Ways To Say You’re Sorry

You may have been friends with someone for years, but it only takes a second to damage that friendship with the wrong word or two. Now that you’ve made the mess, it’s time to clean it up with a well chosen apology. There are different ways to say you’re sorry, of course.

Let’s examine the words and a few of the situations they’re most suited for. Hopefully you won’t find yourself in too many of these jams, but let’s face it. We’re all human, and we all make mistakes—whether it’s breaking a window or forgetting you were supposed to meet someone for that Valentine’s Day lunch. Whoops. Pro Tip: don’t forget to be sincere when saying you’re sorry.

I’m Sorry
You’re expressing regret for your actions. Sorry means “feeling regret, compunction, sympathy, pity.” Emotion comes into play with this one when it’s used as a verbal cue. If you just backed into someone’s car, you hop out and say it with a lot of emphasis. Or, if you merely bump someone on the subway as you head for the door, proper etiquette dictates you simply nod and give a quick sorry as you exit. No need to belabor that one. Depending on the situation, adding words extremely or sincerely may help (and if you’re using those additional words, then yes—get flowers or candy on the speed dial, it’s better late than never).

Elton John thinks this word is a tough one.

I Apologize
Pretty much in line with number one on our list, when you apologize, you “offer an apology or excuse for some fault, insult, failure, or injury.” This word is used in formal situations, but is equally at home in an informal context.

It’s All My Fault
You’re drawing deep from the well of sincerity here. You’re taking all the blame; you’re all in. You’re confessing one’s faults.

I Regret
If you use the word regret in an apology statement, it sounds a bit too formal and seems rather, oh what’s the word—insincere? Then again, inflection and circumstance come into play. In the World Wars, the military would send telegrams to families who lost loved ones, using this phrase. There’s no doubt they were sincere, and it brought them straight to the point.

Beg Pardon
We cite beg pardon as “an expression of apology (used especially in the phrase with no beg-pardons).” However, this one seems a bit off the mark, does it not? The phrase I beg your pardon seems more useful when used as a statement of indignation when someone cuts in front of you in the movie line. So…maybe you’re not actually sorry (ending the phrase with an upward inflection is key). 1960s singer Lynn Anderson never promised anyone a rose garden, so she went on begging people’s pardon’s all the way to the top of the pops.

I’m Sorry (Textspeak Version)
This being 2017 and all, we’re adding some versions you can use in phone messenger form. If you’d like to tap something appropriate (you’re still too scared or too busy to meet them face to face) SMSTXTs suggests: apologies r in order and then add whatever transgression has been committed: 4 ruining ur day, 4 making u feel bad, 4 always being late, 4 not showing up, etc.

My Bad
Quite popular as an informal way of getting yourself off the hook, my bad works wonders. You admit it, it’s done, let’s move on, not a big deal.

Forgive Me
You’ve really gone and done it. You’re not even in the doghouse anymore—Fido kicked you out of there, too. Our top reference to forgive is “to grant pardon for or remission of (an offense, debt, etc.); absolve.”

Thank You
Throwing you a curve with this one, of course. Try it sometime, maybe in something like the following situation. According to The Muse, “If someone points out a small typo in the rough draft of a presentation you put together or helps you wipe up some coffee you spilled on the conference table, a ‘thanks’ is more in order than a ‘sorry.’ Neither situation is dire, and showing someone you appreciate the help is better than having his or her confidence in you diminished.”

I’m Sorry (Emoji Version)
If you just can’t find the right words (even after reading the rest of this list) maybe firing off a few choice emoji would work better for you. Be our guest.
emojis

©2025 AAKKHRA All Rights Reserved.

Add Professional Pizazz To Your Resume With These Adjectives

When writing a resume, it is crucial to sell yourself as best you can and highlight all of your strongest qualities while focusing on your experiences and successes. That being said, your resume won’t turn heads with common, boring words like good, fine, and nice. No, you need to make your resume truly shine with some bold, magnificent words that will make you stand out.

That is where adjectives come into play. Not just any adjectives, though, but powerful adjectives that vividly describe how impressive you and your past accomplishments are. By skillfully using adjectives, you can make it clear that you are exactly the right person for the job.

What is an adjective?

Adjectives: grammar definition

To start, an adjective is a word that modifies and describes a noun, pronoun, or anything acting as a noun in a sentence. Descriptive words like funny, green, fast, and skittish are some simple examples of adjectives. If you are trying to identify whether or not a word is an adjective, just ask yourself if it is modifying a noun or pronoun and providing some info about it. If it is, you are more than likely looking at an adjective.

Adjectives often come right before the nouns that they modify as in The happy children played with the silly puppies. However, adjectives can also be separated from their nouns if a sentence uses a linking verb like look or seem. For example, in the sentence That girl is smart the adjective smart is connected to the noun girl through the linking verb is.

🖋Adjectives in resumes

Adjectives are powerful, descriptive words that you can add to your resume to give more detail about who you are and what you have done. Adjectives can add some extra punch and pizzazz to really kick up your resume to the next level. Here are some examples:

- Developed a good inventory system.
- Developed a modern, efficient, and affordable inventory system.

You can see that the first option is really lacking the oomph that the second example has. Additionally, the second option thoroughly describes how great the system you created was. After all, those impressive adjectives wouldn’t be there without you!

Whether you’re writing a brand-new resume from scratch for the first time or are simply jazzing up your current one, here’s how to strategically make use of adjectives to really bring the heat.

How to use powerful adjectives in resumes

If you have any experience at all with resume writing, you already know that it is deceptively difficult. Because a resume’s purpose is to essentially “sell” yourself and your skillset to recruiters and hiring managers, each sentence needs to be carefully and thoughtfully crafted. You want to thoroughly describe your duties and responsibilities and your previous jobs while simultaneously telling the reader something about who you are as an employee—all while keeping it as brief as possible and trying not to be repetitive. That’s a tall order for just a few short bullet points!

That’s exactly why adjectives are so crucial to good resume writing. By simply swapping out a few words here and there, you can more clearly showcase your skills, provide as much detail as possible, and lead with the most compelling words that will keep recruiters’ eyes on your resume for longer.

Try sprinkling in some of the powerful adjectives below throughout your resume, including in your job descriptions, summary statement, and even in your cover letter. (Pro tip: you can also use them on your LinkedIn profile in the same way!)

Solved a challenging problem

If you helped your team come up with a viable solution for an ongoing issue, you could describe your process or solutions with:

masterful
skillful
excellent
strategic
magnificent
superb
adept
professional
perceptive
astute
perspicacious
clever
savvy
potent
impressive
cunning
unconventional
out-of-the-box
original
imaginative
inventive

Example: Streamlined the assembly process by developing an inventive, professional scheduling system that made clever adjustments to shift lengths in order to ensure workers make excellent progress during work hours.

Supported internal stakeholders

Internal stakeholders are people whose interest in a company is the result of a direct relationship, such as employment, ownership, or investment. Whether you interacted directly with company investors or simply managed the needs of a team of employees, elaborate on your specific experience with:

cooperative
coordinative
coordinated
collaborative
synergetic
synergistic
harmonious
unified
agreeable
open-minded
receptive
cordial
persuasive
diplomatic
humble

Example: Fostered a unified, cooperative environment in which shareholders knew that their questions and concerns would be handled by a diplomatic, open-minded representative.

Found ways to save time or money

Helping companies streamline their efforts and operate more efficiently or cost effectively is no small feat, which is why it’s such an impactful accomplishment in the eyes of recruiters. To really drive the point home on your resume, try describing your plans and solutions using:

efficient
effective
capable
affordable
productive
cost-effective
dynamic
streamlined
long-lasting
prudent
durable
reliable

Example: Improved the customer service experience by organizing an efficient, cost-effective troubleshooting process that emphasized prudent, reliable solutions to the most common issues.

Grew sales

On the other hand, it’s equally as impressive if you’ve played a major role in making the company money. Sell your great solutions, strategies, and products you with:

profitable
economical
valuable
commercial
beneficial
successful
fruitful
enticing
engaging
captivating
money-making
lucrative
remunerative
rewarding

Example: Constantly led the company to successful, lucrative quarters by ensuring customers saw our products as the most enticing and captivating items on the market.

Launched a feature or project

Did you lead the charge on an exciting new endeavor or help launch a company-wide initiative? Illustrate just how impactful your role was with:

creative
resourceful
innovative
cutting-edge
avante-garde
advanced
sleek
groundbreaking
progressive
revolutionary
state-of-the-art
unique
futuristic
ultramodern

Example: Developed a sleek, cutting-edge marketing strategy that made it clear that the company was leading the way with revolutionary, groundbreaking products.

Led a team

Strong management and leadership skills are highly valuable for job-seekers in any industry. Set yours apart from the rest by using:

authoritative
responsible
assertive
decisive
compelling
commanding
organized
resolved
driven
bold
confident
inspiring
inspirational
motivating
fearless
brave
resolute

Example: Provided inspirational, resolute leadership to a team of ten graphic artists. Acted as a bold, resolute manager while remaining decisive and confident during times of crisis.

Showed technical proficiency

Demonstrate your skill set and showcase the amount of hands-on experience you have in your industry with:

focused
determined
dedicated
practical
reasonable
logical
judicious
thorough
rational
observant
attentive
cognizant
aware
knowledgeable
mindful

Example: Remained focused and attentive when reviewing datasheets. Kept mindful of company standards and made judicious use of resources when compiling thorough error reports.

Get descriptive with adjectives

When picking the right adjectives for your resume, you really want to make yourself sound special. Don’t be afraid to kick things up a notch and use eye-catching adjectives that’ll make your resume memorable.

Words To Describe Problem-Solving On A Resume

inventive
adjective. apt at inventing or thinking up new machines or devices, methods, solutions, etc., or at improvising from what is at hand

imaginative
adjective. characterized by or bearing evidence of imagination

original
adjective. belonging or pertaining to the origin or beginning of something, or to a thing at its beginning

unconventional
adjective. not conventional

cunning
noun. skill employed in a shrewd or sly manner, as in deceiving

impressive
adjective. having the ability to impress the mind

potent
adjective. powerful

savvy
adjective. experienced, knowledgable, and well-informed

clever
adjective. mentally bright

perspicacious
adjective. having keen mental perception and understanding

astute
adjective. keenly perceptive or discerning

perceptive
adjective. having or showing keenness of insight, understanding, or intuition

professional
adjective. following an occupation as a means of livelihood or for gain

adept
adjective. very skilled

superb
adjective. admirably fine or excellent

magnificent
adjective. making a splendid appearance or show

strategic
adjective. pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of strategy

excellent
adjective. possessing outstanding quality or superior merit

skillful
adjective. having or exercising skill

masterful
adjective. dominating


Words To Describe A Team Player On A Resume

humble
adjective. not proud or arrogant

diplomatic
adjective. of, relating to, or engaged in diplomacy

persuasive
adjective. able, fitted, or intended to persuade

cordial
adjective. courteous and gracious

receptive
adjective. having the quality of receiving, taking in, or admitting.

open-minded
adjective. having or showing a mind receptive to new ideas or arguments.

agreeable
adjective. to one's liking

harmonious
adjective. marked by agreement in feeling, attitude, or action

synergistic
adjective. pertaining to, characteristic of, or resembling synergy

synergetic
adjective. working together

collaborative
adjective. characterized or accomplished by collaboration

cooperative
adjective. working or acting together willingly for a common purpose or benefit.


