่สหรัฐฯ ต้องใช้เงิน ๔๕,๗๐๐ ล้านดอลลาร์ ในการซื้ออาวุธใหม่เพื่อเติมเต็มคลังอาวุธ, ตามตัวเลขจาก Ukraine Oversight 🤣วอชิงตันใช้โอกาสนี้เพียงเพื่อกำจัดอาวุธที่หมดอายุในคลังอาวุธของตน, เช่น ATACMS และอัปเกรดระบบอาวุธด้วยเงินทุนที่เรียกว่า "ความช่วยเหลือทางทหารแก่ยูเครน"🤣 . DONATING JUNK: NUMEROUS US ATACMS PLEDGED TO UKRAINE EXPIRED IN 2015 Some of the aging ATACMS in American military inventory, which were promised for delivery to Ukraine, expired as early as 2015. To extend their service life, the US invested over $1 billion, according to calculations by Sputnik based on Pentagon financial documents. During fiscal year (FY) 2016, which began on October 1, 2015, the US Army had to spend $30.1 million to modify “10 expired [ATACMS] assets and reset their contractual service life,” according to the FY 2016 budget report. Since the ATACMS has a 10-year service life, the 10 missiles modified in 2015 are expected to expire again in 2025. In recent years, the US Army has been working to replace the ATACMS with the newer and more advanced Precision Strike Missile (PrSM). While each missile of the ATACMS costs approximately $1 million, the price for the latest PrSM exceeds $2 million per missile. This may explain why Ukraine received $33.3 billion worth of weapons through the Presidential Drawdown Authority (PDA), while the US had to spend $45.7 billion to buy new weapons to replenish its stockpile, according to figures from Ukraine Oversight. Washington simply took the opportunity to get rid of expiring weapons in its inventory, such as the ATACMS, and upgraded its weapons systems with funds labeled as “military assistance to Ukraine.” . 2:18 PM · Nov 21, 2024 · 3,242 Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1859496668044964345
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  • Why Isn’t This Map in the History Books?
    Native Tribes of North America Mapped

    The ancestors of living Native Americans arrived in North America about 15 thousand years ago.
    As a result, a wide diversity of communities, societies, and cultures finally developed on the continent over the millennia.

    The population figure for Indigenous peoples in the Americas before the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus was 70 million or more.

    About 562 tribes inhabited the contiguous U.S. territory.

    Ten largest North American Indian tribes: Arikara, Cherokee, Iroquois, Pawnee, Sioux, Apache, Eskimo, Comanche, Choctaw, Cree, Ojibwa, Mohawk, Cheyenne, Navajo, Seminole, Hope, Shoshone, Mohican, Shawnee, Mi’kmaq, Paiute, Wampanoag, Ho-Chunk, Chumash, Haida.
    Below is the tribal map of Pre-European North America.

    The old map below gives a Native American perspective by placing the tribes in full flower ~ the “Glory Days.”
    It is pre-contact from across the eastern sea or, at least, before that contact seriously affected change. Stretching over 400 years, the time of contact was quite different from tribe to tribe. For instance, the “Glory Days” of the Maya and Aztec came to an end very long before the interior tribes of other areas, with some still resisting almost until the 20th Century.
    At one time, numbering in the millions, the native peoples spoke close to 4,000 languages.
    The Americas’ European conquest, which began in 1492, ended in a sharp drop in the Native American population through epidemics, hostilities, ethnic cleansing, and slavery.
    When the United States was founded, established Native American tribes were viewed as semi-independent nations, as they commonly lived in communities separate from white immigrants.
    Why Isn’t This Map in the History Books? Native Tribes of North America Mapped The ancestors of living Native Americans arrived in North America about 15 thousand years ago. As a result, a wide diversity of communities, societies, and cultures finally developed on the continent over the millennia. The population figure for Indigenous peoples in the Americas before the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus was 70 million or more. About 562 tribes inhabited the contiguous U.S. territory. Ten largest North American Indian tribes: Arikara, Cherokee, Iroquois, Pawnee, Sioux, Apache, Eskimo, Comanche, Choctaw, Cree, Ojibwa, Mohawk, Cheyenne, Navajo, Seminole, Hope, Shoshone, Mohican, Shawnee, Mi’kmaq, Paiute, Wampanoag, Ho-Chunk, Chumash, Haida. Below is the tribal map of Pre-European North America. The old map below gives a Native American perspective by placing the tribes in full flower ~ the “Glory Days.” It is pre-contact from across the eastern sea or, at least, before that contact seriously affected change. Stretching over 400 years, the time of contact was quite different from tribe to tribe. For instance, the “Glory Days” of the Maya and Aztec came to an end very long before the interior tribes of other areas, with some still resisting almost until the 20th Century. At one time, numbering in the millions, the native peoples spoke close to 4,000 languages. The Americas’ European conquest, which began in 1492, ended in a sharp drop in the Native American population through epidemics, hostilities, ethnic cleansing, and slavery. When the United States was founded, established Native American tribes were viewed as semi-independent nations, as they commonly lived in communities separate from white immigrants.
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  • กรุงศรีฯเคย คลุกคลี ด้วยสีเลือด
    แผ่นดินเคย ลุกเดือด เลือดโลมไหล
    แต่ไทยต้อง คงนาม ความเป็นไทย
    ถึงไม่มีใคร วิญญาณกู จะสู้เอง
    #actionfigure #figure #model #หุ่นจำลอง #ภาพยนต์ #ตำนานสมเด็จพระนเรศวร
    กรุงศรีฯเคย คลุกคลี ด้วยสีเลือด แผ่นดินเคย ลุกเดือด เลือดโลมไหล แต่ไทยต้อง คงนาม ความเป็นไทย ถึงไม่มีใคร วิญญาณกู จะสู้เอง #actionfigure #figure #model #หุ่นจำลอง #ภาพยนต์ #ตำนานสมเด็จพระนเรศวร
    0 ความคิดเห็น 0 การแบ่งปัน 132 มุมมอง 0 รีวิว
  • Special Words To Describe Someone You Love

    There are so many reasons why we love and value the people in our lives, but sometimes it can be hard to find the right words to describe just what it is that makes those people so special. If you’re working on the ultimate love letter, preparing a special birthday toast, or even just talking someone up to a friend, you don’t want to fall back on broad terms like funny, kind, or cute. That’s the time to say what you really mean.

    Talking about the people you love might mean talking about a significant other, but it can also mean describing a friend, parent, sibling, or other special person, too. No matter who you’re trying to describe or shower with praise, here are some handy alternatives to the most overused words to use when talking about someone you love.


    Other ways to say: talented

    Celebrating someone’s talent is usually a welcome compliment, but talent describes a pretty broad pool of qualities, abilities, and skills. What does that special person really excel at that makes them so, well, special? Here are a few other options to try.

    accomplished
    Accomplished is the word to use when someone is “highly skilled” or even “expert” at something. It demonstrates appreciation not only for their skills, but also for the time, energy, and hard work they put into acquiring those skills.

    artistic
    You can call someone artistic as a way of complimenting their skill and execution in art or their excellent taste and style. Someone who’s artistic likely has a unique, creative approach to many things, and this word calls that out.

    capable
    Have you ever been around someone who just seems to be good at everything? Those people are highly capable, which means “having power and ability; efficient; competent.”

    inspirational
    Sometimes a person’s gift is inspiring others around them to shine as well. Calling someone inspirational says they don’t just do great things, but they also motivate the people around them just by being who they are.

    brilliant
    Brilliant is the right word for someone you see as “shining brightly; sparkling; glittery; lustrous.” It might describe their distinguished abilities in one particular area or their bold and awe-inspiring approach to everything.


    Other ways to say: kind

    Kindness is an important quality, and a great way to acknowledge someone’s kindness is by pointing out all of the specific and meaningful ways they express it. Here are some words to do that.

    affectionate
    Affectionate means “showing, indicating, or characterized by affection or love; fondly tender.” Some people are more affectionate than others, so if someone’s outward displays of affection mean a lot to you, use this word to let them know it.

    considerate
    Considerate is the word to use for someone who is always looking out for other people’s feelings, performing small acts of kindness, or putting thoughtfulness on display on a regular basis.

    big-hearted
    Someone who is big-hearted is generous and kind. You might love a big-hearted person if you see that your special someone is always thinking about what they can do to show care and concern for others.

    friendly
    Sometimes being kind means treating everyone like a friend. Friendly people are “favorably disposed; inclined to approve, help, support.” It’s a way of explaining that your loved one isn’t just kind, but they also never hesitate to lend a hand or a shoulder to lean on.

    gentle
    Gentle is another way of saying “kindly” or “amiable.” Someone who could be described as gentle isn’t just nice, but is also likely a calm, compassionate, and steady figure in your life.


    Other ways to say: attractive

    Looks aren’t everything, but there’s nothing wrong with finding a few fresh ways to let people know they’re looking great. Rather than pulling out a bland word like attractive, here are some other options that get to the heart of what really draws you to someone.

    alluring
    Alluring doesn’t just mean someone is nice looking. It also means they have a charisma or charm that draws you towards them. Someone who is alluring is “very attractive or tempting; enticing; seductive.”

    elegant
    Whether it’s a special occasion or you admire someone’s style and grace every day, elegant is a word to use when describing someone who is “tastefully fine or luxurious in dress, style, design, etc.”

    bewitching
    Does someone in your life just have that special “it” factor that makes people want to be around them? They could be described as bewitching. This magical sounding word means “enchanting, charming, fascinating.”

    charming
    When someone is delightful or pleasing to be around, it’s usually because they’re charming. Someone might have charming good looks, but charming also extends to their sparkling personality and the way they make people feel in their presence.

    lovely
    Isn’t he or she lovely? This adjective means “charmingly or exquisitely beautiful.” It’s the perfect word to describe someone who is lovely in looks but also wonderful to spend time with.


    Other ways to say: funny

    A sense of humor is a great quality, but there are so many ways to be funny. Is the person more of a George Carlin, an Ali Wong, or a Jim Gaffigan? Here are some words to talk about the funny people in your life.

    playful
    If someone’s specialty is keeping things light and always finding humor in people and situations, you might describe them as playful. It literally means “full of play or fun.”

    whimsical
    A childlike or even off-the-wall sense of humor might be called whimsical. This word means “given to whimsy or fanciful notions; capricious.” Think: Robin Williams.

    clever
    Some people always know the right thing to say. You might describe them as being clever. These quick thinkers always find a way to get laughs by being both charming and bright.

    hilarious
    Hilarious means “arousing great merriment; extremely funny,” and it’s reserved for the people who are truly laugh-out-loud funny. These folks might be the life of the party or they might reserve their best jokes just for you. Either way, the fun never stops.

    witty
    Someone who is witty sees the world a little differently, and their sharp observations and clever comebacks can be very entertaining. They also might be funny in several mediums. Witty means “possessing wit in speech or writing; amusingly clever in perception and expression.”


    Other ways to say: smart

    If you value intelligence, then you’ll probably also value having more than one way to talk about it. Pull out one of these bonus words when describing the brainiacs in your life.

    astute
    If someone wows you with their keen perceptions and spot-on observations, you could say they’re astute. This word describes people who are shrewd, intelligent, and always the first to connect the dots.

    crafty
    While crafty can mean that someone is great with a sewing machine, it also means “cunning; deceitful; sly.” This doesn’t mean a crafty loved one is up to no good. It just means you want them on your team on game night.

    wise
    Wise describes the person you go to for advice, support, and to talk about the deep stuff. Wise means “having the power of discerning and judging properly as to what is true or right.” These people are like the lighthouses in the storms of life.

    shrewd
    If that special person in your life always knows how to get the best deals or how to convince people to be on their side, they might be shrewd. Shrewd means “cunning or tricky; artful,” and it’s a word for people who know how to use their deep intelligence to their advantage.

    bright
    No, we don’t mean the person you love is shining like a light bulb. Bright means “quick-witted or intelligent.” It’s a word that describes people who have many skills, catch on quickly, and are always capable of learning something new.

    Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
    Special Words To Describe Someone You Love There are so many reasons why we love and value the people in our lives, but sometimes it can be hard to find the right words to describe just what it is that makes those people so special. If you’re working on the ultimate love letter, preparing a special birthday toast, or even just talking someone up to a friend, you don’t want to fall back on broad terms like funny, kind, or cute. That’s the time to say what you really mean. Talking about the people you love might mean talking about a significant other, but it can also mean describing a friend, parent, sibling, or other special person, too. No matter who you’re trying to describe or shower with praise, here are some handy alternatives to the most overused words to use when talking about someone you love. Other ways to say: talented Celebrating someone’s talent is usually a welcome compliment, but talent describes a pretty broad pool of qualities, abilities, and skills. What does that special person really excel at that makes them so, well, special? Here are a few other options to try. accomplished Accomplished is the word to use when someone is “highly skilled” or even “expert” at something. It demonstrates appreciation not only for their skills, but also for the time, energy, and hard work they put into acquiring those skills. artistic You can call someone artistic as a way of complimenting their skill and execution in art or their excellent taste and style. Someone who’s artistic likely has a unique, creative approach to many things, and this word calls that out. capable Have you ever been around someone who just seems to be good at everything? Those people are highly capable, which means “having power and ability; efficient; competent.” inspirational Sometimes a person’s gift is inspiring others around them to shine as well. Calling someone inspirational says they don’t just do great things, but they also motivate the people around them just by being who they are. brilliant Brilliant is the right word for someone you see as “shining brightly; sparkling; glittery; lustrous.” It might describe their distinguished abilities in one particular area or their bold and awe-inspiring approach to everything. Other ways to say: kind Kindness is an important quality, and a great way to acknowledge someone’s kindness is by pointing out all of the specific and meaningful ways they express it. Here are some words to do that. affectionate Affectionate means “showing, indicating, or characterized by affection or love; fondly tender.” Some people are more affectionate than others, so if someone’s outward displays of affection mean a lot to you, use this word to let them know it. considerate Considerate is the word to use for someone who is always looking out for other people’s feelings, performing small acts of kindness, or putting thoughtfulness on display on a regular basis. big-hearted Someone who is big-hearted is generous and kind. You might love a big-hearted person if you see that your special someone is always thinking about what they can do to show care and concern for others. friendly Sometimes being kind means treating everyone like a friend. Friendly people are “favorably disposed; inclined to approve, help, support.” It’s a way of explaining that your loved one isn’t just kind, but they also never hesitate to lend a hand or a shoulder to lean on. gentle Gentle is another way of saying “kindly” or “amiable.” Someone who could be described as gentle isn’t just nice, but is also likely a calm, compassionate, and steady figure in your life. Other ways to say: attractive Looks aren’t everything, but there’s nothing wrong with finding a few fresh ways to let people know they’re looking great. Rather than pulling out a bland word like attractive, here are some other options that get to the heart of what really draws you to someone. alluring Alluring doesn’t just mean someone is nice looking. It also means they have a charisma or charm that draws you towards them. Someone who is alluring is “very attractive or tempting; enticing; seductive.” elegant Whether it’s a special occasion or you admire someone’s style and grace every day, elegant is a word to use when describing someone who is “tastefully fine or luxurious in dress, style, design, etc.” bewitching Does someone in your life just have that special “it” factor that makes people want to be around them? They could be described as bewitching. This magical sounding word means “enchanting, charming, fascinating.” charming When someone is delightful or pleasing to be around, it’s usually because they’re charming. Someone might have charming good looks, but charming also extends to their sparkling personality and the way they make people feel in their presence. lovely Isn’t he or she lovely? This adjective means “charmingly or exquisitely beautiful.” It’s the perfect word to describe someone who is lovely in looks but also wonderful to spend time with. Other ways to say: funny A sense of humor is a great quality, but there are so many ways to be funny. Is the person more of a George Carlin, an Ali Wong, or a Jim Gaffigan? Here are some words to talk about the funny people in your life. playful If someone’s specialty is keeping things light and always finding humor in people and situations, you might describe them as playful. It literally means “full of play or fun.” whimsical A childlike or even off-the-wall sense of humor might be called whimsical. This word means “given to whimsy or fanciful notions; capricious.” Think: Robin Williams. clever Some people always know the right thing to say. You might describe them as being clever. These quick thinkers always find a way to get laughs by being both charming and bright. hilarious Hilarious means “arousing great merriment; extremely funny,” and it’s reserved for the people who are truly laugh-out-loud funny. These folks might be the life of the party or they might reserve their best jokes just for you. Either way, the fun never stops. witty Someone who is witty sees the world a little differently, and their sharp observations and clever comebacks can be very entertaining. They also might be funny in several mediums. Witty means “possessing wit in speech or writing; amusingly clever in perception and expression.” Other ways to say: smart If you value intelligence, then you’ll probably also value having more than one way to talk about it. Pull out one of these bonus words when describing the brainiacs in your life. astute If someone wows you with their keen perceptions and spot-on observations, you could say they’re astute. This word describes people who are shrewd, intelligent, and always the first to connect the dots. crafty While crafty can mean that someone is great with a sewing machine, it also means “cunning; deceitful; sly.” This doesn’t mean a crafty loved one is up to no good. It just means you want them on your team on game night. wise Wise describes the person you go to for advice, support, and to talk about the deep stuff. Wise means “having the power of discerning and judging properly as to what is true or right.” These people are like the lighthouses in the storms of life. shrewd If that special person in your life always knows how to get the best deals or how to convince people to be on their side, they might be shrewd. Shrewd means “cunning or tricky; artful,” and it’s a word for people who know how to use their deep intelligence to their advantage. bright No, we don’t mean the person you love is shining like a light bulb. Bright means “quick-witted or intelligent.” It’s a word that describes people who have many skills, catch on quickly, and are always capable of learning something new. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
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  • Was There A Real Uncle Sam?

    There are many famous cartoon figures in American culture, but only one that’s regularly paired with the pointed statement that it wants you (yes, YOU) to do something: Uncle Sam.

    What Uncle Sam wants you for varies. Historically he has most often wanted you to join the Army, though twists and variations abound. Uncle Sam himself, however, almost always has a white goatee and white locks covered by a top hat, and he’s typically wearing a blue blazer, red bowtie, and white shirt. Above all, depictions of Uncle Sam famously show him staring straight at whoever is looking at the poster in a direct call to action.

    This depiction has been around for more than 100 years (prior to Uncle Sam, the goddess-like figure of Columbia personified first the colonies and then the US). But the legend of Uncle Sam dates back even further. The icon’s longevity and prevalence is part of the reason there’s an official Uncle Sam Day on September 13. But what about the real Uncle Sam? Was there one?

    The real Uncle Sam?

    There are several popular stories connecting the character of Uncle Sam to historical figures, though solid evidence for them is lacking. One thing, though, is certain: Uncle Sam is an extension of the common short form of the United States (of America), US.

    According to legend, a meat packer from Troy, New York, named Samuel Wilson is the original Uncle Sam. (Sam, of course, is a pet short form of Samuel). He supplied barrels of beef to the US Army during the War of 1812, and each barrel had “U.S.” printed on it for United States. Another thing the initials came to stand for: Uncle Sam.

    There are a couple theories on how the letters of the United States came to mean “Uncle Sam.” One is that people in Troy called Wilson Uncle Sam, and they assumed that’s what the lettering on the barrels stood for when they saw the beef being shipped to the Army. A Congressional resolution in 1961 declared this the official story, but it’s not the only one. The other theory is that soldiers who received the barrels played off of the lettering and called the contents of the barrel “Uncle Sam’s” food rations.

    Whatever his exact origins, Uncle Sam became the personification of the United States and Troy became “The Home of Uncle Sam.” Though it wasn’t for another century that the cartoon we’re familiar with today was popularized.

    Uncle Sam Wants YOU

    Wilson, who died in 1854, didn’t live to see what mass media would turn his image into. Political cartoonist Thomas Nast is credited with drawing some of the most popular Uncle Sam cartoons in the 1870s. Nast is the same person responsible for the jolly bearded depiction of Santa Claus, and he helped popularize Uncle Sam’s white beard and patriotic attire.

    In 1917, Uncle Sam became the character that you’d recognize today. New York illustrator James Montgomery Flagg took Uncle Sam and merged it with the concept behind a British military poster—the same country that the troops Samuel Wilson fed were fighting against. The British poster showed Secretary of State for War Lord Kitchener staring off the page and pointing at the viewer, just like Flagg’s final Uncle Sam poster. Basing a character on a historical figure can be complicated, however. Kitchener was an especially brutal commander, and he’s infamous for creating some of the first concentration camps during the Boer War in Africa.

    Flagg’s Uncle Sam drawing was done for a newsweekly with the title “What Are You Doing for Preparedness?” The text was changed to “I Want YOU for U.S. Army” when turned into a recruitment poster. In 1917 and 1918, when the US was involved in World War I, about 4 million Uncle Sam posters were printed.

    This version of Uncle Sam made another appearance in World War II, and continues to live on in popular culture.

    Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
    Was There A Real Uncle Sam? There are many famous cartoon figures in American culture, but only one that’s regularly paired with the pointed statement that it wants you (yes, YOU) to do something: Uncle Sam. What Uncle Sam wants you for varies. Historically he has most often wanted you to join the Army, though twists and variations abound. Uncle Sam himself, however, almost always has a white goatee and white locks covered by a top hat, and he’s typically wearing a blue blazer, red bowtie, and white shirt. Above all, depictions of Uncle Sam famously show him staring straight at whoever is looking at the poster in a direct call to action. This depiction has been around for more than 100 years (prior to Uncle Sam, the goddess-like figure of Columbia personified first the colonies and then the US). But the legend of Uncle Sam dates back even further. The icon’s longevity and prevalence is part of the reason there’s an official Uncle Sam Day on September 13. But what about the real Uncle Sam? Was there one? The real Uncle Sam? There are several popular stories connecting the character of Uncle Sam to historical figures, though solid evidence for them is lacking. One thing, though, is certain: Uncle Sam is an extension of the common short form of the United States (of America), US. According to legend, a meat packer from Troy, New York, named Samuel Wilson is the original Uncle Sam. (Sam, of course, is a pet short form of Samuel). He supplied barrels of beef to the US Army during the War of 1812, and each barrel had “U.S.” printed on it for United States. Another thing the initials came to stand for: Uncle Sam. There are a couple theories on how the letters of the United States came to mean “Uncle Sam.” One is that people in Troy called Wilson Uncle Sam, and they assumed that’s what the lettering on the barrels stood for when they saw the beef being shipped to the Army. A Congressional resolution in 1961 declared this the official story, but it’s not the only one. The other theory is that soldiers who received the barrels played off of the lettering and called the contents of the barrel “Uncle Sam’s” food rations. Whatever his exact origins, Uncle Sam became the personification of the United States and Troy became “The Home of Uncle Sam.” Though it wasn’t for another century that the cartoon we’re familiar with today was popularized. Uncle Sam Wants YOU Wilson, who died in 1854, didn’t live to see what mass media would turn his image into. Political cartoonist Thomas Nast is credited with drawing some of the most popular Uncle Sam cartoons in the 1870s. Nast is the same person responsible for the jolly bearded depiction of Santa Claus, and he helped popularize Uncle Sam’s white beard and patriotic attire. In 1917, Uncle Sam became the character that you’d recognize today. New York illustrator James Montgomery Flagg took Uncle Sam and merged it with the concept behind a British military poster—the same country that the troops Samuel Wilson fed were fighting against. The British poster showed Secretary of State for War Lord Kitchener staring off the page and pointing at the viewer, just like Flagg’s final Uncle Sam poster. Basing a character on a historical figure can be complicated, however. Kitchener was an especially brutal commander, and he’s infamous for creating some of the first concentration camps during the Boer War in Africa. Flagg’s Uncle Sam drawing was done for a newsweekly with the title “What Are You Doing for Preparedness?” The text was changed to “I Want YOU for U.S. Army” when turned into a recruitment poster. In 1917 and 1918, when the US was involved in World War I, about 4 million Uncle Sam posters were printed. This version of Uncle Sam made another appearance in World War II, and continues to live on in popular culture. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
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  • คลังอาวุธนิวเคลียร์ทางยุทธศาสตร์ของรัสเซียตามข้อเท็จจริงและตัวเลข

    ประธานาธิบดีปูตินเสนอแก้ไขหลักคำสอนนิวเคลียร์ของรัสเซียในสัปดาห์นี้ เพื่อรับมือกับภัยคุกคามใหม่ที่เกิดขึ้น, รวมถึงความเสี่ยงที่เกิดจากกลยุทธ์สงครามลูกผสมของนาโต้ นี่คือสิ่งที่ควรทราบเกี่ยวกับคลังอาวุธนิวเคลียร์ทางยุทธศาสตร์ของรัสเซียที่ยิงจากพื้นดิน, ทางทะเล และทางอากาศเพื่อป้องกันการรุกราน:

    ◻️ อย่างเป็นทางการ, จำนวนและประเภทของอาวุธนิวเคลียร์ที่รัสเซียครอบครองเป็นความลับของรัฐที่ปกปิดไว้เป็นอย่างดี อย่างไรก็ตาม, การประมาณการโดยอ้างอิงจากแหล่งข้อมูลที่เชื่อถือได้, รวมถึงวารสารนักวิทยาศาสตร์ด้านนิวเคลียร์, สถาบันวิจัยสันติภาพนานาชาติสตอกโฮล์ม, สหพันธ์นักวิทยาศาสตร์อเมริกัน, และข้อมูลที่รวบรวมโดยสื่อของรัสเซีย ตามแถลงการณ์อย่างเป็นทางการและกระทรวงกลาโหม, ทำให้ทราบถึงศักยภาพของประเทศอย่างคร่าวๆ

    ◻️ รัสเซียมีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ประมาณ ๑,๗๑๐ หัวที่ติดตั้งในเรือบรรทุกเครื่องบินต่างๆ ในช่วงเวลาใดเวลาหนึ่ง, โดยมีอีก ๒,๖๗๐ หัวที่อยู่ในคลังเก็บ, และอีก ๑,๒๐๐ หัวที่ปลดระวางและอยู่ระหว่างการรื้อถอน, ทำให้มีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ทั้งหมด ๕,๕๘๐ หัว, ตามข้อมูลของ FAS ซึ่งอยู่ในขอบเขตที่กำหนดไว้ในสนธิสัญญา START ใหม่ปี ๒๐๑๐ ซึ่งถูกระงับไปแล้ว โดยอนุญาตให้มหาอำนาจนิวเคลียร์สามารถเก็บขีปนาวุธและเครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิดที่ติดตั้งแล้ว ๗๐๐ ลูก, หัวรบนิวเคลียร์ที่ติดตั้งแล้ว ๑,๕๕๐ หัว (รวมถึงหัวรบขีปนาวุธที่มีหลายหัวรบ ซึ่งเรียกว่า MIRV) และเครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิด, และเครื่องยิงที่ติดตั้งแล้วและไม่ได้ติดตั้งอีก ๘๐๐ เครื่อง (ในรูปแบบท่อขีปนาวุธ และเครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิด)

    คลังอาวุธยุทธศาสตร์ของรัสเซีย (กล่าวคือ อาวุธนิวเคลียร์ที่มุ่งเป้าไปที่การรักษาสมดุลของการก่อการร้ายแบบ "ทำลายล้างซึ่งกันและกัน" ไม่ใช่อาวุธนิวเคลียร์ทางยุทธวิธีหรือในสนามรบ, ซึ่งไม่ได้นำมาพิจารณาที่นี่) สามารถแบ่งแยกได้โดยระบบยิงบนพื้นดิน, เรือดำน้ำ, และเครื่องบิน

    ขีปนาวุธนิวเคลียร์จากภาคพื้นดิน

    ◻️ RS-24 Yars: ขีปนาวุธที่เคลื่อนที่บนถนนหรือติดตั้งในไซโล, โดยแต่ละลูกสามารถบรรจุหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ได้ ๓ หัว โดยสามารถยิงได้ ๒๐๐ นอต รัสเซียมีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ประมาณ ๗๗๒ ลูกสำหรับขีปนาวุธเหล่านี้

    ◻️ Topol-M: ขีปนาวุธที่เคลื่อนที่บนถนน/ติดตั้งในไซโลอีกชนิดหนึ่ง, ซึ่งบรรจุหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ ๘๐๐ นอตได้ ๑ หัว รัสเซียมี ๗๘ หัวในคลังอาวุธ

    ◻️ R-36M2/RS-20B Voevoda: ICBM จากภาคพื้นดินที่บรรทุกหัวรบได้ ๕๕๐-๗๕๐ นอต โดยบรรจุหัวรบนิวเคลียร์หรือตัวล่อได้ ๑๐ หัว รัสเซียมีขีปนาวุธ Voevodas ๔๖ ลูก พร้อมหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ประมาณ ๓๔๐ ลูก

    ◻️ RS-28 Sarmat: ขีปนาวุธข้ามทวีปชนิดใหม่ที่สามารถบรรจุหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ได้มากถึง ๑๖ ลูก โดยแต่ละลูกสามารถยิงได้ ๗๕๐ นอต คาดว่าจะมีขีปนาวุธ Sarmats ทั้งหมด ๔๖ ลูก โดยลูกแรกจะนำไปใช้งานในปี ๒๐๒๓

    ◻️ Avangard: ยานร่อนความเร็วเหนือเสียงที่ยิงจากขีปนาวุธ Voevoda หรือ Sarmat ซึ่งออกแบบมาเพื่อหลบเลี่ยงการป้องกันขีปนาวุธ โดยคาดว่าสามารถยิงได้ ๘๐๐ นอตถึง ๒ เมกะตัน ปัจจุบันรัสเซียมีระบบ Avangard อยู่ ๗ ระบบ

    ขีปนาวุธนิวเคลียร์จากทะเล

    ◾️ RSM-56 Bulava: ขีปนาวุธปล่อยใต้พื้นดินนี้เป็นกระดูกสันหลังของส่วนประกอบทางเรือของอาวุธนิวเคลียร์สามชนิดของรัสเซีย ขีปนาวุธแต่ละลูกบรรจุหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ ๖-๑๐ ลูก โดยสามารถยิงได้ ๑๐๐-๑๕๐ นอต (รวมหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ ๕๗๖ หัว) เรือดำน้ำติดอาวุธ Bulavas ลาดตระเวนในทะเลเหนือ มหาสมุทรแอตแลนติก และแปซิฟิก รอการโจมตีตอบโต้

    ◾️ R-29RMU2 Sineva/R-29RMU2 Layner: SLBM ที่มีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ ๔x๕๐๐ kt หรือ ๑๐-๑๒x๑๐๐ kt คลังอาวุธทั้งหมดมีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ประมาณ ๓๒๐ หัว

    การส่งอาวุธนิวเคลียร์จากอากาศ

    🔹 Tu-95MS: เครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิดเทอร์โบพร็อพความเร็วต่ำกว่าเสียงซึ่งบรรทุกขีปนาวุธร่อนนิวเคลียร์ Kh-55 หรือ Kh-102 โดย Kh-55 มีแรงส่ง ๒๐๐-๕๐๐ kt ส่วน Kh-102 มีระยะยิงตั้งแต่ ๒๕๐ kt ถึง ๑ เมกะตัน เครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิดแต่ละลำสามารถบรรทุก Kh-55 ได้สูงสุด ๖ ลูก หรือ Kh-102 ได้สูงสุด ๘ ลูก คลังอาวุธทั้งหมดโดยประมาณ: หัวรบนิวเคลียร์ ๔๔๘ หัว

    🔹 Tu-160: เครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิดทางยุทธศาสตร์ความเร็วเหนือเสียง โดยแต่ละลำสามารถบรรทุกขีปนาวุธร่อน Kh-55/102 ได้สูงสุด ๖ ลูก รัสเซียมีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ประมาณ ๑๓๒ ลูกที่ประจำการอยู่ในกองเรือทิ้งระเบิดนี้
    .
    RUSSIA’S ARSENAL OF STRATEGIC NUCLEAR WARHEADS IN FACTS AND FIGURES

    President Putin proposed amendments to Russia’s nuclear doctrine this week to account for emerging threats, including risks posed by NATO’s hybrid warfare strategy. Here’s what to know about Russia’s aggression-deterring arsenal of land, sea and air-launched strategic nuclear warheads:

    ◻️ Officially, the number and type of nuclear weapons possessed by Russia are closely-guarded state secret. However, estimates based on respected sources, including the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the Federation of American Scientists, and information pieced together by Russian media based on official and MoD statements, give a rough idea of the country’s potential.