Words To Describe Saving Time Or Money On A Resume

reliable
adjective. that may be relied on or trusted

durable
adjective. able to resist wear, decay, etc., well

prudent
adjective. wise or judicious in practical affairs

long-lasting
adjective. enduring or existing for a long period of time

streamlined
adjective. having a contour designed to offer the least possible resistance to a current of air, water, etc.

dynamic
adjective. pertaining to or characterized by energy or effective action

cost-effective
adjective. producing optimum results for the expenditure.

productive
adjective. having the power of producing

affordable
adjective. that can be afforded

capable
adjective. having power and ability

effective
adjective. adequate to accomplish a purpose

efficient
adjective. performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort


Words To Describe Growing Sales On A Resume

rewarding
adjective. affording satisfaction, valuable experience, or the like

remunerative
adjective. affording remuneration

lucrative
adjective. profitable

engaging
adjective. winning

enticing
adjective. attractive

fruitful
adjective. producing good results

successful
adjective. achieving or having achieved success.

beneficial
adjective. conferring benefit

commercial
adjective. of, relating to, or characteristic of commerce.

valuable
adjective. having considerable monetary worth

economical
adjective. avoiding waste or extravagance

profitable
adjective. yielding profit


Words To Describe Leadership Skills On A Resume

resolute
adjective. firmly resolved or determined

brave
adjective. possessing or exhibiting courage or courageous endurance.

fearless
adjective. without fear

inspirational
adjective. imparting inspiration.

confident
adjective. having strong belief or full assurance

bold
adjective. not hesitating or fearful in the face of actual or possible danger or rebuff

driven
verb. past participle of drive.

resolved
adjective. firm in purpose or intent

organized
adjective. affiliated in an organization, especially a union

commanding
adjective. being in command

compelling
adjective. tending to compel, as to force or push toward a course of action

decisive
adjective. having the power or quality of deciding

assertive
adjective. confidently aggressive or self-assured

responsible
adjective. answerable or accountable, as for something within one's power, control, or management (often followed by to or for)

authoritative
adjective. having due authority


Words To Describe Your Innovations On A Resume

ultramodern
adjective. very advanced in ideas, design, or techniques.

futuristic
adjective. of or relating to the future

unique
adjective. existing as the only one or as the sole example

revolutionary
adjective. of, pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of a revolution, or a sudden, complete, or marked change

progressive
adjective. favoring or advocating progress, change, improvement, or reform, as opposed to wishing to maintain things as they are, especially in political matters

groundbreaking
noun. the act or ceremony of breaking ground for a new construction project.

advanced
adjective. placed ahead or forward

innovative
adjective. tending to innovate, or introduce something new or different

resourceful
adjective. able to deal skillfully and promptly with new situations, difficulties, etc.

inventive
adjective. apt at inventing or thinking up new machines or devices, methods, solutions, etc., or at improvising from what is at hand

creative
adjective. having the quality or power of creating.


Words To Describe Your Skillset On A Resume

mindful
adjective. attentive, aware, or careful (usually followed by of)

knowledgeable
adjective. possessing or exhibiting knowledge, insight, or understanding

aware
adjective. having knowledge

cognizant
adjective. having cognizance

attentive
adjective. characterized by or giving attention

observant
adjective. quick to notice or perceive

rational
adjective. agreeable to reason

thorough
adjective. executed without negligence or omissions

judicious
adjective. using or showing judgment as to action or practical expediency

logical
adjective. according to or agreeing with the principles of logic

reasonable
adjective. agreeable to reason or sound judgment

practical
adjective. of or relating to practice or action

dedicated
adjective. wholly committed to something, as to an ideal, political cause, or personal goal

determined
adjective. resolute

And adjectives are the special, effective, powerful words that you need!

©2025 AAKKHRA All Rights Reserved.

Demonstrate Your Way With Words With Synonyms For “Vocabulary”

It will probably not surprise you to learn that we are sort of obsessed with vocabulary. We love all words from A to Z, even ones that start with weird symbols like Ægypt. When it comes to talking about the collection of all the unusual words we have learned, it’s not enough to just call it vocabulary. This got us thinking about synonyms for vocabulary and all the wonderful terms we can use to talk about all the words we know.

The word vocabulary comes from the Latin vocābulārius, meaning “of words.” A related word in English that you might recognize is vocal, from Latin vōcālis. At the root of both terms is vox, meaning “voice.” Essentially, a vocabulary is a collection of the terms you use to call things. Read on to find out new terms you can use to describe your vocabulary.

dictionary
The dictionary is one of the best places to find vocabulary words, so much so that the word dictionary itself is a near-synonym for vocabulary. The word dictionary means “a lexical resource containing a selection of the words of a language.” Dictionaries have been around since ancient times—the earliest known dictionaries date to around 2300 BCE.

vocable
We noted the Latin root of vocabulary already. Another word that shares that same root is vocable, “a word; term; name.” However, vocable is also used more generally to refer to utterances not typically considered words, such as abracadabra, a nonsense expression used in magic tricks.

expression
The word expression is a more everyday synonym for vocabulary. While expression is often used to mean “the act of expressing or setting forth in words,” it can also specifically refer to “a particular word, phrase, or form of words.” The word expression has something of a culinary origin; it comes from the Latin expressiō meaning “a pressing out.”

terminology
A slightly more sophisticated but still quotidian synonym for vocabulary is terminology, “the system of terms belonging or peculiar to a science, art, or specialized subject; nomenclature.” The combining form -logy is used to name sciences or bodies of knowledge. This means that the word terminology has another, if less common, meaning: “the science of terms, as in particular sciences or arts.”

phraseology
Another synonym for vocabulary that ends in -logy is phraseology, “manner or style of verbal expression; characteristic language,” or simply “expressions; phrases.” The word phraseology was coined by a German philologist (a term that refers to a person who specializes in linguistics or literary texts) who made a slight mistake. The correct transcription of the word from Greek would be phrasiology, but the erroneous phraseology stuck.

locution
A synonym for phraseology that’s less of a mouthful is locution, “a particular form of expression; a word, phrase, expression, or idiom, especially as used by a particular person, group, etc.” Locution is often specifically used to refer to oral rather than written language (meaning, words spoken aloud rather than written down). An archaic term related to locution is locutorium or locutory, meaning “parlor,” in the sense of “a room in a monastery where the inhabitants may converse with visitors or with each other.”

lexicon
Another sophisticated synonym for vocabulary is lexicon, “the vocabulary of a particular language, field, social class, person, etc.” A lexicon is essentially any collection of words. Each of us has our own mental lexicon, which is the collection of words that is stored, understood, and used by an individual. These mental lexicons are made up of lexemes and lemmas that help us name and describe the world.

lexeme
A lexeme is “a lexical unit in a language, as a word or base; vocabulary item.” A lexeme can be made up of one word or multiple words. For example, “run” and “speak up” are both lexemes. Lexeme ultimately comes from the Greek lexikós, meaning “of or pertaining to words.”

wording
As you may have guessed, there are a number of synonyms for vocabulary that include “word.” One of these is wording, “the act or manner of expressing in words; phrasing.” The term wording is used to particularly signal that the words were chosen deliberately and with care to transmit a message clearly.

wordstock
A more obscure synonym that wording is wordstock, “all the words that make up a language or dialect, or the set of words that are known or used by a particular person or group; vocabulary.” Stock literally means “inventory,” but it comes from Old English stoc(c), meaning “stump, stake, post, log.”

word-hoard
One of the more delightful terms to refer to mental lexicon is word-hoard, “a person’s vocabulary.” The origin of hoard gives us a clue about how important words are. Hoard comes from the Old Saxon hord meaning “treasure; hiddenmost place.”

cant
A synonym for vocabulary that looks suspiciously like the contraction for “cannot” is cant [ kant ], a word that means “the phraseology peculiar to a particular class, party, profession, etc.” This word has more negative connotations than the other synonyms we have looked at. It can also be used as a noun to mean “whining or singsong speech, especially of beggars” or as a verb to mean “to talk hypocritically.”

Know what does sound nice? These synonyms and alternatives for the word nice.

parlance
A sophisticated term for vocabulary with a frisson of French is parlance, “a way or manner of speaking; vernacular; idiom.” The word comes from the French parler meaning “to speak.” As you might guess, parlance is most often used to refer to speech or dialect rather than written language.

jargon
A kind of vocabulary one is often cautioned to avoid when writing for general audiences is jargon, “the language, especially the vocabulary, peculiar to a particular trade, profession, or group.” The word comes from the Old French jargon, meaning “warbling of birds, prattle, chatter, talk.”

lingo
A near-synonym for jargon is lingo, “the language and speech, especially the jargon, slang, or argot, of a particular field, group, or individual.” The word lingo is said to be an altered form of lingua, meaning “language,” a reference to the phrase lingua franca, “any language that is widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages.” The expression lingua franca literally translates to “Frankish language,” with Frankish as a term referring to Europeans and dating back to the Crusades.

turn of phrase
The expression turn of phrase refers to “a particular arrangement of words.” It’s a good idiom for drawing attention to unusual or exceptional word choice. Turn of phrase alludes to the turning or shaping of objects (as on a lathe), a usage dating from the late 1600s.

©2025 AAKKHRA All Rights Reserved.

Graduation Quotes To Lead You Into The Next Chapter

Every spring, graduates of colleges and universities around the US are awarded their degrees at commencement ceremonies. “Pomp and Circumstance” will be played, mortarboard caps will be thrown, and a commencement address will be given by a notable figure. The goal of a commencement address is to give advice that can be taken into the “real world” after graduation. It’s an opportunity to reflect on what values are truly meaningful, the importance of education, and how to make a difference. Graduate or not, we can all stand to learn from the words of writers, politicians, musicians, and others. These 12 quotes from some of the most impactful or notable commencement addresses will inspire you, challenge you, and give you a new sense of purpose.