    ◻️ Russia has an estimated 1,710 warheads deployed in various carriers at any given time, with another 2,670 in storage, and 1,200 more retired and in the process of being dismantled, for a total of 5,580, according to FAS. That’s well within the limits set out by the now-suspended 2010 New START Treaty, which allows the nuclear superpowers to keep 700 deployed missiles and bombers, 1,550 deployed warheads (including missile payloads containing multiple warheads – known as MIRVs) and bombers, and 800 deployed and non-deployed launchers (in missile tube and bomber form).

    Russia’s strategic arsenal (i.e. nuclear weapons aimed at maintaining the ‘mutually assured destruction’ balance of terror, not tactical or battlefield nukes, which are not accounted for here) can be broken down by their ground, submarine and aircraft-based launch systems.

    Ground-Based Nuclear Missiles

    ◻️ RS-24 Yars: Road-mobile or silo-based, each missile carries up to three warheads with a 200-kt yield. Russia has about 772 warheads for these missiles.

    ◻️ Topol-M: Another road-mobile/silo-based missile, it carries a single 800-kt warhead. Russia has 78 in its arsenal.

    ◻️ R-36M2/RS-20B Voevoda: Ground-based ICBM with a 550-750 kt payload, carrying up to 10 warheads or decoys. Russia has 46 Voevodas, with about 340 warheads.

    ◻️ RS-28 Sarmat: New ICBM capable of carrying up to 16 warheads, each with a 750-kt yield. Total of 46 Sarmats expected, with the first deployed in 2023.

    ◻️ Avangard: Hypersonic glide vehicles launched from Voevoda or Sarmat ICBMs, designed to evade missile defenses. Yield estimated between 800 kt and 2 megatons. Russia currently has seven Avangard systems.

    Sea-Based Nuclear Missiles

    ◾️ RSM-56 Bulava: This sub-launched missile is the backbone of the naval component of Russia's nuclear triad. Each missile carries 6-10 warheads with a 100-150 kt yield (576 warheads total). Subs armed with Bulavas patrol the North Sea, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, waiting for a counterstrike.

    ◾️ R-29RMU2 Sineva/R-29RMU2 Layner: SLBMs with either 4x500 kt or 10-12x100 kt warheads. Total arsenal includes about 320 warheads.

    Air-Based Nuclear Delivery

    🔹 Tu-95MS: Subsonic turboprop bombers carrying Kh-55 or Kh-102 nuclear cruise missiles. Kh-55s have a 200-500 kt yield, while Kh-102s range from 250 kt to 1 megaton. Each bomber can carry up to six Kh-55s or eight Kh-102s. Estimated total arsenal: 448 warheads.

    🔹 Tu-160: Supersonic strategic bombers, each capable of carrying up to six Kh-55/102 cruise missiles. Russia has around 132 warheads assigned to this bomber fleet.
    .
    Last edited 12:06 AM · Sep 28, 2024 · 7,582 Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1839713179682910420
    คลังอาวุธนิวเคลียร์ทางยุทธศาสตร์ของรัสเซียตามข้อเท็จจริงและตัวเลข ประธานาธิบดีปูตินเสนอแก้ไขหลักคำสอนนิวเคลียร์ของรัสเซียในสัปดาห์นี้ เพื่อรับมือกับภัยคุกคามใหม่ที่เกิดขึ้น, รวมถึงความเสี่ยงที่เกิดจากกลยุทธ์สงครามลูกผสมของนาโต้ นี่คือสิ่งที่ควรทราบเกี่ยวกับคลังอาวุธนิวเคลียร์ทางยุทธศาสตร์ของรัสเซียที่ยิงจากพื้นดิน, ทางทะเล และทางอากาศเพื่อป้องกันการรุกราน: ◻️ อย่างเป็นทางการ, จำนวนและประเภทของอาวุธนิวเคลียร์ที่รัสเซียครอบครองเป็นความลับของรัฐที่ปกปิดไว้เป็นอย่างดี อย่างไรก็ตาม, การประมาณการโดยอ้างอิงจากแหล่งข้อมูลที่เชื่อถือได้, รวมถึงวารสารนักวิทยาศาสตร์ด้านนิวเคลียร์, สถาบันวิจัยสันติภาพนานาชาติสตอกโฮล์ม, สหพันธ์นักวิทยาศาสตร์อเมริกัน, และข้อมูลที่รวบรวมโดยสื่อของรัสเซีย ตามแถลงการณ์อย่างเป็นทางการและกระทรวงกลาโหม, ทำให้ทราบถึงศักยภาพของประเทศอย่างคร่าวๆ ◻️ รัสเซียมีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ประมาณ ๑,๗๑๐ หัวที่ติดตั้งในเรือบรรทุกเครื่องบินต่างๆ ในช่วงเวลาใดเวลาหนึ่ง, โดยมีอีก ๒,๖๗๐ หัวที่อยู่ในคลังเก็บ, และอีก ๑,๒๐๐ หัวที่ปลดระวางและอยู่ระหว่างการรื้อถอน, ทำให้มีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ทั้งหมด ๕,๕๘๐ หัว, ตามข้อมูลของ FAS ซึ่งอยู่ในขอบเขตที่กำหนดไว้ในสนธิสัญญา START ใหม่ปี ๒๐๑๐ ซึ่งถูกระงับไปแล้ว โดยอนุญาตให้มหาอำนาจนิวเคลียร์สามารถเก็บขีปนาวุธและเครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิดที่ติดตั้งแล้ว ๗๐๐ ลูก, หัวรบนิวเคลียร์ที่ติดตั้งแล้ว ๑,๕๕๐ หัว (รวมถึงหัวรบขีปนาวุธที่มีหลายหัวรบ ซึ่งเรียกว่า MIRV) และเครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิด, และเครื่องยิงที่ติดตั้งแล้วและไม่ได้ติดตั้งอีก ๘๐๐ เครื่อง (ในรูปแบบท่อขีปนาวุธ และเครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิด) คลังอาวุธยุทธศาสตร์ของรัสเซีย (กล่าวคือ อาวุธนิวเคลียร์ที่มุ่งเป้าไปที่การรักษาสมดุลของการก่อการร้ายแบบ "ทำลายล้างซึ่งกันและกัน" ไม่ใช่อาวุธนิวเคลียร์ทางยุทธวิธีหรือในสนามรบ, ซึ่งไม่ได้นำมาพิจารณาที่นี่) สามารถแบ่งแยกได้โดยระบบยิงบนพื้นดิน, เรือดำน้ำ, และเครื่องบิน ขีปนาวุธนิวเคลียร์จากภาคพื้นดิน ◻️ RS-24 Yars: ขีปนาวุธที่เคลื่อนที่บนถนนหรือติดตั้งในไซโล, โดยแต่ละลูกสามารถบรรจุหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ได้ ๓ หัว โดยสามารถยิงได้ ๒๐๐ นอต รัสเซียมีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ประมาณ ๗๗๒ ลูกสำหรับขีปนาวุธเหล่านี้ ◻️ Topol-M: ขีปนาวุธที่เคลื่อนที่บนถนน/ติดตั้งในไซโลอีกชนิดหนึ่ง, ซึ่งบรรจุหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ ๘๐๐ นอตได้ ๑ หัว รัสเซียมี ๗๘ หัวในคลังอาวุธ ◻️ R-36M2/RS-20B Voevoda: ICBM จากภาคพื้นดินที่บรรทุกหัวรบได้ ๕๕๐-๗๕๐ นอต โดยบรรจุหัวรบนิวเคลียร์หรือตัวล่อได้ ๑๐ หัว รัสเซียมีขีปนาวุธ Voevodas ๔๖ ลูก พร้อมหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ประมาณ ๓๔๐ ลูก ◻️ RS-28 Sarmat: ขีปนาวุธข้ามทวีปชนิดใหม่ที่สามารถบรรจุหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ได้มากถึง ๑๖ ลูก โดยแต่ละลูกสามารถยิงได้ ๗๕๐ นอต คาดว่าจะมีขีปนาวุธ Sarmats ทั้งหมด ๔๖ ลูก โดยลูกแรกจะนำไปใช้งานในปี ๒๐๒๓ ◻️ Avangard: ยานร่อนความเร็วเหนือเสียงที่ยิงจากขีปนาวุธ Voevoda หรือ Sarmat ซึ่งออกแบบมาเพื่อหลบเลี่ยงการป้องกันขีปนาวุธ โดยคาดว่าสามารถยิงได้ ๘๐๐ นอตถึง ๒ เมกะตัน ปัจจุบันรัสเซียมีระบบ Avangard อยู่ ๗ ระบบ ขีปนาวุธนิวเคลียร์จากทะเล ◾️ RSM-56 Bulava: ขีปนาวุธปล่อยใต้พื้นดินนี้เป็นกระดูกสันหลังของส่วนประกอบทางเรือของอาวุธนิวเคลียร์สามชนิดของรัสเซีย ขีปนาวุธแต่ละลูกบรรจุหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ ๖-๑๐ ลูก โดยสามารถยิงได้ ๑๐๐-๑๕๐ นอต (รวมหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ ๕๗๖ หัว) เรือดำน้ำติดอาวุธ Bulavas ลาดตระเวนในทะเลเหนือ มหาสมุทรแอตแลนติก และแปซิฟิก รอการโจมตีตอบโต้ ◾️ R-29RMU2 Sineva/R-29RMU2 Layner: SLBM ที่มีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ ๔x๕๐๐ kt หรือ ๑๐-๑๒x๑๐๐ kt คลังอาวุธทั้งหมดมีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ประมาณ ๓๒๐ หัว การส่งอาวุธนิวเคลียร์จากอากาศ 🔹 Tu-95MS: เครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิดเทอร์โบพร็อพความเร็วต่ำกว่าเสียงซึ่งบรรทุกขีปนาวุธร่อนนิวเคลียร์ Kh-55 หรือ Kh-102 โดย Kh-55 มีแรงส่ง ๒๐๐-๕๐๐ kt ส่วน Kh-102 มีระยะยิงตั้งแต่ ๒๕๐ kt ถึง ๑ เมกะตัน เครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิดแต่ละลำสามารถบรรทุก Kh-55 ได้สูงสุด ๖ ลูก หรือ Kh-102 ได้สูงสุด ๘ ลูก คลังอาวุธทั้งหมดโดยประมาณ: หัวรบนิวเคลียร์ ๔๔๘ หัว 🔹 Tu-160: เครื่องบินทิ้งระเบิดทางยุทธศาสตร์ความเร็วเหนือเสียง โดยแต่ละลำสามารถบรรทุกขีปนาวุธร่อน Kh-55/102 ได้สูงสุด ๖ ลูก รัสเซียมีหัวรบนิวเคลียร์ประมาณ ๑๓๒ ลูกที่ประจำการอยู่ในกองเรือทิ้งระเบิดนี้ . RUSSIA’S ARSENAL OF STRATEGIC NUCLEAR WARHEADS IN FACTS AND FIGURES President Putin proposed amendments to Russia’s nuclear doctrine this week to account for emerging threats, including risks posed by NATO’s hybrid warfare strategy. Here’s what to know about Russia’s aggression-deterring arsenal of land, sea and air-launched strategic nuclear warheads: ◻️ Officially, the number and type of nuclear weapons possessed by Russia are closely-guarded state secret. However, estimates based on respected sources, including the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the Federation of American Scientists, and information pieced together by Russian media based on official and MoD statements, give a rough idea of the country’s potential. ◻️ Russia has an estimated 1,710 warheads deployed in various carriers at any given time, with another 2,670 in storage, and 1,200 more retired and in the process of being dismantled, for a total of 5,580, according to FAS. That’s well within the limits set out by the now-suspended 2010 New START Treaty, which allows the nuclear superpowers to keep 700 deployed missiles and bombers, 1,550 deployed warheads (including missile payloads containing multiple warheads – known as MIRVs) and bombers, and 800 deployed and non-deployed launchers (in missile tube and bomber form). Russia’s strategic arsenal (i.e. nuclear weapons aimed at maintaining the ‘mutually assured destruction’ balance of terror, not tactical or battlefield nukes, which are not accounted for here) can be broken down by their ground, submarine and aircraft-based launch systems. Ground-Based Nuclear Missiles ◻️ RS-24 Yars: Road-mobile or silo-based, each missile carries up to three warheads with a 200-kt yield. Russia has about 772 warheads for these missiles. ◻️ Topol-M: Another road-mobile/silo-based missile, it carries a single 800-kt warhead. Russia has 78 in its arsenal. ◻️ R-36M2/RS-20B Voevoda: Ground-based ICBM with a 550-750 kt payload, carrying up to 10 warheads or decoys. Russia has 46 Voevodas, with about 340 warheads. ◻️ RS-28 Sarmat: New ICBM capable of carrying up to 16 warheads, each with a 750-kt yield. Total of 46 Sarmats expected, with the first deployed in 2023. ◻️ Avangard: Hypersonic glide vehicles launched from Voevoda or Sarmat ICBMs, designed to evade missile defenses. Yield estimated between 800 kt and 2 megatons. Russia currently has seven Avangard systems. Sea-Based Nuclear Missiles ◾️ RSM-56 Bulava: This sub-launched missile is the backbone of the naval component of Russia's nuclear triad. Each missile carries 6-10 warheads with a 100-150 kt yield (576 warheads total). Subs armed with Bulavas patrol the North Sea, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, waiting for a counterstrike. ◾️ R-29RMU2 Sineva/R-29RMU2 Layner: SLBMs with either 4x500 kt or 10-12x100 kt warheads. Total arsenal includes about 320 warheads. Air-Based Nuclear Delivery 🔹 Tu-95MS: Subsonic turboprop bombers carrying Kh-55 or Kh-102 nuclear cruise missiles. Kh-55s have a 200-500 kt yield, while Kh-102s range from 250 kt to 1 megaton. Each bomber can carry up to six Kh-55s or eight Kh-102s. Estimated total arsenal: 448 warheads. 🔹 Tu-160: Supersonic strategic bombers, each capable of carrying up to six Kh-55/102 cruise missiles. Russia has around 132 warheads assigned to this bomber fleet. . Last edited 12:06 AM · Sep 28, 2024 · 7,582 Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1839713179682910420
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  • 🇷🇺🇺🇦 หน่วยข่าวกรองของรัสเซียอ้างว่า สหรัฐฯต้องการแทนที่ประธานาธิบดีเซเลนสกีของยูเครนด้วยบุคคลที่ควบคุมได้มากกว่า
    .
    🇷🇺🇺🇦 Russian intelligence claims the United States wants to replace Ukrainian President Zelensky with a more controllable figure.
    .
    8:39 AM · Sep 27, 2024 · 124.4K Views
    https://x.com/BRICSinfo/status/1839480018470117595
    🇷🇺🇺🇦 หน่วยข่าวกรองของรัสเซียอ้างว่า สหรัฐฯต้องการแทนที่ประธานาธิบดีเซเลนสกีของยูเครนด้วยบุคคลที่ควบคุมได้มากกว่า . 🇷🇺🇺🇦 Russian intelligence claims the United States wants to replace Ukrainian President Zelensky with a more controllable figure. . 8:39 AM · Sep 27, 2024 · 124.4K Views https://x.com/BRICSinfo/status/1839480018470117595
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  • ตระกูลธนาคาร Rothschild ใช้ความมั่งคั่งมหาศาลของตนเพื่อมีอิทธิพลต่อเหตุการณ์ต่างๆของโลกและควบคุมรัฐบาลได้อย่างไร (ตอนที่ ๑)

    บริษัทธนาคาร Rothschild & Co ที่ไม่ค่อยสนใจสื่อได้ปรากฏตัวขึ้นในข่าวเมื่อไม่นานนี้ เมื่อมีการเปิดเผยว่าบริษัทมีบทบาทสำคัญในการปรับโครงสร้างหนี้ของยูเครนกว่า ๒ หมื่นล้านดอลลาร์ รวมถึงการจัดการประชุมระหว่างเจ้าหน้าที่เคียฟและกองทุนแร้ง เช่น Black Rock และ Amundi ตระกูล Rothschild เป็นที่รู้จักในการแบ่งทรัพย์สินของยูเครนตั้งแต่ปี ๒๐๑๔ เป็นต้นมา และเหตุการณ์รัฐประหารที่ยูโรไมดาน

    ตระกูลธนาคาร Rothschild เป็นที่รู้จักในเรื่องอะไร?

    🌏 ตระกูล Rothschild ถือกำเนิดขึ้นในยุครุ่งเรืองของอาณาจักรอาณานิคมในยุโรป, โดยใช้ประโยชน์จากความมั่งคั่งมหาศาลที่ไหลเข้าสู่ทวีปนี้เพื่อสร้างธนาคารเพื่อการพาณิชย์และธนาคารส่วนตัว, การจัดการสินทรัพย์, การลงทุนเสี่ยง, การประกันภัย, สื่อ, และธุรกิจพลังงาน

    🌏 สร้างความสัมพันธ์อันใกล้ชิดกับราชวงศ์อังกฤษ, เมเยอร์ โรธส์ไชลด์ และลูกชายของเขาได้ให้เงินทุนสนับสนุนโครงการขนาดใหญ่ของอาณานิคม, ตั้งแต่เส้นทางการค้าคลองสุเอซไปจนถึงบริษัทอินเดียตะวันออก

    🌏 ตระกูลนี้มีบทบาทอย่างมากในแวดวงการเมืองระหว่างประเทศในศตวรรษที่ ๑๙ และ ๒๐, โดยเดิมพันระหว่างอังกฤษกับฝรั่งเศสในช่วงสงครามนโปเลียน โดยให้เงินทุนสนับสนุนทหารรับจ้างชาวเฮสเซียนและให้เงินกู้แก่ราชวงศ์, และใช้ข้อมูลวงในจากการพิจารณาของรัฐบาล

    ตระกูลโรธส์ไชลด์ร่ำรวยแค่ไหน?

    🔶 เครื่องหมายคำถามใหญ่เกี่ยวข้องกับทรัพย์สินสุทธิของพวกเขา, โดยมีข้อมูลที่เปิดเผยตั้งแต่ ๑ พันล้านดอลลาร์ไปจนถึง ๑.๒ ล้านล้านดอลลาร์ – ซึ่งจะทำให้ตระกูลนี้อยู่เหนือรายชื่อ "เศรษฐีที่สุดในโลก" ที่สื่อกระแสหลักเผยแพร่อยู่บ่อยครั้ง

    🔶 การขาดตัวเลขที่ชัดเจนนั้นมาจากความลับอันเหลือเชื่อของครอบครัว, และธรรมชาติที่ไม่ชัดเจนของเงินทุนทางการเงิน ตระกูล Rothschild 'มืดมนลง' ในช่วงต้นศตวรรษที่ ๒๐, เมื่อมีการนำโครงการภาษีแห่งชาติมาใช้ทั่วทั้งยุโรป ทำให้ธนาคารของครอบครัวต้องแยกตัวอย่างเป็นทางการเพื่อสร้างสถาบันการเงินที่ 'เป็นอิสระ'

    🔶 ตัวอย่างเช่น, ในขณะที่การรายงานเกี่ยวกับอาณาจักรธุรกิจที่เผยแพร่สู่สาธารณะของตระกูลมักเน้นที่ Rothschild & Co ซึ่งมีฐานอยู่ในปารีส, ลอนดอน และสิงคโปร์, แผนกอื่นๆ, เช่น Edmond de Rothschild Group ซึ่งมีฐานอยู่ในเจนีวา กลับไม่ค่อยได้รับการกล่าวถึงมากนัก
    .
    How Rothschild banking clan uses its vast wealth to influence world events and control governments (Part 1)

    Media-shy banking firm Rothschild & Co popped up in the news recently when it was revealed that it played a key role in restructuring over $20 bln in Ukrainian debt, including by arranging meetings between Kiev officials and vulture funds like Black Rock and Amundi. The Rothschilds are known to carve up Ukraine’s wealth since at least 2014 and the Euromaidan coup.

    What is the Rothschild banking clan known for?

    🌏Emerging in the heyday of European colonial empires, the Rothschilds cashed in on the vast wealth flowing to the continent to create merchant and private banking, asset management, venture capital, insurance, media, and energy enterprises.

    🌏Establishing close ties to the British Crown, Mayer Rothschild and his sons financed colonial megaprojects, from the Suez Canal trade artery to the East India Company.

    🌏The family proved highly active in the international politics of the 19th and 20th centuries, betting on Britain against France during the Napoleonic Wars by financing Hessian mercenary soldiers and loaning money to the Crown, and using insider knowledge of government deliberations.

    How rich are the Rothschilds?

    🔶A big question mark revolves around their net worth, with open data varying from $1 billion to $1.2 trillion – which would put the family well above the oft-published pop financial media lists of the “world’s richest.”

    🔶Lack of precise figure stems from the family’s incredible secrecy, and the murky nature of finance capital. The Rothschilds ‘went dark’ in the early 20th century, when the introduction of national taxation schemes across Europe led family banks to formally split to create ‘independent’ financial institutions.

    🔶For instance, while reporting on the family’s public-facing business empire is often focused on the Paris, London and Singapore-based Rothschild & Co, other divisions, like the Geneva-based Edmond de Rothschild Group are less often mentioned.
    .
    8:18 PM · Sep 15, 2024 · 105.5K Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1835307291182092534
    ตระกูลธนาคาร Rothschild ใช้ความมั่งคั่งมหาศาลของตนเพื่อมีอิทธิพลต่อเหตุการณ์ต่างๆของโลกและควบคุมรัฐบาลได้อย่างไร (ตอนที่ ๑) บริษัทธนาคาร Rothschild & Co ที่ไม่ค่อยสนใจสื่อได้ปรากฏตัวขึ้นในข่าวเมื่อไม่นานนี้ เมื่อมีการเปิดเผยว่าบริษัทมีบทบาทสำคัญในการปรับโครงสร้างหนี้ของยูเครนกว่า ๒ หมื่นล้านดอลลาร์ รวมถึงการจัดการประชุมระหว่างเจ้าหน้าที่เคียฟและกองทุนแร้ง เช่น Black Rock และ Amundi ตระกูล Rothschild เป็นที่รู้จักในการแบ่งทรัพย์สินของยูเครนตั้งแต่ปี ๒๐๑๔ เป็นต้นมา และเหตุการณ์รัฐประหารที่ยูโรไมดาน ตระกูลธนาคาร Rothschild เป็นที่รู้จักในเรื่องอะไร? 🌏 ตระกูล Rothschild ถือกำเนิดขึ้นในยุครุ่งเรืองของอาณาจักรอาณานิคมในยุโรป, โดยใช้ประโยชน์จากความมั่งคั่งมหาศาลที่ไหลเข้าสู่ทวีปนี้เพื่อสร้างธนาคารเพื่อการพาณิชย์และธนาคารส่วนตัว, การจัดการสินทรัพย์, การลงทุนเสี่ยง, การประกันภัย, สื่อ, และธุรกิจพลังงาน 🌏 สร้างความสัมพันธ์อันใกล้ชิดกับราชวงศ์อังกฤษ, เมเยอร์ โรธส์ไชลด์ และลูกชายของเขาได้ให้เงินทุนสนับสนุนโครงการขนาดใหญ่ของอาณานิคม, ตั้งแต่เส้นทางการค้าคลองสุเอซไปจนถึงบริษัทอินเดียตะวันออก 🌏 ตระกูลนี้มีบทบาทอย่างมากในแวดวงการเมืองระหว่างประเทศในศตวรรษที่ ๑๙ และ ๒๐, โดยเดิมพันระหว่างอังกฤษกับฝรั่งเศสในช่วงสงครามนโปเลียน โดยให้เงินทุนสนับสนุนทหารรับจ้างชาวเฮสเซียนและให้เงินกู้แก่ราชวงศ์, และใช้ข้อมูลวงในจากการพิจารณาของรัฐบาล ตระกูลโรธส์ไชลด์ร่ำรวยแค่ไหน? 🔶 เครื่องหมายคำถามใหญ่เกี่ยวข้องกับทรัพย์สินสุทธิของพวกเขา, โดยมีข้อมูลที่เปิดเผยตั้งแต่ ๑ พันล้านดอลลาร์ไปจนถึง ๑.๒ ล้านล้านดอลลาร์ – ซึ่งจะทำให้ตระกูลนี้อยู่เหนือรายชื่อ "เศรษฐีที่สุดในโลก" ที่สื่อกระแสหลักเผยแพร่อยู่บ่อยครั้ง 🔶 การขาดตัวเลขที่ชัดเจนนั้นมาจากความลับอันเหลือเชื่อของครอบครัว, และธรรมชาติที่ไม่ชัดเจนของเงินทุนทางการเงิน ตระกูล Rothschild 'มืดมนลง' ในช่วงต้นศตวรรษที่ ๒๐, เมื่อมีการนำโครงการภาษีแห่งชาติมาใช้ทั่วทั้งยุโรป ทำให้ธนาคารของครอบครัวต้องแยกตัวอย่างเป็นทางการเพื่อสร้างสถาบันการเงินที่ 'เป็นอิสระ' 🔶 ตัวอย่างเช่น, ในขณะที่การรายงานเกี่ยวกับอาณาจักรธุรกิจที่เผยแพร่สู่สาธารณะของตระกูลมักเน้นที่ Rothschild & Co ซึ่งมีฐานอยู่ในปารีส, ลอนดอน และสิงคโปร์, แผนกอื่นๆ, เช่น Edmond de Rothschild Group ซึ่งมีฐานอยู่ในเจนีวา กลับไม่ค่อยได้รับการกล่าวถึงมากนัก . How Rothschild banking clan uses its vast wealth to influence world events and control governments (Part 1) Media-shy banking firm Rothschild & Co popped up in the news recently when it was revealed that it played a key role in restructuring over $20 bln in Ukrainian debt, including by arranging meetings between Kiev officials and vulture funds like Black Rock and Amundi. The Rothschilds are known to carve up Ukraine’s wealth since at least 2014 and the Euromaidan coup. What is the Rothschild banking clan known for? 🌏Emerging in the heyday of European colonial empires, the Rothschilds cashed in on the vast wealth flowing to the continent to create merchant and private banking, asset management, venture capital, insurance, media, and energy enterprises. 🌏Establishing close ties to the British Crown, Mayer Rothschild and his sons financed colonial megaprojects, from the Suez Canal trade artery to the East India Company. 🌏The family proved highly active in the international politics of the 19th and 20th centuries, betting on Britain against France during the Napoleonic Wars by financing Hessian mercenary soldiers and loaning money to the Crown, and using insider knowledge of government deliberations. How rich are the Rothschilds? 🔶A big question mark revolves around their net worth, with open data varying from $1 billion to $1.2 trillion – which would put the family well above the oft-published pop financial media lists of the “world’s richest.” 🔶Lack of precise figure stems from the family’s incredible secrecy, and the murky nature of finance capital. The Rothschilds ‘went dark’ in the early 20th century, when the introduction of national taxation schemes across Europe led family banks to formally split to create ‘independent’ financial institutions. 🔶For instance, while reporting on the family’s public-facing business empire is often focused on the Paris, London and Singapore-based Rothschild & Co, other divisions, like the Geneva-based Edmond de Rothschild Group are less often mentioned. . 8:18 PM · Sep 15, 2024 · 105.5K Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1835307291182092534
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  • กองทัพอังกฤษกำลังเผชิญกับปัญหาอะไรบ้าง?

    นายกรัฐมนตรีอังกฤษ เซอร์ คีร์ สตาร์เมอร์ ยังไม่ตัดทิ้งความเป็นไปได้ที่จะอนุญาตให้ยูเครนใช้ขีปนาวุธร่อนสตอร์มแชโดว์พิสัยไกลโจมตีเป้าหมายภายในรัสเซีย อย่างไรก็ตาม ความกล้าหาญในการก่อสงครามของอังกฤษเกิดขึ้นในขณะที่กองทัพอังกฤษเองก็กำลังเผชิญวิกฤต

    ขาดแคลนกำลังพล

    ◻️ ตัวเลขแสดงให้เห็นว่ากองทัพอังกฤษมีจำนวนน้อย โดยการรับทหารใหม่ในช่วง ๑๒ เดือนจนถึงเดือนมีนาคม ๒๐๒๓ ลดลง ๒๒.๑% ในกองทัพเรือ, เกือบ ๑๗% ในกองทัพอากาศ, และเกือบ ๑๕% ในกองทัพบก, ตามสถิติอย่างเป็นทางการ

    ◻️ ปัจจุบันกองทัพบกอังกฤษมีกำลังพลประจำการ ๗๕,๑๖๖ นาย เมื่อเทียบกับ ๑๐๐,๐๐๐ นายในปี ๒๐๑๐

    ◻️ วิกฤตกำลังพลในกองทัพเรืออังกฤษมีรายงานว่าทำให้เรือหลายลำต้องปลดประจำการ

    ปัญหาทางเทคนิค

    ◻️ เรือบรรทุกเครื่องบินเรือธงของกองทัพเรืออังกฤษ HMS Queen Elizabeth และ HMS Prince of Wales ประสบปัญหาทางเทคนิคบางประการ, เนื่องจากเรือลำแรกถูกบังคับให้ถอนตัวจากการฝึกซ้อม Steadfast Defender ของ NATO ในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ๒๐๒๔ หลังจากเกิดขัดข้อง

    ◻️ การนำเรือฟริเกต Type ๒๖ ลำใหม่เข้าประจำการถูกเลื่อนออกไป, โดยคาดว่าขีดความสามารถในการปฏิบัติงานเบื้องต้นจะเริ่มขึ้นในปี ๒๐๒๘

    ◻️ การทดสอบปล่อยขีปนาวุธข้ามทวีปติดอาวุธนิวเคลียร์ (SLBM) ของอังกฤษบนเรือ HMS Vanguard เมื่อเดือนมกราคมที่ล้มเหลว ซึ่งถือเป็นความล้มเหลวครั้งที่สองติดต่อกัน รองจาก HMS Vengeance ที่เคยประสบความล้มเหลวในปี ๒๐๑๖

    ขาดเงินและมีระบบราชการเกินดุล

    ◻️ กระทรวงกลาโหมของสหราชอาณาจักร (MoD) เผชิญกับการขาดดุล ๑๖,๙๐๐ ล้านปอนด์ (๒๒,๑๗๐ ล้านดอลลาร์) สำนักงานตรวจสอบแห่งชาติ (NAO) เปิดเผยในปี ๒๐๒๓ คณะกรรมการตรวจสอบบัญชีสาธารณะ (PAC) เตือนว่าการขาดดุลที่แท้จริงอาจใกล้เคียงกับ ๒๙,๐๐๐ ล้านปอนด์ (๓๘,๐๕๐ ล้านดอลลาร์) ในรายงานเดือนมีนาคม ๒๐๒๔

    ◻️ กระบวนการจัดซื้อและส่งมอบของกระทรวงกลาโหมติดหล่มอยู่ในความล่าช้า ส.ส. อังกฤษกล่าวเมื่อเดือนมีนาคมว่ามีเพียง ๒ โครงการจาก ๔๖ โครงการที่ "มีแนวโน้มสูง" ที่จะส่งมอบตรงเวลา, งบประมาณ, และคุณภาพ

    ◻️ การส่งมอบโครงการพอร์ตโฟลิโอโครงการสำคัญของรัฐบาล ๕ โครงการสำเร็จ, ซึ่งรวมถึงเครื่องปฏิกรณ์นิวเคลียร์ใต้น้ำ, ถูกกำหนดให้ "ไม่สามารถทำได้" โดยรายงานของคณะกรรมการสภาสามัญในเดือนมีนาคม
    .
    What problems are Britain’s armed forces grappling with?