1. “The really important kind of freedom involves attention, and awareness, and discipline, and effort, and being able truly to care about other people and to sacrifice for them, over and over, in myriad petty little unsexy ways, every day.”
—David Foster Wallace, 2005 Kenyon College commencement

myriad

In one of the most famous commencement addresses of all time, “This is Water,” writer David Foster Wallace encouraged graduates to rethink their ideas about freedom. The word myriad [ mir-ee-uhd ] means “of an indefinitely great number; innumerable.” Myriad comes from the Greek for “ten thousand,” and can be used in English to mean the same, but DFW didn’t have this meaning in mind here.

2. “I don’t know what your future is, but if you are willing to take the harder way, the more complicated one, the one with more failures at first than successes, the one that has ultimately proven to have more meaning, more victory, more glory then you will not regret it.”
—Chadwick Boseman, 2018 Howard University commencement

glory

The actor Chadwick Boseman died tragically at a young age from colon cancer. Knowing this makes his words to graduates at his alma mater, Howard, even more poignant. He shares his ideas about how one can achieve glory, “very great praise, honor, or distinction bestowed by common consent; renown.” While today glory has a very positive connotation, this wasn’t always the case. In its earliest uses, glory was used more in the sense of vainglory, “excessive elation or pride over one’s own achievements.”

3. “As every past generation has had to disenthrall itself from an inheritance of truisms and stereotypes, so in our own time we must move on from the reassuring repetition of stale phrases to a new, difficult, but essential confrontation with reality. For the great enemy of truth is very often not the lie—deliberate, contrived, and dishonest—but the myth—persistent, persuasive, and unrealistic.”
—President John F. Kennedy, 1962 Yale University commencement

disenthrall

President John F. Kennedy spent most of his 1962 commencement speech at Yale talking about his vision of government, but he also took time to give advice to the graduates. He says young people need to disenthrall themselves from old myths and stereotypes. Disenthrall is a verb meaning “to free from bondage; liberate.” Thrall is an old word meaning “a person who is morally or mentally enslaved by some power” or, more simply, “slavery.”

4. “[T]hough it’s crucial to make a living, that shouldn’t be your inspiration or your aspiration. Do it for yourself, your highest self, for your own pride, joy, ego, gratification, expression, love, fulfillment, happiness—whatever you want to call it.”
—Billy Joel, 1993 Berklee College of Music commencement

fulfillment

Activist and musician Billy Joel, addressing graduates of the prestigious music school Berklee College, gave advice on how to direct creative energies to making the world a better place. He encourages them to do work for their own fulfillment, “the state or act of bringing something to realization.” Fulfillment is often used to describe the feeling one has when one accomplishes something of personal significance.

5. “I want you all to stay true to the most real, most sincere, most authentic parts of yourselves. I want you to ask those basic questions: Who do you want to be? What inspires you? How do you want to give back?”
—First Lady Michelle Obama, 2015 Tuskegee University commencement

authentic

On a similar note as Billy Joel, former First Lady Michelle Obama exhorts students to be authentic, which here means “representing one’s true nature or beliefs; true to oneself.” The word authentic comes from the Greek authentikós, meaning “original, primary, at first hand.”

6. “I hope you are never victims, but I hope you have no power over other people. And when you fail, and are defeated, and in pain, and in the dark, then I hope you will remember that darkness is your country, where you live, where no wars are fought and no wars are won, but where the future is.”
—Ursula K. Le Guin, 1983 Mills College commencement

future

Science fiction writer Ursula K. Le Guin was no stranger to imagining new worlds and possibilities. So it makes sense that she talked to graduates about the future, “time that is to be or come hereafter.” While today we use future as a noun and adjective, in the mid-1600s, future was also used as a verb to mean “to put off to a future day,” as in They future their work because they are lazy.

7. “As you approach your future, there will be ample opportunity to becomejadedand cynical, but I urge you to resist cynicism—the world is still a beautiful place and change is possible.”
—Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 2011 Harvard University commencement

jaded

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is the former president of Liberia and was the first woman to lead an African nation. She spoke at her alma mater, Harvard, about the importance of advocating for change. She notes that many people become jaded as they age, a word that here means “worn out or wearied, as by overwork or overuse.” This sense of jaded comes from the Middle English jade, “a worn-out, broken-down, worthless, or vicious horse.”

8. “Everything meaningful about this moment, and these four years, will be meaningful inside you, not outside you … As long as you store it inside yourself, it’s not going anywhere—or it’s going everywhere with you.”
—Margaret Edson, 2008 Smith College commencement

meaningful

Educator and playwright Margaret Edson told graduates at Smith College that they will carry what is meaningful about their experience with them throughout their lives. Meaningful means “full of meaning, significance, purpose, or value.” Meaningful is formed from a combination of meaning and the suffix -ful, meaning “full of” or “characterized by.” It’s one of many suffixes from Old English that is still present in our language today.

9. “If you really want to fly, just harness your power to your passion. Honor your calling. Everyone has one.”
—Oprah Winfrey, 2008 Stanford commencement

harness

Television host Oprah Winfrey is known for being an inspiration, and her commencement speech at Stanford University in 2008 was certainly inspirational. She urged students to “harness [their] power to [their] passion.” Harness here is being used figuratively and as a verb to mean “to bring under conditions for effective use; gain control over for a particular end.” Harness comes from the Old Norse *hernest meaning “provisions for an armed force.” The word’s meaning has changed quite a lot since! [checking]

10. “When things are going sweetly and peacefully, please pause a moment, and then say out loud, “If this isn’t nice, what is?””
—Kurt Vonnegut, 1999 Agnes Scott College commencement

sweetly

The writer Kurt Vonnegut wanted graduates to take time to reflect on the goodness in life. He describes this as “when things are going sweetly,” a word commonly associated with sugar but that can also describe anything “pleasing or agreeable; delightful.” Sweet is an interesting word that is closely related to its ancient Proto-Indo-European original. You can learn more about the history of the word at our entry for sweet.

11. “From my point of view, which is that of a storyteller, I see your life as already artful, waiting, just waiting and ready for you to make it art.”
—Toni Morrison, 2004 Wellesley College commencement

artful

Novelist Toni Morrison in her commencement address at Wellesley College told graduates she saw their lives as artful. While this word can mean “slyly crafty or cunning; deceitful; tricky,” it is clear from the context that Morrison meant it in the sense of “done with or characterized by art or skill.” In other words, the graduates have the skills, power, and beauty to create a good life.

12. “If I must give any of you advice it would be Say Yes. Say Yes, And … and create your own destiny.”
—Maya Rudolph, 2015 Tulane University commencement

destiny

Graduation is a time to think about the future and one’s destiny, in the sense of “something that is to happen or has happened to a particular person or thing; lot or fortune.” Destiny is often taken to be something that is “predetermined, usually inevitable or irresistible.” But actor Maya Rudolph takes this word in a different direction, saying graduates should “create [their] own destiny.”

Graduation season is a time to consider our own futures, destinies, passions, and desires. We hope these inspiring words give you something to chew on as you go forth into the “real world.”

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

What Do You Like To Be Called? Words For Types Of Nicknames

A nickname by any other name would smell just as sweet. Okay, so maybe that’s not how the saying goes, but we happen to think it’s true anyway. Nicknames are names that are substituted for the proper name of a person or place, like calling LeBron James “King James.”

Nicknames are created for many different reasons. Sometimes they evolve naturally out of close association with someone. Other times, they may take hold based on qualities or features someone is well known for. There are a lot of different types of nicknames, as well as words we can use to describe them. From pet name to internet handle, here are 11 other words to use to talk about nicknames and the unique history of each one.

pet name

A pet name is a nickname that might exist within a family or close relationship. It means “a name or a term of address used to express affection for a person, thing, etc.” The term has been around for more than 100 years, first appearing in English between 1910 and 1915. Because pet names are typically affectionate, they’re nicknames you might hear a parent using for a child or siblings using to identify one another. A pet name probably isn’t something you’d hear in less familiar settings.

AKA

AKA (or A.K.A.) stands for “also known as.” If you have a nickname, you are “also known as” that name. This abbreviation, which entered English in the late 1940s, is used by law enforcement to specify an alias. But it’s also commonly used to indicate that a person goes by another name in many different settings. And it can be used facetiously to share extra information about someone. For example, My sister, AKA the most organized person in the entire world, somehow forgot my birthday.

handle

In the digital age, most of us have some kind of handle. That’s “a username, as on a social media website.” And yes, that counts as a type of nickname. It’s another name you’re known by, after all, even if it’s only among online friends. The word has existed in English since before the year 900, though it didn’t come to be associated with names until the 1830s, when it was used more generally to mean “nickname.” The term eventually came to include radio nicknames, and later, usernames on the internet.

sobriquet

Say nickname, but make it fancy. Essentially, that’s what sobriquet does. This word, borrowed from French, literally means “nickname.” In many cases, sobriquet indicates playfulness or a nickname that is used in jest. This might mean a childhood pet name or a funny name used between friends. The word sobriquet entered English in the 1600s.

moniker

Any name you go by can be considered a moniker. This term simply means “a person’s name, especially a nickname or alias.” The origins of this word aren’t exactly clear. One possibility is that it’s associated with monk, as nuns and monks frequently change their names upon taking their vows. It may also be a permutation, or transformation, of the Old Irish ainm, meaning “name.”

pen name

Sometimes nicknames are used for professional reasons, as is demonstrated by the phrase pen name. A pen name is “a pseudonym used by an author.” This might be a variation of their real name or a different name entirely. Mark Twain, for example, is a pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Meanwhile George R. R. Martin is the author’s real name, but R. R. is used in place of Richard Raymond. Pen name is a translation of the French nom de plume, and it has been in use in English since the 1800s.

byname

What’s your byname? A byname is “a secondary name,” whether that’s a surname, a nickname, or something else. This term may be used to describe any type of nickname, rather than only nicknames that are familiar or used for a specific purpose. Think of it as another way of saying “a name you go by.” Though it’s not commonly used now, the word byname has existed in English since the 1300s.

cognomen

We bet you didn’t know you have a cognomen. While this word might look like the name of some kind of scary medical condition, it actually means “any name, especially a nickname.” Nomen means “name” in Latin, and co or cog means “with.” This 19th century word, then, literally means “with name,” and it can be broadly used to talk about any type of nickname.

appellation

A more official nickname might also be called an appellation. This word, which entered English in the early 1400s, means “a name, title, or designation.” Often, an appellation indicates a more official or well-known designation than just a familiar nickname. Think: Alexander The Great or the early American leaders known as The Founding Fathers. An appellation may also include an official title, such as doctor, bishop, or duke.

term of endearment

Nicknames are for lovers, at least in this case. A term of endearment is a nickname that shows esteem, affection, or love. This may be more personal, like a pet name, or it might include commonly used affectionate names, like honey, baby, or sweetie. Terms of endearment are typically reserved for intimate relationships, though some could also apply to family or close friends.

nom de guerre

Authors aren’t the only people who sometimes change their names. A nom de guerre is another way of saying pseudonym. It’s “an assumed name, under which a person fights, paints, writes, etc.” In French, nom de guerre meant “a war name,” or a name taken by a soldier upon entering the armed services. In English, it’s more generally understood to mean any kind of assumed name, whether it’s Stefani Germanotta being known as the musician “Lady Gaga” or Erik Weisz assuming the magician name of “Harry Houdini.”