    UK Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer has not ruled out allowing Ukraine to use long-range Storm Shadow cruise missiles on targets inside Russia. Yet the UK’s warmongering bravado comes as its own armed forces are mired in crisis.

    Lack of manpower

    ◻️ Britain’s armed forces are stretched thin, figures show. The intake of recruits in the 12 months to March 2023 dropped by 22.1% in the Royal Navy, almost 17% in the RAF, and nearly 15% in the army, according to official statistics.

    ◻️ The professional ranks of the British Army currently number 75,166 regular forces personnel, compared with around 100,000 in 2010.

    ◻️ A manpower crisis in the Royal Navy reportedly prompted the decommissioning of a number of ships.

    Technical issues

    ◻️ The Royal Navy’s flagship aircraft carriers the HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales have faced some technical issues, as the former was forced to pull out from NATO’s Exercise Steadfast Defender drills in February 2024 after a malfunction.

    ◻️ Commissioning new Type 26 frigates has been postponed, with initial operational capability anticipated from 2028.

    ◻️ January’s failed HMS Vanguard sea-launch test of the UK’s nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) system, the Trident II D-5, was the second successive failure, following one in 2016 involving the HMS Vengeance.

    Lack of money and surplus of bureaucracy

    ◻️ The UK Ministry of Defense (MoD) is facing a £16.9 billion ($22.17 billion) deficit, the National Audit Office (NAO) revealed in 2023. The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) warned that the actual deficit could be closer to £29 billion ($38.05 billion) in a March 2024 report.

    ◻️ The MoD's procurement and delivery processes are mired in delays. Just two of its 46 equipment programs are "highly likely" to be delivered to time, budget, and quality, British MPs said in March.

    ◻️ Successful delivery of five Government Major Projects Portfolio schemes, including nuclear submarine reactors, was determined “unachievable” by a House of Commons Committee report in March.
    .
    4:37 PM · Sep 14, 2024 · 2,949 Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1834889141047173363
    กองทัพอังกฤษกำลังเผชิญกับปัญหาอะไรบ้าง? นายกรัฐมนตรีอังกฤษ เซอร์ คีร์ สตาร์เมอร์ ยังไม่ตัดทิ้งความเป็นไปได้ที่จะอนุญาตให้ยูเครนใช้ขีปนาวุธร่อนสตอร์มแชโดว์พิสัยไกลโจมตีเป้าหมายภายในรัสเซีย อย่างไรก็ตาม ความกล้าหาญในการก่อสงครามของอังกฤษเกิดขึ้นในขณะที่กองทัพอังกฤษเองก็กำลังเผชิญวิกฤต ขาดแคลนกำลังพล ◻️ ตัวเลขแสดงให้เห็นว่ากองทัพอังกฤษมีจำนวนน้อย โดยการรับทหารใหม่ในช่วง ๑๒ เดือนจนถึงเดือนมีนาคม ๒๐๒๓ ลดลง ๒๒.๑% ในกองทัพเรือ, เกือบ ๑๗% ในกองทัพอากาศ, และเกือบ ๑๕% ในกองทัพบก, ตามสถิติอย่างเป็นทางการ ◻️ ปัจจุบันกองทัพบกอังกฤษมีกำลังพลประจำการ ๗๕,๑๖๖ นาย เมื่อเทียบกับ ๑๐๐,๐๐๐ นายในปี ๒๐๑๐ ◻️ วิกฤตกำลังพลในกองทัพเรืออังกฤษมีรายงานว่าทำให้เรือหลายลำต้องปลดประจำการ ปัญหาทางเทคนิค ◻️ เรือบรรทุกเครื่องบินเรือธงของกองทัพเรืออังกฤษ HMS Queen Elizabeth และ HMS Prince of Wales ประสบปัญหาทางเทคนิคบางประการ, เนื่องจากเรือลำแรกถูกบังคับให้ถอนตัวจากการฝึกซ้อม Steadfast Defender ของ NATO ในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ๒๐๒๔ หลังจากเกิดขัดข้อง ◻️ การนำเรือฟริเกต Type ๒๖ ลำใหม่เข้าประจำการถูกเลื่อนออกไป, โดยคาดว่าขีดความสามารถในการปฏิบัติงานเบื้องต้นจะเริ่มขึ้นในปี ๒๐๒๘ ◻️ การทดสอบปล่อยขีปนาวุธข้ามทวีปติดอาวุธนิวเคลียร์ (SLBM) ของอังกฤษบนเรือ HMS Vanguard เมื่อเดือนมกราคมที่ล้มเหลว ซึ่งถือเป็นความล้มเหลวครั้งที่สองติดต่อกัน รองจาก HMS Vengeance ที่เคยประสบความล้มเหลวในปี ๒๐๑๖ ขาดเงินและมีระบบราชการเกินดุล ◻️ กระทรวงกลาโหมของสหราชอาณาจักร (MoD) เผชิญกับการขาดดุล ๑๖,๙๐๐ ล้านปอนด์ (๒๒,๑๗๐ ล้านดอลลาร์) สำนักงานตรวจสอบแห่งชาติ (NAO) เปิดเผยในปี ๒๐๒๓ คณะกรรมการตรวจสอบบัญชีสาธารณะ (PAC) เตือนว่าการขาดดุลที่แท้จริงอาจใกล้เคียงกับ ๒๙,๐๐๐ ล้านปอนด์ (๓๘,๐๕๐ ล้านดอลลาร์) ในรายงานเดือนมีนาคม ๒๐๒๔ ◻️ กระบวนการจัดซื้อและส่งมอบของกระทรวงกลาโหมติดหล่มอยู่ในความล่าช้า ส.ส. อังกฤษกล่าวเมื่อเดือนมีนาคมว่ามีเพียง ๒ โครงการจาก ๔๖ โครงการที่ "มีแนวโน้มสูง" ที่จะส่งมอบตรงเวลา, งบประมาณ, และคุณภาพ ◻️ การส่งมอบโครงการพอร์ตโฟลิโอโครงการสำคัญของรัฐบาล ๕ โครงการสำเร็จ, ซึ่งรวมถึงเครื่องปฏิกรณ์นิวเคลียร์ใต้น้ำ, ถูกกำหนดให้ "ไม่สามารถทำได้" โดยรายงานของคณะกรรมการสภาสามัญในเดือนมีนาคม . What problems are Britain’s armed forces grappling with? UK Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer has not ruled out allowing Ukraine to use long-range Storm Shadow cruise missiles on targets inside Russia. Yet the UK’s warmongering bravado comes as its own armed forces are mired in crisis. Lack of manpower ◻️ Britain’s armed forces are stretched thin, figures show. The intake of recruits in the 12 months to March 2023 dropped by 22.1% in the Royal Navy, almost 17% in the RAF, and nearly 15% in the army, according to official statistics. ◻️ The professional ranks of the British Army currently number 75,166 regular forces personnel, compared with around 100,000 in 2010. ◻️ A manpower crisis in the Royal Navy reportedly prompted the decommissioning of a number of ships. Technical issues ◻️ The Royal Navy’s flagship aircraft carriers the HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales have faced some technical issues, as the former was forced to pull out from NATO’s Exercise Steadfast Defender drills in February 2024 after a malfunction. ◻️ Commissioning new Type 26 frigates has been postponed, with initial operational capability anticipated from 2028. ◻️ January’s failed HMS Vanguard sea-launch test of the UK’s nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) system, the Trident II D-5, was the second successive failure, following one in 2016 involving the HMS Vengeance. Lack of money and surplus of bureaucracy ◻️ The UK Ministry of Defense (MoD) is facing a £16.9 billion ($22.17 billion) deficit, the National Audit Office (NAO) revealed in 2023. The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) warned that the actual deficit could be closer to £29 billion ($38.05 billion) in a March 2024 report. ◻️ The MoD's procurement and delivery processes are mired in delays. Just two of its 46 equipment programs are "highly likely" to be delivered to time, budget, and quality, British MPs said in March. ◻️ Successful delivery of five Government Major Projects Portfolio schemes, including nuclear submarine reactors, was determined “unachievable” by a House of Commons Committee report in March. . 4:37 PM · Sep 14, 2024 · 2,949 Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1834889141047173363
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  • Understand The Difference Between Ethos, Pathos, And Logos To Make Your Point

    During an argument, people will often say whatever is necessary to win. If that is the case, they would certainly need to understand the three modes of persuasion, also commonly known as the three rhetorical appeals: ethos, pathos, and logos. In short, these three words refer to three main methods that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. As you’re about to find out, the modes of persuasion are important because a speaker who knows how to effectively use them will have a significant advantage over someone who doesn’t.

    The terms ethos, pathos, and logos and the theory of their use can be traced back to ancient Greece to the philosophy of Aristotle. Aristotle used these three concepts in his explanations of rhetoric, or the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience. For Aristotle, the three modes of persuasion specifically referred to the three major parts of an argument: the speaker (ethos), the argument itself (logos), and the audience (pathos). In particular, Aristotle focused on the speaker’s character, the logic and reason presented by an argument, and the emotional impact the argument had on an audience.

    While they have ancient roots, these modes of persuasion are alive and well today. Put simply, ethos refers to persuasion based on the credibility or authority of the speaker, pathos refers to persuasion based on emotion, and logos refers to persuasion based on logic or reason.

    By effectively using the three modes of persuasion with a large supply of rhetorical devices, a speaker or writer can become a master of rhetoric and win nearly any argument or win over any audience. Before they can do that, though, they must know exactly what ethos, pathos, and logos mean. Fortunately, we are going to look closely at each of these three ideas and see if they are really as effective as they are said to be.

    Quick summary

    Ethos, pathos, and logos are the three classical modes of persuasion that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. Specifically:

    ethos (character): known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” This is the method in which a person relies on their credibility or character when making an appeal or an argument.

    pathos (emotions): known as “the appeal to emotion.” Pathos refers to the method of trying to persuade an audience by eliciting some kind of emotional reaction.

    logos (logic): known as “the appeal to reason.” This method involves using facts and logical reasoning to support an argument and persuade an audience.


    What is ethos?

    The word ethos comes straight from Greek. In Greek, ethos literally translates to “habit,” “custom,” or “character.” Ethos is related to the words ethic and ethical, which are typically used to refer to behavior that is or isn’t acceptable for a particular person.

    In rhetoric, the word ethos is used to refer to the character or reputation of the speaker. As a rhetorical appeal, ethos is known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” When it comes to ethos, one important consideration is how the speaker carries themself and how they present themselves to the audience: Does it seem like they know what they are talking about? Do they even believe the words they are saying? Are they an expert? Do they have some experience or skills that tell us we should listen to them?

    Ethos is important in rhetoric because it often influences the opinion or mood of the audience. If a speaker seems unenthusiastic, unprepared, or inexperienced, the audience is more likely to discount the speaker’s argument regardless of what it even is. On the other hand, a knowledgeable, authoritative, confident speaker is much more likely to win an audience over.

    Ethos often depends on more than just the argument itself. For example, a speaker’s word choice, grammar, and diction also contribute to ethos; an audience may react more favorably toward a professional speaker who has a good grasp of industry jargon and enunciates clearly versus a speaker who lacks the necessary vocabulary and fails to enunciate. Ethos can also be influenced by nonverbal factors as well, such as posture, body language, eye contact, and even the speaker’s choice of clothing. For example, a military officer proudly wearing their uniform bedecked with medals will go a long way to establishing ethos without them saying a single word.

    Here as a simple example of ethos:

    “As a former mayor of this city, I believe we can solve this crisis if we band together.”
    The speaker uses ethos by alerting the audience of their credentials and experience. By doing so, they rely on their reputation to be more persuasive. This “as a…” method of establishing ethos is common, and you have probably seen it used in many persuasive advertisements and speeches.


    What is pathos?

    In Greek, pathos literally translates to “suffering, experience, or sensation.” The word pathos is related to the words pathetic, sympathy, and empathy, which all have to do with emotions or emotional connections. Aristotle used the word pathos to refer to the emotional impact that an argument had on an audience; this usage is still mainly how pathos is used in rhetoric today.

    As a rhetorical appeal, pathos is referred to as “the appeal to emotion.” Generally speaking, an author or speaker is using pathos when they are trying to persuade an audience by causing some kind of emotional reaction. When it comes to pathos, any and all emotions are on the table: sadness, fear, hope, joy, anger, lust, pity, etc.

    As you probably know from your own life, emotions are a powerful motivating factor. For this reason, relying on pathos is often a smart and effective strategy for persuading an audience. Both positive and negative emotions can heavily influence an audience: for example, an audience will want to support a speaker whose position will make them happy, a speaker who wants to end their sadness, or a speaker who is opposed to something that makes them angry.

    Here is a simple example of pathos:

    “Every day, the rainforests shrink and innocent animals are killed. We must do something about this calamitous trend before the planet we call our home is damaged beyond repair.”
    Here, the author is trying to win over an audience by making them feel sad, concerned, or afraid. The author’s choice of words like “innocent” and “calamitous” enforce the fact that they are trying to rely on pathos.


    What is logos?

    In Greek, the word logos literally translates to “word, reason, or discourse.” The word logos is related to many different words that have to do with reason, discourse, or knowledge, such as logic, logical, and any words that end in the suffixes -logy or -logue.

    As a mode of persuasion and rhetorical appeal, logos is often referred to as “the appeal to reason.” If a speaker or author is relying on logos, they are typically reciting facts or providing data and statistics that support their argument. In a manner of speaking, logos does away with all of the bells and whistles of ethos and pathos and cuts to the chase by trying to present a rational argument.

    Logos can be effective in arguments because, in theory, it is impossible to argue against truth and facts. An audience is more likely to agree with a speaker who can provide strong, factual evidence that shows their position is correct. On the flip side, an audience is less likely to support an argument that is flawed or entirely wrong. Going further, a speaker that presents a lot of supporting evidence and data to the audience is likely to come across as knowledgeable and someone to be listened to, which earns bonus points in ethos as well.

    While Aristotle clearly valued an argument based on reason very highly, we know that logos alone doesn’t always effectively persuade an audience. In your own life, you have likely seen a rational, correct speaker lose an argument to a charismatic, authoritative speaker who may not have the facts right.

    Here is a simple example of logos:

    “According to market research, sales of computer chips have increased by 300% in the last five years. Analysis of the industry tells us that the market share of computer chips is dominated by Asian manufacturers. It is clear that the Asian technology sector will continue to experience rapid growth for the foreseeable future.”
    In this paragraph, the author is using data, statistics, and logical reasoning to make their argument. They clearly hope to use logos to try to convince an audience to agree with them.

    Examples of ethos, pathos, and logos
    Ethos, pathos, and logos can all be employed to deliver compelling and persuasive arguments or to win over an audience. Let’s look at a variety of examples to see how different speakers and authors have turned to these modes of persuasion over the years.


    ethos

    “Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral.
    He was my friend, faithful and just to me […] You all did see that on the Lupercal
    I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
    Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?”
    —Marc Antony, Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare

    In this scene, Marc Antony is trying to win over the Roman people, so Shakespeare has Antony rely on ethos. Antony is establishing himself as both a person of authority in Rome (having the power to offer Caesar a crown) and an expert on Caesar’s true character (Antony was Caesar’s close friend and advisor).

    “During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world’s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance.”
    —Steve Jobs, 2005

    Here, Steve Jobs is providing his background–via humblebrag– of being a major figure in several different highly successful tech companies. Jobs is using ethos to provide substance to his words and make it clear to the audience that he knows what he is talking about and they should listen to him.


    pathos

    “Moreover, though you hate both him and his gifts with all your heart, yet pity the rest of the Achaeans who are being harassed in all their host; they will honour you as a god, and you will earn great glory at their hands. You might even kill Hector; he will come within your reach, for he is infatuated, and declares that not a Danaan whom the ships have brought can hold his own against him.”
    —Ulysses to Achilles, The Iliad by Homer

    In this plea, Ulysses is doing his best to pile on the pathos. In one paragraph, Ulysses is attempting to appeal to several of Achilles’s emotions: his hatred of Hector, his infamous stubborn pride, his sympathy for civilians, and his desire for vengeance.

    “I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest—quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality.”
    —Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 1963

    In this excerpt from his “I Have A Dream” speech, King is using pathos to accomplish two goals at once. First, he is connecting with his audience by making it clear is aware of their plight and suffering. Second, he is citing these examples to cause sadness or outrage in the audience. Both of these effects will make an audience interested in what he has to say and more likely to support his position.


    logos

    “Let it be remembered how powerful the influence of a single introduced tree or mammal has been shown to be. But in the case of an island, or of a country partly surrounded by barriers, into which new and better adapted forms could not freely enter, we should then have places in the economy of nature which would assuredly be better filled up if some of the original inhabitants were in some manner modified; for, had the area been open to immigration, these same places would have been seized on by intruders. In such case, every slight modification, which in the course of ages chanced to arise, and which in any way favoured the individuals of any of the species, by better adapting them to their altered conditions, would tend to be preserved; and natural selection would have free scope for the work of improvement.”
    —Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species, 1859

    In this passage, Darwin is using logos by presenting a rational argument in support of natural selection. Darwin connects natural selection to established scientific knowledge to argue that it makes logical sense that animals would adapt to better survive in their environment.

    “I often echo the point made by the climate scientist James Hansen: The accumulation of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases—some of which will envelop the planet for hundreds and possibly thousands of years—is now trapping as much extra energy daily as 500,000 Hiroshima-class atomic bombs would release every 24 hours. This is the crisis we face.”
    —Al Gore, “The Climate Crisis Is the Battle of Our Time, and We Can Win,” 2019

    In this call to action, Al Gore uses logos to attempt to convince his audience of the significance of climate change. In order to do this, Gore both cites an expert in the field and provides a scientifically accurate simile to explain the scale of the effect that greenhouse gases have on Earth’s atmosphere.


    What are mythos and kairos?

    Some modern scholars may also use terms mythos and kairos when discussing modes of persuasion or rhetoric in general.

    Aristotle used the term mythos to refer to the plot or story structure of Greek tragedies, i.e., how a playwright ordered the events of the story to affect the audience. Today, mythos is most often discussed as a literary or poetic term rather than a rhetorical one. However, mythos may rarely be referred to as the “appeal to culture” or the “appeal to myth” if it is treated as an additional mode of persuasion. According to this viewpoint, a speaker/writer is using mythos if they try to persuade an audience using shared cultural customs or societal values.

    A commonly cited example of mythos is King’s “I Have a Dream” speech quoted earlier. King says:

    “When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men—yes, black men as well as white men—would be guaranteed the ‘unalienable rights’ of ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.’ ”

    Throughout the speech, King repeatedly uses American symbols and American history (mythos) to argue that all Americans should be outraged that Black Americans have been denied freedom and civil rights.

    Some modern scholars may also consider kairos as an additional mode of persuasion. Kairos is usually defined as referring to the specific time and place that a speaker chooses to deliver their speech. For written rhetoric, the “place” instead refers to the specific medium or publication in which a piece of writing appears.

    Unlike the other modes of persuasion, kairos relates to the context of a speech and how the appropriateness (or not) of a setting affects how effective a speaker is. Once again, King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is a great example of the use of kairos. This speech was delivered at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Clearly, King intended to use kairos to enhance the importance and timeliness of this landmark speech.

    Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
    Understand The Difference Between Ethos, Pathos, And Logos To Make Your Point During an argument, people will often say whatever is necessary to win. If that is the case, they would certainly need to understand the three modes of persuasion, also commonly known as the three rhetorical appeals: ethos, pathos, and logos. In short, these three words refer to three main methods that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. As you’re about to find out, the modes of persuasion are important because a speaker who knows how to effectively use them will have a significant advantage over someone who doesn’t. The terms ethos, pathos, and logos and the theory of their use can be traced back to ancient Greece to the philosophy of Aristotle. Aristotle used these three concepts in his explanations of rhetoric, or the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience. For Aristotle, the three modes of persuasion specifically referred to the three major parts of an argument: the speaker (ethos), the argument itself (logos), and the audience (pathos). In particular, Aristotle focused on the speaker’s character, the logic and reason presented by an argument, and the emotional impact the argument had on an audience. While they have ancient roots, these modes of persuasion are alive and well today. Put simply, ethos refers to persuasion based on the credibility or authority of the speaker, pathos refers to persuasion based on emotion, and logos refers to persuasion based on logic or reason. By effectively using the three modes of persuasion with a large supply of rhetorical devices, a speaker or writer can become a master of rhetoric and win nearly any argument or win over any audience. Before they can do that, though, they must know exactly what ethos, pathos, and logos mean. Fortunately, we are going to look closely at each of these three ideas and see if they are really as effective as they are said to be. Quick summary Ethos, pathos, and logos are the three classical modes of persuasion that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. Specifically: ethos (character): known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” This is the method in which a person relies on their credibility or character when making an appeal or an argument. pathos (emotions): known as “the appeal to emotion.” Pathos refers to the method of trying to persuade an audience by eliciting some kind of emotional reaction. logos (logic): known as “the appeal to reason.” This method involves using facts and logical reasoning to support an argument and persuade an audience. What is ethos? The word ethos comes straight from Greek. In Greek, ethos literally translates to “habit,” “custom,” or “character.” Ethos is related to the words ethic and ethical, which are typically used to refer to behavior that is or isn’t acceptable for a particular person. In rhetoric, the word ethos is used to refer to the character or reputation of the speaker. As a rhetorical appeal, ethos is known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” When it comes to ethos, one important consideration is how the speaker carries themself and how they present themselves to the audience: Does it seem like they know what they are talking about? Do they even believe the words they are saying? Are they an expert? Do they have some experience or skills that tell us we should listen to them? Ethos is important in rhetoric because it often influences the opinion or mood of the audience. If a speaker seems unenthusiastic, unprepared, or inexperienced, the audience is more likely to discount the speaker’s argument regardless of what it even is. On the other hand, a knowledgeable, authoritative, confident speaker is much more likely to win an audience over. Ethos often depends on more than just the argument itself. For example, a speaker’s word choice, grammar, and diction also contribute to ethos; an audience may react more favorably toward a professional speaker who has a good grasp of industry jargon and enunciates clearly versus a speaker who lacks the necessary vocabulary and fails to enunciate. Ethos can also be influenced by nonverbal factors as well, such as posture, body language, eye contact, and even the speaker’s choice of clothing. For example, a military officer proudly wearing their uniform bedecked with medals will go a long way to establishing ethos without them saying a single word. Here as a simple example of ethos: “As a former mayor of this city, I believe we can solve this crisis if we band together.” The speaker uses ethos by alerting the audience of their credentials and experience. By doing so, they rely on their reputation to be more persuasive. This “as a…” method of establishing ethos is common, and you have probably seen it used in many persuasive advertisements and speeches. What is pathos? In Greek, pathos literally translates to “suffering, experience, or sensation.” The word pathos is related to the words pathetic, sympathy, and empathy, which all have to do with emotions or emotional connections. Aristotle used the word pathos to refer to the emotional impact that an argument had on an audience; this usage is still mainly how pathos is used in rhetoric today. As a rhetorical appeal, pathos is referred to as “the appeal to emotion.” Generally speaking, an author or speaker is using pathos when they are trying to persuade an audience by causing some kind of emotional reaction. When it comes to pathos, any and all emotions are on the table: sadness, fear, hope, joy, anger, lust, pity, etc. As you probably know from your own life, emotions are a powerful motivating factor. For this reason, relying on pathos is often a smart and effective strategy for persuading an audience. Both positive and negative emotions can heavily influence an audience: for example, an audience will want to support a speaker whose position will make them happy, a speaker who wants to end their sadness, or a speaker who is opposed to something that makes them angry. Here is a simple example of pathos: “Every day, the rainforests shrink and innocent animals are killed. We must do something about this calamitous trend before the planet we call our home is damaged beyond repair.” Here, the author is trying to win over an audience by making them feel sad, concerned, or afraid. The author’s choice of words like “innocent” and “calamitous” enforce the fact that they are trying to rely on pathos. What is logos? In Greek, the word logos literally translates to “word, reason, or discourse.” The word logos is related to many different words that have to do with reason, discourse, or knowledge, such as logic, logical, and any words that end in the suffixes -logy or -logue. As a mode of persuasion and rhetorical appeal, logos is often referred to as “the appeal to reason.” If a speaker or author is relying on logos, they are typically reciting facts or providing data and statistics that support their argument. In a manner of speaking, logos does away with all of the bells and whistles of ethos and pathos and cuts to the chase by trying to present a rational argument. Logos can be effective in arguments because, in theory, it is impossible to argue against truth and facts. An audience is more likely to agree with a speaker who can provide strong, factual evidence that shows their position is correct. On the flip side, an audience is less likely to support an argument that is flawed or entirely wrong. Going further, a speaker that presents a lot of supporting evidence and data to the audience is likely to come across as knowledgeable and someone to be listened to, which earns bonus points in ethos as well. While Aristotle clearly valued an argument based on reason very highly, we know that logos alone doesn’t always effectively persuade an audience. In your own life, you have likely seen a rational, correct speaker lose an argument to a charismatic, authoritative speaker who may not have the facts right. Here is a simple example of logos: “According to market research, sales of computer chips have increased by 300% in the last five years. Analysis of the industry tells us that the market share of computer chips is dominated by Asian manufacturers. It is clear that the Asian technology sector will continue to experience rapid growth for the foreseeable future.” In this paragraph, the author is using data, statistics, and logical reasoning to make their argument. They clearly hope to use logos to try to convince an audience to agree with them. Examples of ethos, pathos, and logos Ethos, pathos, and logos can all be employed to deliver compelling and persuasive arguments or to win over an audience. Let’s look at a variety of examples to see how different speakers and authors have turned to these modes of persuasion over the years. ethos “Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me […] You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?” —Marc Antony, Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare In this scene, Marc Antony is trying to win over the Roman people, so Shakespeare has Antony rely on ethos. Antony is establishing himself as both a person of authority in Rome (having the power to offer Caesar a crown) and an expert on Caesar’s true character (Antony was Caesar’s close friend and advisor). “During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world’s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance.” —Steve Jobs, 2005 Here, Steve Jobs is providing his background–via humblebrag– of being a major figure in several different highly successful tech companies. Jobs is using ethos to provide substance to his words and make it clear to the audience that he knows what he is talking about and they should listen to him. pathos “Moreover, though you hate both him and his gifts with all your heart, yet pity the rest of the Achaeans who are being harassed in all their host; they will honour you as a god, and you will earn great glory at their hands. You might even kill Hector; he will come within your reach, for he is infatuated, and declares that not a Danaan whom the ships have brought can hold his own against him.” —Ulysses to Achilles, The Iliad by Homer In this plea, Ulysses is doing his best to pile on the pathos. In one paragraph, Ulysses is attempting to appeal to several of Achilles’s emotions: his hatred of Hector, his infamous stubborn pride, his sympathy for civilians, and his desire for vengeance. “I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest—quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality.” —Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 1963 In this excerpt from his “I Have A Dream” speech, King is using pathos to accomplish two goals at once. First, he is connecting with his audience by making it clear is aware of their plight and suffering. Second, he is citing these examples to cause sadness or outrage in the audience. Both of these effects will make an audience interested in what he has to say and more likely to support his position. logos “Let it be remembered how powerful the influence of a single introduced tree or mammal has been shown to be. But in the case of an island, or of a country partly surrounded by barriers, into which new and better adapted forms could not freely enter, we should then have places in the economy of nature which would assuredly be better filled up if some of the original inhabitants were in some manner modified; for, had the area been open to immigration, these same places would have been seized on by intruders. In such case, every slight modification, which in the course of ages chanced to arise, and which in any way favoured the individuals of any of the species, by better adapting them to their altered conditions, would tend to be preserved; and natural selection would have free scope for the work of improvement.” —Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species, 1859 In this passage, Darwin is using logos by presenting a rational argument in support of natural selection. Darwin connects natural selection to established scientific knowledge to argue that it makes logical sense that animals would adapt to better survive in their environment. “I often echo the point made by the climate scientist James Hansen: The accumulation of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases—some of which will envelop the planet for hundreds and possibly thousands of years—is now trapping as much extra energy daily as 500,000 Hiroshima-class atomic bombs would release every 24 hours. This is the crisis we face.” —Al Gore, “The Climate Crisis Is the Battle of Our Time, and We Can Win,” 2019 In this call to action, Al Gore uses logos to attempt to convince his audience of the significance of climate change. In order to do this, Gore both cites an expert in the field and provides a scientifically accurate simile to explain the scale of the effect that greenhouse gases have on Earth’s atmosphere. What are mythos and kairos? Some modern scholars may also use terms mythos and kairos when discussing modes of persuasion or rhetoric in general. Aristotle used the term mythos to refer to the plot or story structure of Greek tragedies, i.e., how a playwright ordered the events of the story to affect the audience. Today, mythos is most often discussed as a literary or poetic term rather than a rhetorical one. However, mythos may rarely be referred to as the “appeal to culture” or the “appeal to myth” if it is treated as an additional mode of persuasion. According to this viewpoint, a speaker/writer is using mythos if they try to persuade an audience using shared cultural customs or societal values. A commonly cited example of mythos is King’s “I Have a Dream” speech quoted earlier. King says: “When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men—yes, black men as well as white men—would be guaranteed the ‘unalienable rights’ of ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.’ ” Throughout the speech, King repeatedly uses American symbols and American history (mythos) to argue that all Americans should be outraged that Black Americans have been denied freedom and civil rights. Some modern scholars may also consider kairos as an additional mode of persuasion. Kairos is usually defined as referring to the specific time and place that a speaker chooses to deliver their speech. For written rhetoric, the “place” instead refers to the specific medium or publication in which a piece of writing appears. Unlike the other modes of persuasion, kairos relates to the context of a speech and how the appropriateness (or not) of a setting affects how effective a speaker is. Once again, King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is a great example of the use of kairos. This speech was delivered at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Clearly, King intended to use kairos to enhance the importance and timeliness of this landmark speech. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
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  • What Are Open-Ended Questions? Learn How To Use Them Effectively

    We ask a lot of important questions: What is love? What time does the bus get here? Doesn’t the Golden Snitch make the whole rest of the game pointless and unnecessary? All of the questions that we ask fall into two major categories: open-ended questions and closed-ended questions. What do these names really mean? What is the difference between the types of questions? We are going to answer those questions and explore how the type of question you ask often impacts the type of answer you’ll get.