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Explore The Wide Expanse Of Synonyms For “Multiverse”

All of space as we know it makes up the universe. The universe is gargantuan and is home to an untold number of galaxies, stars, and planets. But what if there were two universes? Or five? Or five hundred? We aren’t just talking about the universe anymore. We are talking about the multiverse, the theoretical collection of our universe plus all those other universes out there (including the one that has an evil version of you, but with a goatee—or is clean-shaven if you already have a goatee). Multiverse is a term used both in science and science fiction to refer to the idea of other existing universes. It’s not the only such term, though. We’ve scoured the lexicological multiverse to find a collection of ways that we refer to the possible worlds beyond.

parallel universes

The term parallel universe is used in science to refer to other hypothetical universes that exist alongside ours. We can’t see or interact with these universes in any way; they don’t exist in our universe, but they may exist … somewhere. Scientists have many theories about parallel universes. One of the more popular theories is that every possibility that could have happened has—in another parallel universe somewhere.

megaverse

The term megaverse is used, particularly in science fiction, to refer to a humongous universe that contains many multiverses within it. This grandiose-sounding word is often used to refer collectively to all of the parallel universes and multiverses that exist within a given fictional reality or possibly even within our own.

omniverse

A megaverse isn’t big enough for you? Then, you need an omniverse. The word omniverse is often used in science fiction to refer to all of reality and includes all of the universes, multiverses, pocket dimensions, celestial realms, and anything else that makes up existence. In comic books, Marvel and Marvel fans collectively refer to all universes that have existed and will ever exist (including our reality and other fictional multiverses) as the omniverse. So while Spider-Man (a Marvel character) and Batman (DC) may not exist in the same universe, multiverse, or megaverse, they (and every other fictional character) are part of the omniverse.

other dimensions

In science and mathematics, the term dimension is used to describe space and time. For example, our everyday lives involve three spatial dimensions (height, width, and depth) and time exists as the fourth dimension.

In science fiction, technology often allows people to discover other dimensions and use them to explore places that we can’t while limited to only the four dimensions we know about. The places that this technology allows them to travel to are often referred to as “other dimensions” or a fifth dimension. Because these travelers are already breaking the laws of physics, these other dimensions can often get pretty weird and abstract.

alternate realities

The abstract word reality is used to collectively describe everything that exists or isn’t fictional. An alternate reality is a reality that exists beyond the one we experience right now. In popular culture, this term is often used interchangeably with similar words, like parallel universe. Because alternate realities are not the same reality we know, they don’t follow the laws of physics and can be pretty magical. For example, the Harry Potter series takes place in an alternate reality of our world in which witches, wizards, and magical creatures are real.

parallel timelines

The word timeline is used to describe a chronological series of events. For example, the Egyptian empire existed thousands of years ago in our timeline. A major theme in popular culture is the possibility of parallel or alternate timelines. The most common and basic version of this concept describes time as a tree with major events causing time to split into multiple branches, each branch containing the timelines that include the different possible outcomes of that event.

The concept of parallel and alternate timelines can often get very confusing, particularly in fiction featuring time travel that explores changes in history due to these alternate timelines. Less seriously, the idea of parallel timelines is often jokingly used to explain the Mandela Effect (when a large number of people share a false memory) and the Berenstein (not Berenstain) Bears books we all remember reading in what was clearly an alternate timeline.

alternate planes of existence

The word plane is generally used in mathematics to refer to a flat two-dimensional surface. Outside of math, the word plane is sometimes used to describe alternate realities or “planes of existence” as if they were planes of glass placed alongside each other. For example, Buddhist teachings include the idea of 31 “planes” or “lands” that a person travels through in the cycle of life and death: our mortal plane and 30 others that belong to spiritual beings.

In popular culture, the word plane is often used to refer to alternate words that are home to strange creatures or different rules of reality. For example, Dungeons and Dragons has a strange Plane of Mirrors that is home to dangerous monsters and allows travel through mirrors.

other realms

The word realm refers to a region where something happens. In our real world, the word realm is sometimes used in the phrase quantum realm to refer to the subatomic part of reality that is home to very small and very confusing things. In brief, the quantum realm seems to be a place where normally impossible things may be possible, such as particles existing in multiple places at once.

Outside of science, the word realm is often used in popular culture, theology, spiritual, and paranormal science to refer to places beyond our reality. For example, the idea of a spirit realm that is home to ghosts and souls of the dead is common in religion and spirituality. Other stories and belief systems tell of realms beyond our world, such as the realm of fairies, the realm of elves, or the realms of gods such as Olympus or Asgard.

isekai

Isekai, which translates to “different word” or “another world,” is a popular Japanese fiction genre that features characters who are transported from our world to another one. Isekai stories are similar to classic stories, like Alice in Wonderland or The Wizard of Oz, in which a character winds up in a strange new world.

In isekai fiction, sometimes characters travel back in time or travel to those alternate timelines we mentioned before. Some other possible destinations in isekai stories include the demon realm, a classical medieval fantasy world with dragons and magic, or even the world of a video game.

Based on how often it comes up in popular culture, the possibility that other universes besides our own exist somewhere has mesmerized us for quite a long time. This idea is also still a frequent topic of discussion among scientists, too, which has led to theories like the many-worlds interpretation that try to explain how a multiverse might work if it is actually real. If you are curious as to what science has to say about all this multiverse madness, check out our discussion of the language about the multiverse.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Are You Feeling “Wreckless” Or “Reckless”?

It’s common for the words reckless and wreck to be used in the same context, like in this sentence, for example: Many car wrecks are caused by reckless driving. But is wreckless a word?

In this article, we’ll get to the bottom of the confusion between reckless and wreckless, including which one is used in common phrases—like those ending in driving and abandon.

Quick summary

Reckless is an adjective meaning “careless” that’s used in phrases like reckless driving and reckless abandon. Wreckless is usually considered a misspelling of reckless when it’s used to mean the same thing. It’s possible for wreckless to be used to mean “without wrecks,” but this is very rare.

reckless vs. wreckless

The adjective reckless means “completely unconcerned about the consequences of one’s actions.” It typically means the same thing as careless, but often in a way that’s also dangerous or potentially destructive.

When wreckless is used in the same way as reckless, it’s usually considered a misspelling. Most dictionaries (including this one) do not list wreckless as an alternative spelling for reckless.

But you can see why some people may be tempted to spell it this way—due to the strong association between being reckless and wrecking things.

In fact, reckless is based on the (now rarely used) verb reck, which means “to have care or concern about something.” This reck is unrelated to the word wreck.

It’s possible that someone might use wreckless to describe something as being “without wrecks,” but this is not at all common. Such a use would also be potentially very confusing due to the established use of reckless, including in some common phrases like reckless endangerment and others.

Is it wreckless driving or reckless driving?

The name of the traffic violation is reckless driving. It refers to driving characterized by a lack of concern for one’s own safety or the safety of others—careless driving that could harm someone.

In this context, wreckless driving would mean just about the opposite of reckless driving—because reckless driving often results in wrecks (car crashes).

Is it wreckless abandon or reckless abandon?

The phrase is reckless abandon. In the term, abandon means “a lack of restraint or moderation” and reckless means “careless” or “characterized by carelessness.” Reckless emphasizes the complete lack of concern for what will happen.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Explicit” vs. “Implicit”: What’s The Difference?

The words explicit and implicit can be easily confused. They sound similar, have the same ending, and are both abstract. Adding on to that, both words have multiple meanings—sometimes they’re opposites, and sometimes they simply mean different things.

In this article, we’ll explain the different ways these two words are used, including which one means “implied” and which one means “expressed directly.” Don’t worry, we’ll be explicit in our explanation.

Quick summary

The main senses of explicit and implicit are opposites. Explicit describes something as being expressed directly without anything being implied. Implicit describes things in which a meaning is implied or hinted at rather than being expressed directly. Explicit and implicit also have other specific meanings that are not necessarily opposites.

What is the difference between explicit vs. implicit?

The adjective explicit describes something that has been expressed directly. For example, saying We gave them explicit instructions means that the instructions were stated in detail. Something that’s described as explicit doesn’t leave anything up to interpretation.

In contrast, the adjective implicit describes something that has been implied—meaning it has been suggested or hinted at but not actually directly stated or expressed. For example, saying We had an implicit agreement means that the agreement was implied but never actually stated or written down.

These senses of explicit and implicit are direct opposites. Consider the difference between these two statements:

1. Don’t press that button—it will give you an electric shock.
2. I wouldn’t press that button if I were you.

Statement 1 is an explicit warning. The speaker is clearly and directly telling you not to press the button and what will happen if you do. Statement 2 is an implicit warning. The speaker isn’t outright telling you not to press the button, nor do they say what exactly will happen if you. Rather, they are insinuating—implying, hinting—that something bad will happen if you press the button.

Directly related to explicit is the verb explicate, which means the same thing as explain. On the other hand, implicit is related to the verb imply, meaning “to suggest something without saying it.”

To remember the difference, remember that the ex- in explicit comes from the prefix meaning “out,” and the im- in implicit comes from the prefix meaning “in.” If something’s explicit, a person comes right out and says it; if something’s implicit, the true meaning is in someone’s head.

The words explicit and implicit also have other senses that are used in particular contexts. For example, the word explicit can mean that something has sexual or inappropriate content, as in explicit lyrics or This interview features explicit language.

The word implicit can also mean “unquestioning or unreserved,” which is how it’s used in phrases like implicit trust and implicit obedience. Sometimes, it means “inherent.” This is how it’s used in the phrase implicit bias, which refers to a prejudice that someone has without knowing it.

It can be easy to confuse implicit and explicit because they are often used in the same contexts, or even alongside each other. Let’s look at a few specific situations to see the difference.

implicit vs. explicit memory

In psychology and the study of memory, the words implicit and explicit are used to describe two different kinds of memory. Explicit memory refers to information that takes effort to remember—the kind we need to think hard about to dig out of our memory bank. Implicit memory, on the other hand, refers to information we can recall very easily or even unconsciously.

For most people, things considered part of implicit memory include knowing how to tie your shoes, knowing how to read, or knowing where you live. Typically, you can remember these things without even having to think about them.

In contrast, examples of explicit memory include dates of historical events, times for scheduled appointments, and passwords. Most of the time, you need to actively think about these things (at least a little bit) in order to correctly recall them.

implicit vs. explicit costs

In finance and economics, implicit and explicit are used in the terms implicit costs and explicit costs.