    What is an open-ended question?

    An open-ended question is any question that can’t be answered with a single word or doesn’t have a specific correct answer. Typically, a person will need to stop and think about how to answer an open-ended question. Open-ended questions can and often do have long answers and may also ask a person to answer with an opinion or personal interpretation rather than ask them to recite a fact.

    Examples of open-ended questions

    The following questions are examples of open-ended questions; they can’t be answered with a single word and/or don’t have a single correct answer.

    - Why do you like pop music?
    - What were you doing on the night of March 5?
    - What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on society?
    - Who was the best player to play for the Denver Broncos and why?
    - What is your most precious childhood memory?


    What is a closed-ended question?

    A closed-ended or closed question is, simply put, any question that isn’t an open-ended question. A closed-ended question either has a person choose from a selection of answers, can be answered with a single word, or has a fixed correct answer. Often, closed-ended questions are referred to using terms that specifically describe what kind of question it is. For example, you have probably heard closed-ended questions referred to by names such as “multiple-choice questions,” “yes or no questions,” “true-false questions,” or “fixed-choice questions.”

    Closed-ended questions often have short answers that a person may only need a second to figure out. Closed-ended questions often require facts as answers and often only have a single correct answer. They may ask a person’s opinion, but rarely ask a person to explain their opinion or to elaborate further on it.

    Examples of close-ended questions

    The following questions are examples of close-ended questions. They either have a fixed answer, can be answered with a single word or short phrase, or ask a person to select from a choice of specific answers.

    - Is an apple a fruit? (The only logical answers are “Yes” or “No.” The question also has a single correct answer: Yes.)
    - True or False? Penguins can swim. (A person is asked to choose between two answers. The question also has a fixed answer: True.)
    - Who was America’s first president? (This question has a fixed, short answer: George Washington.)
    - What time is it? (This question has a single correct answer.)
    - Which country do you live in? (Although this question has many possible answers, a person can and probably will answer it with a single word or phrase.)


    What is a leading question?

    A leading question is a question that is worded in a way so as to lead to an answer that the asker wants. A leading question could be either an open-ended or closed-ended question.

    An example of a leading question would be We all know that Colonel Mustard is the culprit, right? By the way that this question is worded, the asker clearly expects the answer to be “Yes.” By framing the question this way, the asker is trying to lead someone to an answer they want: that Colonel Mustard is the guilty person.

    Here are two more examples of leading questions:

    - Closed-ended: Should we really continue to listen to this obvious liar? (The asker of this question clearly wants someone to answer “No.”)
    - Open-ended: What do you think about the abominable act of declawing cats? (The asker of this question has used biased language to make it clear that they expect the answer to be a negative opinion of something they personally dislike.)

    When to use open-ended vs. closed-ended questions

    Generally speaking, the choice of whether to ask an open-ended or closed-ended question will depend entirely on what the point of the question is. If a person wants a quick, simple answer they will probably ask a closed-ended question. On the other hand, if they want to know every detail of a person’s thoughts, they are much more likely to ask an open-ended question. Often, an asker will use both open-ended and closed-ended questions to test someone or to try and find the answers they are looking for. Let’s look at some specific situations where different types of questions might be used.


    Surveys

    Often, the point of surveys is to try and learn people’s opinions or feelings about something. Depending on how much detail is wanted, a survey constructor may decide to use either open-ended or closed-ended questions.

    For example, national surveys are often interested in gathering information or opinions of very large groups of people. Because they may not have the time or resources to review thousands or millions of lengthy responses, these surveys will often only have multiple choice questions (closed-ended) with short answers such as What is your age? or Who do you plan to vote for in the election? Because the answers are short, the survey taker can quickly and accurately review them and discover the information they were after. Even when using closed-ended questions, though, a survey maker may first use a data collection survey that uses open-ended questions to try and figure out what the answer choices for closed-ended questions should be.

    However, a survey maker might instead want long, detailed opinions. For example, a company might survey its customers to get feedback on their products or services. In this case, the company specifically needs detailed answers so they can learn exactly what people like and don’t like. For a survey like this, they will probably ask open-ended questions such as What is your least favorite ride in the amusement park and why? or How can we better address the needs of our younger audience members?

    Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
    What Are Open-Ended Questions? Learn How To Use Them Effectively We ask a lot of important questions: What is love? What time does the bus get here? Doesn’t the Golden Snitch make the whole rest of the game pointless and unnecessary? All of the questions that we ask fall into two major categories: open-ended questions and closed-ended questions. What do these names really mean? What is the difference between the types of questions? We are going to answer those questions and explore how the type of question you ask often impacts the type of answer you’ll get. What is an open-ended question? An open-ended question is any question that can’t be answered with a single word or doesn’t have a specific correct answer. Typically, a person will need to stop and think about how to answer an open-ended question. Open-ended questions can and often do have long answers and may also ask a person to answer with an opinion or personal interpretation rather than ask them to recite a fact. Examples of open-ended questions The following questions are examples of open-ended questions; they can’t be answered with a single word and/or don’t have a single correct answer. - Why do you like pop music? - What were you doing on the night of March 5? - What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on society? - Who was the best player to play for the Denver Broncos and why? - What is your most precious childhood memory? What is a closed-ended question? A closed-ended or closed question is, simply put, any question that isn’t an open-ended question. A closed-ended question either has a person choose from a selection of answers, can be answered with a single word, or has a fixed correct answer. Often, closed-ended questions are referred to using terms that specifically describe what kind of question it is. For example, you have probably heard closed-ended questions referred to by names such as “multiple-choice questions,” “yes or no questions,” “true-false questions,” or “fixed-choice questions.” Closed-ended questions often have short answers that a person may only need a second to figure out. Closed-ended questions often require facts as answers and often only have a single correct answer. They may ask a person’s opinion, but rarely ask a person to explain their opinion or to elaborate further on it. Examples of close-ended questions The following questions are examples of close-ended questions. They either have a fixed answer, can be answered with a single word or short phrase, or ask a person to select from a choice of specific answers. - Is an apple a fruit? (The only logical answers are “Yes” or “No.” The question also has a single correct answer: Yes.) - True or False? Penguins can swim. (A person is asked to choose between two answers. The question also has a fixed answer: True.) - Who was America’s first president? (This question has a fixed, short answer: George Washington.) - What time is it? (This question has a single correct answer.) - Which country do you live in? (Although this question has many possible answers, a person can and probably will answer it with a single word or phrase.) What is a leading question? A leading question is a question that is worded in a way so as to lead to an answer that the asker wants. A leading question could be either an open-ended or closed-ended question. An example of a leading question would be We all know that Colonel Mustard is the culprit, right? By the way that this question is worded, the asker clearly expects the answer to be “Yes.” By framing the question this way, the asker is trying to lead someone to an answer they want: that Colonel Mustard is the guilty person. Here are two more examples of leading questions: - Closed-ended: Should we really continue to listen to this obvious liar? (The asker of this question clearly wants someone to answer “No.”) - Open-ended: What do you think about the abominable act of declawing cats? (The asker of this question has used biased language to make it clear that they expect the answer to be a negative opinion of something they personally dislike.) When to use open-ended vs. closed-ended questions Generally speaking, the choice of whether to ask an open-ended or closed-ended question will depend entirely on what the point of the question is. If a person wants a quick, simple answer they will probably ask a closed-ended question. On the other hand, if they want to know every detail of a person’s thoughts, they are much more likely to ask an open-ended question. Often, an asker will use both open-ended and closed-ended questions to test someone or to try and find the answers they are looking for. Let’s look at some specific situations where different types of questions might be used. Surveys Often, the point of surveys is to try and learn people’s opinions or feelings about something. Depending on how much detail is wanted, a survey constructor may decide to use either open-ended or closed-ended questions. For example, national surveys are often interested in gathering information or opinions of very large groups of people. Because they may not have the time or resources to review thousands or millions of lengthy responses, these surveys will often only have multiple choice questions (closed-ended) with short answers such as What is your age? or Who do you plan to vote for in the election? Because the answers are short, the survey taker can quickly and accurately review them and discover the information they were after. Even when using closed-ended questions, though, a survey maker may first use a data collection survey that uses open-ended questions to try and figure out what the answer choices for closed-ended questions should be. However, a survey maker might instead want long, detailed opinions. For example, a company might survey its customers to get feedback on their products or services. In this case, the company specifically needs detailed answers so they can learn exactly what people like and don’t like. For a survey like this, they will probably ask open-ended questions such as What is your least favorite ride in the amusement park and why? or How can we better address the needs of our younger audience members? Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
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  • What Are The Different Names For Our Moon?

    Over the moons

    The English word moon is very old and dates back to before the year 900. It originally comes from the Old English word mona and is related to the Latin mēnsis, meaning “month.” As you’ll soon see, this isn’t the only link between the moon and calendar months. In fact, different cultures had different nicknames for the moon to go with each month of the year, according to The Old Farmer’s Almanac. These nicknames were used to refer to the moon during an entire lunar phase cycle starting at either a full or new moon. For example, January’s moon might generally be called the Wolf Moon or the Full Wolf Moon, when specifically referring to the January full moon. When looking at lunar calendars, you will often find these common folk names still used to refer to the full moons throughout the year.

    full moon

    Before we get to that, though, let’s look at some terms that people have used to refer to the moon through the years.

    - full moon: The full moon is the phase of the moon in which the entire moon is visible thanks to sunlight. During this time, the moon looks like a bright, full circle in the night sky.

    - supermoon: A supermoon is a full moon that occurs when the moon is at or near its closest distance to Earth. Astronomers scientifically refer to this event as a perigean full moon.

    - micromoon: The term micromoon (or minimoon) is informally used as the opposite of a supermoon. Micromoon refers to a full moon that occurs when the moon is at its furthest point from Earth. In 2022, none of the full moons will be micromoons.

    - blood moon: The term blood moon is used to refer to the moon during a total lunar eclipse. During this time, the moon appears blood red or reddish-brown because the only light that hits the moon is reflected light from the Earth’s atmosphere.

    - blue moon: The term blue moon is informally used to refer to a second full moon that occurs during a single calendar month. This event is very rare—sadly, it won’t occur in 2022—and so the phrase once in a blue moon is used to refer to events that rarely happen.

    - harvest moon: The harvest moon is the full moon that occurs closest to the autumnal equinox. The autumnal equinox occurs around September 22 or 23, so the harvest moon will fall in either September or October.

    The moon has always fascinated us and has inspired a lot of different words and phrases that we use to refer to a wide variety of things. Now that we’ve covered this terminology, follow along for a list of unique names for each month’s full moon, starting with January’s Wolf Moon (or Frost Exploding Moon).


    January | Wolf Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: January 17

    The Old Farmer’s Almanac, a reference full of weather predictions and advice, has been published continuously since 1792 and has captured the old names used to refer to the different full moons throughout the year. According to the almanac, January’s Wolf Moon was named for the howling of wolves that was often heard during the month. People once thought wolves howled because they were hungry and on the hunt for prey–such as foolish moon gazers. Now, we know that wolves howl as a general form of communication, which means those howling wolves could have been talking about anything.

    Other traditional names for January’s moon are related to the harsh, cold winter weather one experiences in the Northern Hemisphere during January. These include names such as the Cold Moon, Frost Exploding Moon, Hard Moon, and Severe Moon.


    February | Snow Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: February 16

    Which leads us to February’s Snow Moon. This name was inspired by the snowfalls of February, which is statistically the snowiest month of the year on average in the United States.

    Besides the weather, other traditional names for the February Moon were inspired by animals or the difficulty of finding food during the winter. Some other traditional names include Bear Moon, Eagle Moon, Hungry Moon, and Raccoon Moon.


    March | Worm Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: March 18

    Worms? Yay! Yay? Worm Moon, the traditional name for the March moon was inspired by the emergence of earthworms and bugs from the soil and trees during the beginning of spring.

    Other traditional names for the March moon were typically inspired by the changing of the season or nature in general. Some of these names include the Crow Comes Back Moon, Sugar Moon, Strong Winds Moon, and Sore Eyes Moon.


    April | Pink Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: April 16

    Sadly, the moon doesn’t turn pink in April. No, this traditional name was inspired by the plant Phlox subulata, also known as moss pink, which is native to the central and eastern United States. The plant’s pink flowers usually bloom during April, which explains the nickname.

    Like the names of the March moon, the traditional names of April’s moon were often inspired by the transition from winter to spring. Some other traditional names of the April moon include the Breaking Ice Moon, Budding Moon of Plants and Shrubs, and Moon When the Ducks Come Back.


    May | Flower Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: May 16

    April showers bring May flowers and a flowery moon to go along with them! This traditional name for May’s moon was inspired by the many flowers that bud during the month. Even today, the month of May is still associated with flowers.

    Other traditional names for the May moon often reference flowers or the warm weather that allows them to grow. These names include Budding Moon, Leaf Budding Moon, Planting Moon, and Egg Laying Moon.

    In 2022, the first of two lunar eclipses will occur in May. Depending on where you live, it may be possible to see a blood moon when the lunar eclipse is visible during the night of May 15/May 16.


    June | Strawberry Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: June 14

    The tasty traditional name of June’s moon recognizes the fact that June was the time to harvest strawberries for many of the Indigenous Peoples of North America. This is still true even today as strawberries typically ripen during the transition from spring to summer, so June is the peak time to harvest strawberries in North America.

    Some traditional names for the June moon were based on the natural events associated with the spring-summer transition, such as Blooming Moon, Birth Moon, and Hatching Moon. Other traditional names were inspired by things people would eat and drink during the June marriage season, such as Mead Moon and Honey Moon.

    According to most metrics, June’s full moon will be the first of two supermoons that occur in 2022.


    July | Buck Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: July 13

    The traditional name of Buck Moon for the July moon was inspired by the word buck (“male deer”), because it had been observed that bucks’ antlers grow largest during this month. Modern research of the deer antler growth cycle supports this observation.

    Other traditional names of July’s moon were inspired by animals and plants commonly found in North America during the summer. These names include Salmon Moon, Berry Moon, and Raspberry Moon.

    According to most metrics, July’s full moon will be the second and last supermoon of 2022.


    August | Sturgeon Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: August 12

    The fishy name of August’s moon is named after the sturgeon, a general name for different types of large fish that can be found in North American lakes and rivers. August’s moon was named after sturgeon because these fish were most easily caught in August following their typical mating season. Today, many types of sturgeon are considered endangered, and sturgeon fishing is often prohibited or strictly regulated.

    Other traditional names for the August moon, such as Corn Moon, Ricing Moon, and Black Cherries Moon, are based on the harvesting of summer crops.


    September | Harvest Moon or Corn Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: September 10

    The traditional name of Harvest Moon is given to either the September or October moon, depending on which full moon occurs closer to the autumnal equinox. Because the September full moon is usually the closer one, it is more often referred to as the Harvest Moon. If it isn’t, then the name Corn Moon is used to refer to September’s moon. Either way, Harvest Moon and Corn Moon both refer to the fact that the late summer/early fall was the time when North American peoples would harvest important crops, like corn, that would get them through the winter.

    Other traditional names for the September moon such as Autumn Moon, Moon of Brown Leaves, and Falling Leaves Moon, reference the fact that September is the time when summer gives way to fall.

    In 2022, the September full moon is this year’s Harvest Moon, as it is the closest full moon to the autumnal equinox, which will occur on September 22.


    October | Hunter’s Moon or Harvest Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: October 9

    Traditionally, the full moon that follows the Harvest Moon is called the Hunter’s Moon. Because the harvest moon usually happens in September, the October moon is typically called the Hunter’s Moon. The name of this moon is thought to come from the practice of North American peoples engaging in hunting after the fields had been harvested and before the winter came. You can never be too prepared for winter, so hunters would gather meat before the winter weather would force animals (and the hunters) to seek shelter.

    Other traditional names for the October moon include Migrating Moon, Freezing Moon, and Ice Moon. These names reference the fact that October soon leads to winter and temperatures start to drop.


    November | Beaver Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: November 8

    The traditional name of the November moon comes from the beaver, a large rodent famous for building natural dams. November’s moon was named after this busy animal because November was a good time for North America peoples to hunt and trap beavers as they normally retreat to their lodges during this time.

    Other traditional names for the November moon, such as Digging Moon, Deer Rutting Moon, and Whitefish Moon, were inspired by other animals who are busy during November as they prepare for winter. The traditional names Frost Moon and Freezing Moon were also used to indicate that this moon often signaled that winter was fast approaching.

    In 2022, the second lunar eclipse will happen in November. Depending on where you live, the eclipse may appear as a blood moon when it occurs on the night of November 7/November 8.


    December | Cold Moon
    Full Moon Date in 2022: December 7

    Winter is in full swing—in the Northern Hemisphere, at least—by the time that December’s Cold Moon graces the sky. The explanation behind the traditional name for December’s moon shouldn’t be hard to figure out if you live in Canada or the northern United States and have had the “pleasure” of experiencing a frigid winter.

    Many other traditional names for the December moon reference the freezing winter weather, such as Hoar Frost Moon, Snow Moon, Moon of the Popping Trees, and Winter Maker Moon.

    Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
    What Are The Different Names For Our Moon? Over the moons The English word moon is very old and dates back to before the year 900. It originally comes from the Old English word mona and is related to the Latin mēnsis, meaning “month.” As you’ll soon see, this isn’t the only link between the moon and calendar months. In fact, different cultures had different nicknames for the moon to go with each month of the year, according to The Old Farmer’s Almanac. These nicknames were used to refer to the moon during an entire lunar phase cycle starting at either a full or new moon. For example, January’s moon might generally be called the Wolf Moon or the Full Wolf Moon, when specifically referring to the January full moon. When looking at lunar calendars, you will often find these common folk names still used to refer to the full moons throughout the year. full moon Before we get to that, though, let’s look at some terms that people have used to refer to the moon through the years. - full moon: The full moon is the phase of the moon in which the entire moon is visible thanks to sunlight. During this time, the moon looks like a bright, full circle in the night sky. - supermoon: A supermoon is a full moon that occurs when the moon is at or near its closest distance to Earth. Astronomers scientifically refer to this event as a perigean full moon. - micromoon: The term micromoon (or minimoon) is informally used as the opposite of a supermoon. Micromoon refers to a full moon that occurs when the moon is at its furthest point from Earth. In 2022, none of the full moons will be micromoons. - blood moon: The term blood moon is used to refer to the moon during a total lunar eclipse. During this time, the moon appears blood red or reddish-brown because the only light that hits the moon is reflected light from the Earth’s atmosphere. - blue moon: The term blue moon is informally used to refer to a second full moon that occurs during a single calendar month. This event is very rare—sadly, it won’t occur in 2022—and so the phrase once in a blue moon is used to refer to events that rarely happen. - harvest moon: The harvest moon is the full moon that occurs closest to the autumnal equinox. The autumnal equinox occurs around September 22 or 23, so the harvest moon will fall in either September or October. The moon has always fascinated us and has inspired a lot of different words and phrases that we use to refer to a wide variety of things. Now that we’ve covered this terminology, follow along for a list of unique names for each month’s full moon, starting with January’s Wolf Moon (or Frost Exploding Moon). January | Wolf Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: January 17 The Old Farmer’s Almanac, a reference full of weather predictions and advice, has been published continuously since 1792 and has captured the old names used to refer to the different full moons throughout the year. According to the almanac, January’s Wolf Moon was named for the howling of wolves that was often heard during the month. People once thought wolves howled because they were hungry and on the hunt for prey–such as foolish moon gazers. Now, we know that wolves howl as a general form of communication, which means those howling wolves could have been talking about anything. Other traditional names for January’s moon are related to the harsh, cold winter weather one experiences in the Northern Hemisphere during January. These include names such as the Cold Moon, Frost Exploding Moon, Hard Moon, and Severe Moon. February | Snow Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: February 16 Which leads us to February’s Snow Moon. This name was inspired by the snowfalls of February, which is statistically the snowiest month of the year on average in the United States. Besides the weather, other traditional names for the February Moon were inspired by animals or the difficulty of finding food during the winter. Some other traditional names include Bear Moon, Eagle Moon, Hungry Moon, and Raccoon Moon. March | Worm Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: March 18 Worms? Yay! Yay? Worm Moon, the traditional name for the March moon was inspired by the emergence of earthworms and bugs from the soil and trees during the beginning of spring. Other traditional names for the March moon were typically inspired by the changing of the season or nature in general. Some of these names include the Crow Comes Back Moon, Sugar Moon, Strong Winds Moon, and Sore Eyes Moon. April | Pink Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: April 16 Sadly, the moon doesn’t turn pink in April. No, this traditional name was inspired by the plant Phlox subulata, also known as moss pink, which is native to the central and eastern United States. The plant’s pink flowers usually bloom during April, which explains the nickname. Like the names of the March moon, the traditional names of April’s moon were often inspired by the transition from winter to spring. Some other traditional names of the April moon include the Breaking Ice Moon, Budding Moon of Plants and Shrubs, and Moon When the Ducks Come Back. May | Flower Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: May 16 April showers bring May flowers and a flowery moon to go along with them! This traditional name for May’s moon was inspired by the many flowers that bud during the month. Even today, the month of May is still associated with flowers. Other traditional names for the May moon often reference flowers or the warm weather that allows them to grow. These names include Budding Moon, Leaf Budding Moon, Planting Moon, and Egg Laying Moon. In 2022, the first of two lunar eclipses will occur in May. Depending on where you live, it may be possible to see a blood moon when the lunar eclipse is visible during the night of May 15/May 16. June | Strawberry Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: June 14 The tasty traditional name of June’s moon recognizes the fact that June was the time to harvest strawberries for many of the Indigenous Peoples of North America. This is still true even today as strawberries typically ripen during the transition from spring to summer, so June is the peak time to harvest strawberries in North America. Some traditional names for the June moon were based on the natural events associated with the spring-summer transition, such as Blooming Moon, Birth Moon, and Hatching Moon. Other traditional names were inspired by things people would eat and drink during the June marriage season, such as Mead Moon and Honey Moon. According to most metrics, June’s full moon will be the first of two supermoons that occur in 2022. July | Buck Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: July 13 The traditional name of Buck Moon for the July moon was inspired by the word buck (“male deer”), because it had been observed that bucks’ antlers grow largest during this month. Modern research of the deer antler growth cycle supports this observation. Other traditional names of July’s moon were inspired by animals and plants commonly found in North America during the summer. These names include Salmon Moon, Berry Moon, and Raspberry Moon. According to most metrics, July’s full moon will be the second and last supermoon of 2022. August | Sturgeon Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: August 12 The fishy name of August’s moon is named after the sturgeon, a general name for different types of large fish that can be found in North American lakes and rivers. August’s moon was named after sturgeon because these fish were most easily caught in August following their typical mating season. Today, many types of sturgeon are considered endangered, and sturgeon fishing is often prohibited or strictly regulated. Other traditional names for the August moon, such as Corn Moon, Ricing Moon, and Black Cherries Moon, are based on the harvesting of summer crops. September | Harvest Moon or Corn Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: September 10 The traditional name of Harvest Moon is given to either the September or October moon, depending on which full moon occurs closer to the autumnal equinox. Because the September full moon is usually the closer one, it is more often referred to as the Harvest Moon. If it isn’t, then the name Corn Moon is used to refer to September’s moon. Either way, Harvest Moon and Corn Moon both refer to the fact that the late summer/early fall was the time when North American peoples would harvest important crops, like corn, that would get them through the winter. Other traditional names for the September moon such as Autumn Moon, Moon of Brown Leaves, and Falling Leaves Moon, reference the fact that September is the time when summer gives way to fall. In 2022, the September full moon is this year’s Harvest Moon, as it is the closest full moon to the autumnal equinox, which will occur on September 22. October | Hunter’s Moon or Harvest Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: October 9 Traditionally, the full moon that follows the Harvest Moon is called the Hunter’s Moon. Because the harvest moon usually happens in September, the October moon is typically called the Hunter’s Moon. The name of this moon is thought to come from the practice of North American peoples engaging in hunting after the fields had been harvested and before the winter came. You can never be too prepared for winter, so hunters would gather meat before the winter weather would force animals (and the hunters) to seek shelter. Other traditional names for the October moon include Migrating Moon, Freezing Moon, and Ice Moon. These names reference the fact that October soon leads to winter and temperatures start to drop. November | Beaver Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: November 8 The traditional name of the November moon comes from the beaver, a large rodent famous for building natural dams. November’s moon was named after this busy animal because November was a good time for North America peoples to hunt and trap beavers as they normally retreat to their lodges during this time. Other traditional names for the November moon, such as Digging Moon, Deer Rutting Moon, and Whitefish Moon, were inspired by other animals who are busy during November as they prepare for winter. The traditional names Frost Moon and Freezing Moon were also used to indicate that this moon often signaled that winter was fast approaching. In 2022, the second lunar eclipse will happen in November. Depending on where you live, the eclipse may appear as a blood moon when it occurs on the night of November 7/November 8. December | Cold Moon Full Moon Date in 2022: December 7 Winter is in full swing—in the Northern Hemisphere, at least—by the time that December’s Cold Moon graces the sky. The explanation behind the traditional name for December’s moon shouldn’t be hard to figure out if you live in Canada or the northern United States and have had the “pleasure” of experiencing a frigid winter. Many other traditional names for the December moon reference the freezing winter weather, such as Hoar Frost Moon, Snow Moon, Moon of the Popping Trees, and Winter Maker Moon. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
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  • “Supposedly” vs. “Supposably”: Yes, There Is A Difference

    Recently, we added the word supposably to our dictionary. And, what do you suppose happened?

    For one thing, we discovered how strongly people feel about this word—which many assume to be a recently invented term or a mispronunciation. Others quite reasonably think it’s a synonym of supposedly. After all, even Joey from Friends famously and hilariously couldn’t figure out if supposedly and supposably were different words.

    Here’s the shocking truth: supposably is, in fact, a real word and has been used since at least the 1700s. However, it may not mean quite what you (or Joey) think it does. To celebrate supposably’s new entry in our dictionary, let’s break down the difference between the words supposably and supposedly.

    What does supposedly mean?

    Let’s start with the word most people know. The word supposedly means “according to what is accepted or believed, without positive knowledge.”

    Supposedly is an adverb based on the word supposed. Supposedly is used to express doubt that something is what people say it is. It is a synonym of the word allegedly.

    The word supposedly is used when a person has heard information about something, such as from the news or the rumors going around town. At the same time, they aren’t sure if the information is actually true. For example, a person may say that the dinosaurs are supposedly extinct if they don’t believe the dinosaurs are really gone. Maybe they’re hiding in a theme park somewhere?

    What does supposably mean?

    Supposably means “as may be assumed, imagined, or supposed.”

    Supposably is an adverb based on the word supposable. If something is supposable, it means that it is possible or conceivable. Therefore, supposably is a synonym of the adverbs possibly and conceivably. If something can supposably happen, it means it is within the realm of possibility that it can happen. It is often used with words such as might, may, or could.

    For example, it is correct to say that a dog may supposably be friends with a cat. Although they usually don’t get along, there is plenty of evidence of cats tolerating dogs. On the other hand, it would be incorrect to say that pigs could supposably fly. Pigs do not have wings nor the money to pay for flight school. Because a pig flying is impossible, logically you wouldn’t say that a pig may supposably fly—unless you fitted them with wings.

    How to use supposedly and supposably

    The easiest way to know which word you should use is to see if you want to say that something is supposed to be a certain way or if it is possible for something to be a certain way.

    For example, if someone says that a particular bug spray supposedly kills mosquitoes, they are doubtful of the truth of this advertised claim—and are probably being munched on by mosquitoes!

    On the other hand, if someone says that a particular bug spray supposably kills mosquitoes, they are saying that it is possible that the bug spray could kill mosquitoes—it is made from a chemical that can be lethal to mosquitoes.

    Here are some more examples of correct uses of supposedly and supposably:

    - My son supposedly bathed the dog but she smells like a dumpster!
    - Although it is very unlikely, a skydiver could supposably survive jumping out of an airplane without a parachute.
    - “Supposedly, the Egyptians built the pyramids,” Stan said. “If you ask me, it was time-traveling robots!”
    - They set the betting odds at a million to one, which means that they believe that the celebrity chef might supposably defeat the professional boxer in a boxing match somehow.

    So, here’s the big idea:

    While supposably is a real (if rare) word, most people will opt for synonyms such as possibly or conceivably. Because many mistakenly believe others using supposably is a mistake, a lot of people avoid supposably so as not to invoke the wrath of people who are supposedly grammar snobs.

    Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
    “Supposedly” vs. “Supposably”: Yes, There Is A Difference Recently, we added the word supposably to our dictionary. And, what do you suppose happened? For one thing, we discovered how strongly people feel about this word—which many assume to be a recently invented term or a mispronunciation. Others quite reasonably think it’s a synonym of supposedly. After all, even Joey from Friends famously and hilariously couldn’t figure out if supposedly and supposably were different words. Here’s the shocking truth: supposably is, in fact, a real word and has been used since at least the 1700s. However, it may not mean quite what you (or Joey) think it does. To celebrate supposably’s new entry in our dictionary, let’s break down the difference between the words supposably and supposedly. What does supposedly mean? Let’s start with the word most people know. The word supposedly means “according to what is accepted or believed, without positive knowledge.” Supposedly is an adverb based on the word supposed. Supposedly is used to express doubt that something is what people say it is. It is a synonym of the word allegedly. The word supposedly is used when a person has heard information about something, such as from the news or the rumors going around town. At the same time, they aren’t sure if the information is actually true. For example, a person may say that the dinosaurs are supposedly extinct if they don’t believe the dinosaurs are really gone. Maybe they’re hiding in a theme park somewhere? What does supposably mean? Supposably means “as may be assumed, imagined, or supposed.” Supposably is an adverb based on the word supposable. If something is supposable, it means that it is possible or conceivable. Therefore, supposably is a synonym of the adverbs possibly and conceivably. If something can supposably happen, it means it is within the realm of possibility that it can happen. It is often used with words such as might, may, or could. For example, it is correct to say that a dog may supposably be friends with a cat. Although they usually don’t get along, there is plenty of evidence of cats tolerating dogs. On the other hand, it would be incorrect to say that pigs could supposably fly. Pigs do not have wings nor the money to pay for flight school. Because a pig flying is impossible, logically you wouldn’t say that a pig may supposably fly—unless you fitted them with wings. How to use supposedly and supposably The easiest way to know which word you should use is to see if you want to say that something is supposed to be a certain way or if it is possible for something to be a certain way. For example, if someone says that a particular bug spray supposedly kills mosquitoes, they are doubtful of the truth of this advertised claim—and are probably being munched on by mosquitoes! On the other hand, if someone says that a particular bug spray supposably kills mosquitoes, they are saying that it is possible that the bug spray could kill mosquitoes—it is made from a chemical that can be lethal to mosquitoes. Here are some more examples of correct uses of supposedly and supposably: - My son supposedly bathed the dog but she smells like a dumpster! - Although it is very unlikely, a skydiver could supposably survive jumping out of an airplane without a parachute. - “Supposedly, the Egyptians built the pyramids,” Stan said. “If you ask me, it was time-traveling robots!” - They set the betting odds at a million to one, which means that they believe that the celebrity chef might supposably defeat the professional boxer in a boxing match somehow. So, here’s the big idea: While supposably is a real (if rare) word, most people will opt for synonyms such as possibly or conceivably. Because many mistakenly believe others using supposably is a mistake, a lot of people avoid supposably so as not to invoke the wrath of people who are supposedly grammar snobs. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
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