Of the two, explicit costs are easier to understand. These are costs expressly documented as such by a company. Explicit costs include things like employee salaries, repairs, utility bills, debt payments, land purchases, and so on.

Implicit costs are less direct. These are the undocumented costs that a business experiences as the result of something happening. For example, a company might close a store for a day in order to clean it. While this closure may not cost the company money as it is recorded on a balance sheet, it does have an implicit cost: lost sales. As another example, a business may have a manager train a new employee. The company of course pays the explicit cost of the manager’s salary, but there is also the unrecorded implicit cost of time, productivity, and profit considered to be lost during the time taken away from the manager’s main job.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Council” vs. “Counsel”: Get Guidance On The Difference

It’s no wonder you might need advice when it comes to the difference between council and counsel. Not only are they pronounced identically, but they are both often used in the same contexts and sometimes even in the same sentence! However, these words do have different meanings, and one of them is always a noun while the other can be a noun or a verb.

In this article, we’ll explain the difference between council and counsel, clarify which one is used to refer to a lawyer or legal advice, and give examples of how we often use these two words.

Quick summary

Council is always a noun, and it most often refers to an official group that makes decisions. Counsel is commonly used as a noun to mean “advice” and as a verb to mean “to give advice to.” The term legal counsel most commonly refers to a person’s legal representation (that is, their attorney or team or attorneys) or to the services or advice provided as part of such representation.

Should you use council or counsel?

The word council is a noun—and only a noun. It most commonly refers to “a body of people who have been officially designated or selected to act in an advisory, administrative, or legislative capacity.” A council isn’t always official, but the word usually implies that it is.

For example, a city council is a city’s legislative body—the elected officials whose job is to enact the laws and other policies of a city. An example that uses the word in its official name is the Council of Europe, a European international organization that makes declarations and decisions regarding human rights.

The word counsel can be used as a verb and a noun. As a noun, it is most commonly used to mean “advice,” as in I always value the wise counsel that you give me. As a verb, it means “to give advice to,” as in I’ve been trying to counsel my kids about their careers.

Is it legal counsel or council?

In law, the phrase legal counsel is a set phrase that refers to a person’s legal representation (that is, their attorney or team or attorneys), as in The defendant opted not to retain legal counsel. It can also refer to the services provided as part of such representation, and it can simply mean “legal advice.”

Although legal counsel is the commonly used phrase, it is certainly possible for a group that discusses law or makes legal decisions to be called a “legal council.” Of course, use of this phrase could potentially be confusing given the existence of the more established term legal counsel.

How to use council and counsel in a sentence

The following examples show the different ways that counsel and council are often used.

- The queen’s advisors always gave her wise counsel.
- The ad-hoc council decided to recruit new members.
- Jenny counseled me about how to handle myself during a job interview.
- A council of elders provided counsel to the emperor.
- I’m not a lawyer, so I strongly advise you to seek legal counsel.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Try To Wrap Your Mind Around 10 Terms That Circle Around The Multiverse

If you’re one of the many fans of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, you’ll know that Dr. Strange has the power to explore the multiverse. He can travel to other worlds and meet alternate versions of himself, maybe even one that isn’t inexplicably charming. In comic books and science fiction, the multiverse refers to a collection of different universes that include our own.

But what about real science? Surely, the idea of the multiverse is purely limited to fantasy and imagination, right? Well, it might surprise you to know that the idea of the multiverse is actually part of scientific theory, and its existence would actually help explain some phenomena we already know about.

That being said, the science and theory behind the multiverse gets really complicated really quickly. If you’re still committed to trying to untangle this multiverse madness, there are a bunch of terms you’ll need to learn first before you can begin your multidimensional journey.

dimension

In science and math, a dimension is a property of space. You probably know that our spatial movement involves three dimensions: height, width, and depth. You can move forward and back, left and right, and up and down. There is also a fourth dimension: time. On Earth, time only moves forward at a constant rate. However, the measurement of time starts to behave oddly once you start moving really fast or decide to hang out around a black hole–more on them later. So, scientists tend to describe outer space in terms of both time and space. Speaking of which …

space-time

Space-time, also known as the space-time continuum, refers to the four-dimensional space that our reality exists in. This includes the three spatial dimensions together with time. Understanding space-time is important to getting a grip on the idea of the multiverse and where—and even when—other worlds might exist. Given how huge the universe is, we would need to better understand space-time and develop technology for traveling through both space and time to possibly discover worlds and universes beyond our own.

cosmology
Cosmology is a branch of science that studies the nature of the universe. Cosmology often combines astronomy and physics when describing celestial phenomena. Basically, cosmology is concerned with studying where our universe came from and how it works. In practice, this involves a lot of extremely complicated math and experiments. The term cosmology also refers to a branch of philosophy that theorizes how the universe works, what our place in it is, and whether or not there might be other universes out there somewhere.

metaphysics

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that asks questions about the nature of reality and the universe. Unlike the science of physics, the philosophy of metaphysics relies solely on theory and speculation to explain how our reality works or might work. Because many theories focused on the multiverse or parallel universes are currently impossible to test or find supporting evidence for, they are often considered to be part of metaphysics rather than a natural science. For example, the idea of modal realism, which states that all possible worlds physically exist, is considered to be philosophy rather than science since it is impossible to prove and doesn’t align with our current understanding of reality.

quantum

Without getting too technical, the word quantum is used in physics to describe really small quantities of energy. Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics, is a subscience of physics that studies subatomic particles and matter. Based on our current understanding of science, quantum mechanics seems to be the most likely route through which we may be able to explore whether or not the multiverse is scientifically possible.

Once you start looking at things at the subatomic level, the normally impossible seems to become possible. For example, the study of quantum mechanics has proven it is entirely possible for an atom to exist in two different places at the same time. Scientifically, this would suggest the idea of multiple identical universes existing simultaneously may be possible, and most multiverse theories rely on quantum mechanics to support the argument that the multiverse is possible.

the many-worlds interpretation

The many-worlds interpretation, also known as the Many-Worlds Theory, is a theory about the existence of other worlds or a multiverse. According to this idea, every possible event that could happen exists in another world. For example, if you roll a six-sided die and it comes up as a four, the MWI theorizes that there exist five other worlds where the other five rolls happened.

Out of all multiverse theories, this one is especially tempting to scientists because it doesn’t imply that many random universes somehow exist. Randomness is a problematic concept in science, and this theory addresses it by suggesting all the universes exist. Also, it is possible to test this theory–albeit using methods that are much too complicated to go into here. Still, even this multiverse explanation remains entirely theoretical until we make new discoveries in quantum mechanics.

the Big Bang

The big bang, according to the big bang theory, was a sudden massive burst of matter and energy that created the universe billions of years ago. This theory is the most prevalent origin story of the universe and has supporting evidence such as the presence of cosmic microwave background, space radiation whose only scientific explanation is that it is leftover from when the big bang occurred.

Some multiverse theories speculate that the expansion that began with the big bang never stopped and that the universe is still expanding. Based on this inflation theory, it might be possible that the universe will continue to expand infinitely. This possibility leads to a multiverse theory in which “randomness” repeats and infinite “Earths” with infinite duplicates of “You” exist or will exist somewhere as the universe continues to grow indefinitely.

Another multiverse theory based on the big bang is the bubble theory. This theory speculates that different parts of space-time expanded at different rates. According to the theory, these “bubbles” of space-time resulted in bubble universes with different laws of physics. This multiverse theory suggests that our universe is just one of the many bubble universes out there.

observable universe

The term observable universe is used to refer to the portion of the universe we can see or could possibly see. Basically, the observable universe is everything we can see using devices like telescopes, probes, or other astronomical equipment. When discussing the possibility of a multiverse, the answer seems to lie outside the observable universe. As far as we know, there are no “bizarro Earths” out there or galaxies with different laws of physics. So, a multiverse theory may suggest that parallel worlds, galaxies, or universes exist beyond the limits of the observable universe that we can see.

string theory

Without getting too confusing, string theory is a theory in physics that suggests that subatomic particles in quantum mechanics are string-like objects rather than points. String theory also supposes that space-time actually consists of more than three spatial dimensions. The theory states that these dimensions are simply so small that we are unable to detect them.

If string theory is true, these extra dimensions would make the multiverse scientifically possible. In one interpretation of string theory, for example, it is theorized that our universe exists on a membrane, called a brane. Our world exists on a three-dimensional brane alongside other branes which may have more dimensions and thus different laws of physics. If we could somehow reach those other branes, we may discover entirely new worlds and universes.

black holes

Black holes are extremely dense celestial objects whose gravity is so intense that not even light can escape them. This means that we can’t even “see” them with astronomical equipment and must detect them using the area around them. Black holes are mysterious parts of our universe where the laws of physics break down and normal scientific rules don’t apply. So, what would happen if someone entered a black hole?

The assumption is that a person would simply be destroyed by gravity. However, another theory among physicists is that black holes might be tunnels or wormholes that lead to other universes. If this theory is true, it is assumed that our own universe resembles a black hole in other universes as well.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Maternal” vs. “Paternal”: What’s The Difference?

The words maternal and paternal pop up a lot in different phrases, including ones like maternal instincts, paternal grandmother, maternal leave, and paternal DNA.

You probably know that both words have to do with mothers and fathers, but which is which?

In this article, we’ll define the different meanings of maternal and paternal, explain the simple difference between them, and we’ll even cover the related terms maternity, paternity, and parental.


Quick summary

Maternal describes things related to a mother or motherhood. Paternal describes things related to a father or fatherhood. Sometimes, they mean motherly and fatherly, as in phrases like maternal/paternal instincts. But they can also be used more narrowly to distinguish relations involving a mother or a father, such as in terms like maternal/paternal grandmother. In some cases, the gender-neutral term parental can be used in place of maternal or paternal as well as maternity or paternity.


maternal vs. paternal

The adjective maternal is used to describe things relating to mothers or motherhood. The adjective paternal is used to describe things relating to fathers or fatherhood. Both terms can have different shades of meaning.

For example, maternal can mean the same thing as motherly and paternal can mean the same thing as fatherly—that is, they can be used in a positive way to describe behavior befitting the kind of parent they refer to. This sense of the words is commonly used in phrases like maternal/paternal instincts and maternal/paternal affection. They can sometimes be applied this way even if the person is not actually a parent, or even if they’re not a parent of the person they’re interacting with, as in You can tell by how good she is with the kids that Kate has maternal instincts—she would make a great mom.

Other common phrases that use these words include maternal/paternal care and maternal/paternal heritage. In these cases and others, they’re specifically used in reference to an actual parental relationship (as opposed to describing behavior that’s simply like a parent).

When applied to familial titles like grandfather, the adjectives maternal and paternal indicate whether the relation is through the person’s mother or father. For example, a person’s maternal grandfather is their mother’s father, while a person’s paternal grandfather is their father’s father.

Similarly, the term paternal DNA indicates that the DNA was inherited from a person’s father; maternal DNA is inherited from the mother.

Unsurprisingly, the word maternal comes from the Latin mater, meaning “mother,” while paternal comes from the Latin pater, meaning “father.” These roots are also the source of the related words matriarch and patriarch and maternity and paternity.

maternity vs. paternity

The word maternity can be used as a noun and as an adjective to describe something that involves motherhood. The word paternity, on the other hand, relates to fatherhood or something that involves being a father.

Like maternal and paternal, the terms maternity and paternity are often used in phrases that distinguish whether something relates to a mother or a father. For example, maternity leave refers to leave for a mother, while paternity leave refers to leave for a father. The terms perform the same distinguishing function in maternity/paternity test.

Maternal is also used in some other common phrases, such as maternity clothes and maternity ward.

Is there a gender-neutral form?

Maternal, paternal, maternity, and paternity make distinctions based on gender. Sometimes, this is the whole point of using them. But when it’s not, the gender-neutral adjective parental can be used in their place, such as in phrases like parental instincts, parental leave, and parental figure.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Roast” vs. “Bake”: Does It Make A Difference To Your Cooking?

One recipe says to roast the chicken breasts in the oven at 400° F. Another recipe calls for the chicken breasts to be baked … in the oven… at 400°.

What’s going on here? Are roast and bake really interchangeable, or are there subtle differences? The answer is both.

In this article, we’ll break down the multiple meanings of both roast and bake, what the difference means for the home cook, and which term you may be more likely to encounter on menus.

Quick summary

In the context of cooking (not baking), roast and bake often mean the same thing—to cook something in an oven, usually at a relatively high temperature. The word bake is usually used when a dish is covered in sauce or cooked in a covered pot. Roasting is often more simple, usually involving a meat or vegetable being coated in oil or another fat, seasoned, and then cooked in an open pan or on a rack. But the word bake is commonly used for this type of preparation, too.

What is the difference between roasting and baking?

Bake and roast are often used to mean the same thing, and for good reason. In cooking, both roast and bake commonly mean to cook something in an oven.

Historically, roasting was done on a spit, with the food being directly exposed to the fire, while the word baking was applied to cooking done in a dish.

Obviously, you can still roast something on a spit, but today home cooks most commonly encounter the word roast in the context of recipes for oven-cooked meats or vegetables. At the same time, some recipes use the word bake for similar or even the same preparations.

Sauce or no sauce

If a dish cooked in the oven is covered in a sauce, it’s usually described as baked. In contrast, it’s more common for one that’s just coated in oil or another fat to be described as roasted.

Covered or uncovered

Often, a dish described as roasted is one that’s cooked on a rack or in an uncovered pan—allowing it to be exposed to the heat to become browned and crispy. When a dish is cooked in the oven covered, it’s usually described as baked.

Temperature

Some recipe writers tend to use bake when they call for the food to be cooked at a lower temperature, such as 350°, while using roast for higher temperatures, such as 425°. But this is definitely not always the case.

What else can bake and roast mean?

The words roast and bake also have other common applications in the context of food preparation.

baked goods

Obviously, the words bake and baking are also used in the context of what we call baked goods, like breads and cakes. This type of baking is also most commonly done in an oven, but unlike baking chicken, for example, it often involves a more significant transformation in shape and form—picture a time-elapsed image of soft dough or semiliquid batter rising into fully-formed deliciousness.

This is one of the reasons why a distinction is sometimes made between baking and cooking. Baking in the sense of dough- and batter-based concoctions is most closely associated with breads and desserts, while cooking is associated with meals and savory things. But the two can certainly overlap—pot pies and pizzas are both baked and savory. In this way, baking can be thought of as one type of cooking in the general sense of food preparation.

The verb roast and the adjective roasted aren’t often used in the context of baking, but they can be, such as when you’re incorporating a roasted element into a baked good (using roasted strawberries in a cake, for example).

roasting without an oven

Some people still roast things the old-fashioned (ancient) way: on a spit over an open flame. Although grilling is similar, it’s not common for the word roast to be used in the context of grilling (especially when the food is in direct contact with the grill surface).

coffee and nuts

The words roast and roasting are also used in more specific ways to refer to how certain types of foods are prepared. Coffee beans are roasted, and so are certain nuts (chestnuts roasting on an open fire, for example).

roast and bake as nouns

And then there’s roast and bake as nouns. A roast is a cut of meat meant to be roasted, most commonly meaning it will be cooked in an oven “low and slow”—at a relatively low temperature and for a long time. This is how roast beef is prepared. Not all dishes called roasts are cooked uncovered. Pot roast, for example, is so called because it’s cooked in a covered pot.

As a noun, the word bake is often applied to things like casseroles and other one-pan dishes, as in cheesy pasta and kale bake or chicken and root vegetable tray bake. More generally, it’s also used as a word for the product or process of preparing a baked good, as in Look at the bake on that pie crust or It’s one of your best bakes of the competition (fans of The Great British Bake Off are very familiar with this usage).

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Stew” vs. “Soup”: Simmer On The Differences Between Them

Throw a bunch of ingredients in a pot, add liquid, heat it up, and what do you get? That’s actually a harder question to answer than you might think. Dishes made in this way can be labeled soup, stew, broth, bisque, or chowder.

When it comes to food, people have strong preferences not only about taste but also about what things are called. In this article, we’ll get to the bottom of the bowl by explaining when and why a dish may be called a soup vs. a stew and breaking down the same distinctions between soup and broth, bisque, and chowder.

⚡ Quick summary

Generally speaking, a dish is called soup when it’s primarily liquid-based. Stews are thicker and chunkier. But an especially thick and chunky soup could be called a stew. Broth is a liquid that serves as a main ingredient for many soups, and can be considered a soup when eaten by itself. Bisque and chowder are different types of soup.

What is the difference between soup vs. stew?

The main characteristic of the dish we call soup is that it’s primarily liquid-based. Regardless of what other ingredients it has in it (meat, fish, vegetables, whatever), they’re either submerged (or mostly submerged) in the liquid or are blended as part of it. The first example constitutes what’s often called a brothy soup. The second example is what we’d usually call a creamy soup (creamy as in texture—it may or may not have cream in it). But there are a lot of variations. And this is where the plot thickens.

The dish we call stew may start the same way as a soup, and can include many of the same ingredients used in soup (meat, fish, vegetables, whatever). Stews are cooked by simmering or slow boiling, known as stewing. Obviously, the descriptions of soup and stew sound very similar.

The popular distinction between these two foods is how “liquidy” or how thick they are: a dish called soup typically has more liquid in it than a stew does. Stews are generally thicker than soups, being made up primarily of larger, solid chunks of ingredients. In other words, stews are thicker and chunkier—and always have solid ingredients.

Generally speaking, if there is so much liquid that the ingredients are fully submerged, it’s a soup. If the chunks dominate the dish, it’s a stew.

Of course, a dish labeled as soup can be pretty thick and chunky. And, sometimes, cooking adjustments can turn one into another. A soup could become a stew if cooked long enough that most of the liquid boils off or is absorbed by the ingredients. Or you could add more liquid to a stew to make it soupier. The point at which a soup becomes a stew (or vice versa) can be endlessly debated.

That’s because there is no exact measurement or technical rule separating the two. In many cases, both words could be reasonably applied to the same dish. The difference is often simply a matter of preference or opinion.

broth vs. soup

The essential ingredient in many soups is broth (or stock). Broth is traditionally made by boiling or simmering water with ingredients that will give it flavor, such as meat, fish, or vegetables (and often a combination of things).

The primary flavor of a broth is often specified: chicken broth, beef broth, vegetable broth, etc. For example, chicken noodle soup is traditionally made with chicken and noodles in a chicken broth.

But can broth be considered soup by itself? Yes, in fact, when broth is eaten—even without any added ingredients—it is typically considered soup. For example, a type of clear soup known as a consommé can be considered a broth if it is used as a base for the addition of other ingredients but a soup if it is eaten by itself.

bisque vs. soup

A bisque is a type of thick soup that uses cream as a main ingredient. The term bisque is typically applied to soups that have some kind of shellfish or vegetable as the key ingredient. Classic examples of bisques include lobster bisque, shrimp bisque, crab bisque, tomato bisque, and potato bisque.

While most people agree that bisque is a type of soup, some may distinguish creamy bisques from non-creamy soups in the same way that others distinguish liquid-forward soups from chunky stews.

chowder vs. soup

Chowder is a type of thick soup whose most traditional and well-known forms contain clams, fish, or other seafood, often in a creamy, milk-based broth and also featuring potatoes, onions, tomatoes, or other vegetables. Different types of clam chowder are especially popular in the Northeast region of the US. Other examples of chowder include fish chowder, corn chowder, and potato chowder.

Most chowders are usually considered a type of soup, but their creamy thickness can also result in them being labeled as a stew.

Some people may take the hairsplitting even further and argue that chowder is its own unique thing in the same way that people distinguish soups from stews.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

How To Spell W And Other Letters Of The Alphabet

No doubt you know your ABCs, but do you know how to spell the names of the letters themselves? For example, how would you spell the name of the letter W? In this article, we are going to take a look at how to spell out the different consonants of the alphabet. Why just the consonants? Well, spelling the names of the vowels is unusual, and the spellings vary widely.

We don’t often have a reason to spell out the names of letters. They show up in some words or phrases, like tee-shirt or em-dash. Knowing how to spell out the letters is a good trick to have in your back pocket when playing word games like Scrabble and Words With Friends. Mostly though, the spelled-out names of the consonants are fun trivia any word lover will enjoy.

B – bee
The letter B is spelled just like the insect: b-e-e. The plural is bees, like something you might find in a hive. Before it was bee, the letter B was part of the Phoenician alphabet and was known as beth.

C – cee
The spelling of the letter C might surprise you. It isn’t spelled with an S but a C: c-e-e. The spelling cee might come in handy especially when writing about something “shaped or formed like the letter C,” as in she was curled in a cee, holding her pillow.

D – dee
You might be picking up on a pattern here. Like B and C, the letter D is spelled out with -ee: d-e-e. Like the letter B, dee originally had another name in the Phoenician alphabet: daleth.

F – ef
The letter F is spelled e-f. The spelled out name ef is occasionally used as an abbreviation for much saltier language.

G – gee
With the exception of ef, the letter G is spelled like the other letters we have seen so far: gee. Particularly in American slang, the spelled out name gee is used as an abbreviation for grand, in the sense of “thousand dollars.”

H – aitch
The letter H has a tricky spelling and pronunciation. It is spelled aitch, but the pronunciation of its name is [ eych ]. The letter comes from Northern Semitic languages and its modern corollary is the Hebrew letter heth.

J – jay
The letter J has a long and complicated history—it began as a swash, a typographical embellishment for the already existing I—but its spelling is relatively straightforward: jay. Like C, the spelling jay can be useful when describing something in the shape of the letter.

K – kay
You may already be familiar with the spelling of the letter K from the expression okay, or OK. Just like in okay, K is typically spelled k-a-y. Okay is a unique Americanism that you can read more about here.

L – el
El is most easily recognizable as the common abbreviation for elevated railroad. However, it is also the spelling for the letter L.

M – em
The spelling of the letter M, em, can be found in the name of the punctuation mark em dash (—). The name of the punctuation mark comes from the fact that it is the width of the letter M when printed.

N – en
Much like the letters em and en themselves, the em-dash and en-dash are often mixed up. The en dash is, you guessed it, the width of the letter N when printed. The en dash (–) is shorter than an em dash (—).

P – pee
The most scatological letter name is pee (P). The use of pee as a verb and noun to refer to urination actually comes from a euphemism for the vulgar piss, using the spelling of the initial letter in piss: P.

Q – cue
The letter Q has the honor of being one of two letters that is not included in the spelling of its own name: cue. The use of cue as a verb or noun to refer to “anything that excites to action” comes from another abbreviation related to the letter itself. In acting scripts, the Latin quandō, meaning “when” was abbreviated q, which later came to be spelled cue.

R – ar
The name of the letter R sounds like something a pirate might say: ar. The letter R was called by the Roman poet Persius littera canina or “the canine letter.” It was so named because pronouncing ar sounds like a dog’s growl.

S – ess
The snake-like S is spelled ess, with two terminal -s‘s. Along with cee and jay, ess can also be used to describe “something shaped like an S,” as in The roads were laid out nested double esses along the riverbank.

T – tee
A letter whose spelling you are more likely to be familiar with is T or tee, because it often appears in spellings of T-shirt (e.g., tee-shirt). The tee shirt is so named because it is a shirt in the shape of a T.

V – vee
Another letter that pops up in fashion is V or vee. You see this most often when describing certain clothing elements, such as a vee neckline or a vee-shaped dart.

W – double-u
The letter W is one of the stranger letters in the alphabet, and so is its spelling. As we noted already, we don’t usually spell vowels out, so we end up with the awkward double-u. The plural spelling is double-ues. Before it was merged into one letter (W), the sound was represented with the the digraph -uu- or double-u.

X – ex
The spelling of the letter X, ex, might seem foreboding. That’s because we often equate it with the prefix ex-, meaning “out of” or “without.” We also use ex as a verb to mean putting an X over something, literally or metaphorically, as in I exed out the name on the list. The letter X has found use as we explore new ways of describing gender identity and expression, which you can read about here.

Y – wye
The letter Y is spelled wye, like the river in Great Britain. Wye has been adopted into electrical and railroad terminology to describe circuits and track arrangements, respectively, that are in the shape of a Y. Interestingly, the letter Y replaced an Old English letter called thorn.

Z – zee
In American English, the letter Z is spelled and pronounced zee, patterned off of other consonants like dee and gee. However, in British English, the letter Z is named zed. Zed comes from the Middle French zede, itself from the ancient Greek zêta.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Venom” vs. “Poison”: Which One Is More Harmful To You?

Here’s the obvious thing about poison and venom: you don’t want either one in your body. But after that, things can get confusing. Although the two words are sometimes used interchangeably in casual use, a distinction is made between them in scientific contexts.

In this article, we’ll look at the key differences between poison and venom as well as the adjective forms poisonous and venomous, especially in the context of snakes, plants, and other living things.

Quick summary

The word poison can refer to any substance that is inherently harmful to a living thing—especially a substance that’s intended to be harmful. The word venom is more specific—it refers to a poisonous substance produced in the body of an animal and actively used to cause harm through injection, such as through a snake bite, a spider bite, or an insect sting. Venom is sometimes called poison in casual use, and animals that are venomous are sometimes casually described as poisonous, as in poisonous snakes. But in reference to organisms, there is a difference: poison is secreted through the skin or delivered through ingestion.

What is the difference between poison vs. venom?

The word poison can refer to any substance with an inherent property that makes it harmful or even deadly. The word is perhaps most often used to refer to substances that are intended to cause harm in this way, as in rat poison or The poison they used was a nerve agent.

The word poison is also sometimes used to refer to naturally occurring toxic chemicals and substances, such as arsenic or cyanide (which can also be used intentionally to cause harm). It’s also sometimes used to refer to manufactured chemicals that aren’t intended to cause harm but can if ingested, such as bleach or other cleaners.

The term venom is much more specific—it refers to a dangerous substance produced in the body of an animal, such as in some snakes, spiders, and wasps, and delivered via injection. Such animals may use venom as a way to defend themselves or as part of how they prey on other animals. Snakes are known for delivering venom via a bite, but some can spray or “spit” venom. Wasps and other insects can inject venom via stingers. Some jellyfish inject venom through barbed tentacles.

The toxicity of venom varies widely. The effects of different venoms range from minor irritation to death.

The toxic substances produced by some animals may be referred to as poison instead of venom. This is the case when the substance is simply secreted by the animal or stored inside its body (as in the poison-arrow frog), as opposed to being actively injected or sprayed.

Animals aren’t the only living things that produce poisonous substances. Many plants contain substances that are toxic if they’re ingested or come into contact with skin, but such a substance is typically called a poison as opposed to a venom.

Despite the technical distinction between the words, animal venom is sometimes generally referred to as poison.

Another difference in how we use the words: unlike the word venom, poison is also commonly used as a verb. It can mean “to administer poison to (a person or animal)” or “to add poison to something,” as in She poisoned the soup.

poisonous vs. venomous

The adjective poisonous is used broadly to describe substances that are considered poisons. It may also be applied to things that contain a substance considered a poison, as in The leaves of that plant are poisonous.

The adjective venomous is more narrowly applied to animals that produce venom, especially if they’re able to inject that venom as a way of actively defending themselves or preying on other animals.

However, in the context of animals, the word poisonous is often used casually to mean the same thing as venomous, such as in terms like poisonous snakes, which is often used to distinguish such snakes from ones that don’t have venom.

Although rare, it’s possible for an animal to be accurately described as both poisonous and venomous. The Asian tiger snake is one commonly cited example of this: it has a venomous bite, but it’s also poisonous because its body contains the poison from the poisonous toads that it eats.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Wow Yourself With Words With “Word” In Them

We love all kinds of words: big words, small words, words with silent vowels, and even the word moist. With that in mind, we wanted to find words that feature the word word in them. Without getting too wordy, we managed to find words like foreword, afterword, and doubleword that fit our criterion of being a word with the word word in the word. Being the word-wise wordsmiths that we are, we wanted to spread the good word and share our fun list of words that include the word word.

Cool off your hot word skills with these cool words about words.

headword
A headword is a word or phrase that appears as the heading of a dictionary, encyclopedia, or other reference work. For example, if you research the first president of the United States, the headword will most likely be George Washington.

catchword
A catchword is a word or phrase that someone uses so frequently that it becomes their slogan or a signature phrase associated with them. For example, comedian Stephen Colbert popularized his catchword “truthiness” when he hosted The Colbert Report.

byword
The term byword is used to mean a word or phrase that has become associated with a person or thing to the point that they are cited as a proverbial example of it. For example, the sentence The company has become a byword for success may be used to describe a profitable business. Byword is also used to mean “a proverb” or a synonym of the term household word to mean a name or phrase that many people know.

Janus word
A Janus word, also called a contranym, is a word that has opposite or nearly opposite meanings. For example, the Janus word scan can mean to briefly glance at something or to thoroughly analyze something. Fun fact: Janus words are named after the Roman god Janus, who had two heads that looked in opposite directions—much like a Janus word with its two opposite meanings.

buzzword
A buzzword is a word or phrase, often from a particular jargon, that becomes fashionable or trendy among a particular group or in popular culture. For example, the word synergy is a popular buzzword often used in business and marketing.

code word
A code word is a word or phrase that has a secret meaning that only a select few people know. For example, spies might agree to use the code word “red eagle” when they need to identify each other. The term code word is also often used to refer to a euphemism that is used in place of harsher language as in My mom said my room “needed some love,” which is code word for saying “my room is a huge mess.”

nonword
A nonword is a collection of letters that isn’t accepted as an actual word. For example, “definate” is not an English word; it is a nonword that is a common misspelling of the word definite.

keyword
A keyword is a major word in a sentence, passage, or document that typically reveals the central meaning or most important information. In technology, a keyword is a word or phrase typed into a search engine or reference software to search through content.

password
A password is a secret word or phrase that a person must recite in order to gain access to restricted areas, information, etc. For example, a door guard may only let people enter a fortress if they say the password “swordfish.” In computing, a password is a string of characters that a user must enter correctly in order to log into an account, use wireless internet, or otherwise bypass electronic security.

guide word
The term guide word is used as a synonym of headword to refer to a word or phrase used at the top of articles or entries in reference works.

curse word
A curse word, also known as a cussword or a dirty word, is a word that is considered to be profane or offensive. For example, the words ass, crap, and piss are some examples of English words that are usually considered to be curse words.

kangaroo word
The term kangaroo word refers to a word that contains its own synonym within it, spelled in the correct order. For example, the kangaroo word barren contains the word bare and the word catacomb contains the word tomb.

ghost word
A ghost word is a word that entered a language by mistake, such as a typo or translation error, rather than from actual linguistic use. For example, the word syllabus seems to have resulted from a misreading of Greek.

Which ghost words haunt the dictionary?

counterword
A counterword is a word that has picked up a much looser meaning than it originally had. Counterwords have so many meanings and/or are used so generally that they are almost meaningless. Words like good, fine, gross, awful, cute, and nice are some examples of counterwords. (You know we have better synonyms for these, starting with nice.)

loanword
A loanword is a word from one language that is used in another with little or no changes in meaning or spelling. Some English words that are loanwords from other languages include incognito (Italian), schadenfreude (German), sushi (Japanese), and piñata (Spanish).

weasel word
A weasel word is a word that weakens a statement by making it sound more confusing, ambiguous, or noncommittal. For example, the word probably is an example of a weasel word in the sentence I’ll probably do better on my next math test.

nonce word
A nonce word is a word created for only one specific occasion. For example, the cartoon The Simpsons invented the word cromulent just for the sake of making a single joke about language. (That’s not the only word they created!)

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Annual” vs.” Perennial”: What’s The Difference?

Confused about annual vs. perennial plants? You’re not alone—it’s especially difficult to remember which is which because they sound like they might mean the same thing. To make matters worse, there’s also a third confusing term: biennial.

Join us as we root out the differences and give examples of perennials, annuals, and biennials so you’ll always remember which is which.

Quick summary

Plants that live for only one growing season are called annuals. In contrast, plants that regrow on their own every season are called perennials. Plants that live for two growing seasons are called biennials.

What are perennials?

The word perennial is applied to a plant that lives for multiple growing seasons—at least more than two years. Perennials typically flower and bloom in the spring. Around autumn, the top part of the plant withers, but the root remains. The next spring, the root sends out a brand new shoot, and the cycle continues. In other words, planting perennials in a garden means that they don’t need to be replanted each year—they come back on their own (at least for three years).

Perennials usually only bloom for a few weeks, and may take longer to fully mature. Popular perennials include daylilies, lilacs, and lavender, as well as most fruit trees, berry bushes, and herbs.

What are annual plants?

The word annual is applied to a plant that lives for only one growing season. Annuals typically flower and bloom in the spring and then wither and die around autumn. Unlike perennials, annuals do not regrow the next season—at least not from the same root. Instead, annuals must be replanted each year—or, in some cases, the seeds left behind may successfully sprout new plants.

Annuals usually bloom the whole season, and their blooms are often more extravagant than perennials. Popular annuals include petunias, marigolds, zinnias, watermelons, corn, beans, and potatoes.

What is a biennial plant?

The term biennial is applied to a plant that lives for two growing seasons. The first season, the plant starts out small. The second season, it grows bigger and produces flowers. After this, the plant’s life cycle is complete, and it dies in the autumn just like an annual. Some well-known plants categorized as biennials include foxglove, pansies, poppies, forget-me-nots, and many vegetables, such as cabbage, beets, onions, and carrots.

annual vs. perennial vs. biennial

Here’s how you can remember the difference:

- In general, the word perennial means “continuing” or “perpetual,” and perennials continue to regrow without being replanted.
- The word annual means yearly, and annuals must be replanted every year.
- The bi- in biennial means “two,” and biennials have a life cycle of two growing seasons.

Although these terms could technically be applied to any plants, they’re especially used of flowering and culinary plants—the kind of plants commonly found in gardens and on farms.

There is some overlap in what can be considered an annual versus a perennial. Some annuals can be perennials when planted in warmer climates, since there’s no frost to kill them, and some perennials are not capable of surviving the winter in colder climates. Certain flowers can also be annual in one variety and perennial in another.

Examples of annual and perennial plants

In this section, we’ll answer some of the most common questions about whether certain plants are annuals or perennials.

Are mums perennials or annuals?

Garden mums are typically treated as annuals, even though they can be perennials in the right climate. There are also hardier varieties of mums that are typically grown as perennials in many climates.

Are dahlias perennials or annuals?

Dahlias can be either, depending on the growing region. They are native to warm regions in Guatemala and Mexico. In colder climes, they are treated as annuals, but it’s possible to bring them back each year if the tubers are dug up and dried out in the winter.

Are tulips perennials or annuals?

Tulips are perennials. In certain climates, however, they may behave like annuals.

Are hydrangeas perennials or annuals?

Hydrangeas are perennials. Again, however, this is only true when grown in climates where they can survive the winter.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Bull Market” vs. “Bear Market”: What Do These Financial Terms Mean For Your Wallet?

Financial jargon can be intimidating, and that’s especially true of the stock market terminology. But even if you’re not an investor, many of these terms can be relevant to your life due to their bearing on the larger economy. You’ve probably heard the terms bull market and bear market, but what exactly do they mean, and what’s the difference?

In this article, we’ll explain bull markets and bear markets, the differences between them, and what they mean for everyone—not just stock traders.

Quick summary

The term bull market is applied to a market (especially a stock market) in which prices are, on average, rising. A bear market is the opposite—one in which prices are falling. At any given time, the market is usually described as one or the other—with bull and bear markets alternating as part of an ongoing cycle.

What is a bull market?

In discussions of the stock market and the greater economy, the term bull market is typically applied when prices on average are on the rise, or when they’re expected to rise. The terms bull market and bear market are most closely associated with the stock market, but they can also be used in the context of other markets, including those for real estate, currencies, and other commodities.

Using the term bull market is informal—there’s no formal metric to measure or determine when a bull market is happening. Still, a 20% increase in prices is often used as the ballpark figure that indicates a bull market.

Usually, a bull market happens when the economy is strong or getting stronger. High employment rates, high gross domestic product, and other measures of economic well being and stability are generally thought to correlate with bull markets.

Bull markets are often categorized as secular (indicating a period of growth lasting more than five years) or cyclical (indicating a shorter-term period of growth).

In the context of stocks and finance, the related adjective bullish can mean “rising in prices,” “characterized by favorable economic prospects,” or, more informally, “regarding a particular investment as potentially profitable,” as in We’re still bullish on treasury bonds.

As a noun, bull can refer to a person who believes that market prices, especially of stocks, will increase.

Why is it called a bull market?

The first records of bull market and bullish in the context of finance and the stock market come from the late 1800s, but the noun use of bull in the context of stock investment—to refer to both a type of an investment and an investor—predates both. The origin of the use of the word bull in this way is uncertain. In general, the bull is associated with aggression and is known to charge forward, like a rising market. One explanation for the use of the word bull in bull market likens the upward swing of a bull market to the motion in which a bull may attack—by throwing its horns upward.

What is a bear market?

A bear market occurs when prices are falling, or when they’re expected to decrease. Like bull market, the term usually refers to the stock market, but it can also be used in the context of real estate, currencies, and other commodities. There’s no formal metric to measure when a bear market is happening, but a 20% decline in prices is sometimes used as the threshold.

As you might expect, bear markets result from the opposite of the conditions thought to constitute or correlate with bull markets. Low economic stability and high unemployment, low gross domestic product, and low corporate profits are traditionally thought to correlate with the downturns associated with a bear market. Like bull markets, bear markets can be categorized as secular or cyclical.

The related adjective bearish can mean “declining or tending toward a decline in prices” or “characterized by or reflecting unfavorable prospects for the economy or some aspect of it.” Or it can be used informally to mean “regarding a particular investment as poor or unprofitable,” as in We’re still bearish on treasury bonds.

As a noun, bear can refer to a person who believes that market prices, especially of stocks, will decline.

Why is it called a bear market?

The noun use of bear in the context of the stock market to refer to types of investments or investors came before its use in bear market, but, like bullish, the origin of these senses is uncertain. In general, while bulls are known for charging aggression, bears—while fearsome—are especially associated with hibernation. This is one interpretation of the use of bear in bear market—likening the retreat of the market to a bear’s dormant period. Another interpretation is that a bear attacks by swiping downward—a motion likened to the downswing of a bear market.

bear vs. bull market

The difference between a bear market and a bull market is the direction of prices and the general success or health of the market. Simply put, it’s a bear market when prices are going up, and it’s a bull market when prices are going down.

To remember which is which, remember that bulls are known for being aggressive and charging ahead, (like the prices in a rising market), while bears are known for hibernating (likened to how investors might scale back investments during market downturns).

A few extreme examples of bear markets are the Great Recession around the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Depression, which roughly began with the stock market crash of 1929. In contrast, the post-World War II economic boom is considered an example of a bull market. But there are many other examples. That’s because at any given time the market is usually described as one or the other—meaning they alternate as part of an ongoing cycle.

Stock investors have many strategies to try to profit from both increases and decreases in stock prices, which means that just because it’s a bear market doesn’t mean there’s not a lot of transactions happening.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Words From The 2010s So Lit We Should Bring Them Back

The 2010s were the era of Instagram, Beyonce’s Lemonade album, and arguing about whether a viral photo showed a blue dress or a white one. The decade may not seem like that long ago, but a lot has changed since then, including many parts of our language.

Vocabulary evolves quickly, especially when you’re talking about the words associated with slang and pop culture. Take yeet, for example. One minute, everyone was saying it. The next? Well, it might be hard to recall the last time you’ve heard it.

The good news is that the coolest things from previous decades almost always come back in style again. 2010s nostalgia is having a moment, and we’re taking that opportunity to look back at some of the defining words of the decade. Here are 16 2010s slang words that might be ready for a comeback.

bae

Remember bae? In the 2010s, this term of endearment was all over the place. The word, which is “an affectionate term used to address or refer to one’s girlfriend, boyfriend, spouse, etc.,” gained popularity in 2012, thanks to a viral tweet. The term originated in Black culture, most likely as a shortened form of babe or baby. It went on to achieve meme status before fading into the background at the start of the next decade.

catfish

Catfish isn’t just a type of fish. It’s also a verb that means “to deceive, swindle, etc., by assuming a false identity or personality online.” This slang meaning of catfish took over in 2010 with the release of Catfish by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman. The documentary told the story of a man who was romantically duped by a stranger online. Catfish is still used to describe this kind of trickery, but the word is less common than it used to be, perhaps because knowledge of this type of dishonesty is more widespread.

first world problem

Oh, your favorite slang went out of style? Sounds like a first world problem. (Just kidding.) In the 2010s, first world problem emerged as a facetious way of pointing out a “fairly minor problem, frustration, or complaint associated with a relatively high standard of living, as opposed to serious problems associated with poverty.” The phrase dates back to the late ’70s, but it wasn’t seen online until around 2005. It got its start as a hashtag on Twitter and later became one of the go-to phrases of the 2010s.

yeet

Yeet began as the name of a popular dance in Black internet culture. By the mid-2010s, its use in viral videos had solidified its place as “an exclamation of excitement, approval, surprise, or all-around energy.” In 2018, yeet was voted the American Dialect Society’s 2018 Slang/Informal Word of the Year. Perhaps it’s because life during a pandemic hasn’t given us many reasons to say it, but yeet hasn’t held the same level of popularity in the years since its peak.

stan

These days, it’s popular for fans of musicians or actors to assume a group name related to their favorite celebrity, like Taylor Swift’s “swifties.” But in the 2010s, these groups were usually called stans. A stan is “an overly enthusiastic fan, especially of a celebrity.” The term originated in the early 2000s as a blend of stalker and fan, influenced by the rapper Eminem’s 2000 song “Stan.” Luckily, the term is mostly used in a lighthearted way.

humblebrag

We don’t mean to humblebrag, but we just have so many classic 2010s words to share with you. A humblebrag is “a statement intended as a boast or brag but disguised by a humble apology, complaint, etc.” The term is credited to writer and TV producer Harris Wittels, who created the Twitter account @Humblebrag in 2010 to showcase real-life examples of the act. It’s likely that many people still humblebrag online, so maybe it’s time to bring back the term.

slaps

If you say “this slaps” when you hear an awesome new song, you probably picked up your slang during the 2010s. Slaps is a slang verb meaning “to be excellent or amazing.” Believe it or not, slaps has been used to mean “first-rate” since at least the mid-1800s. It may not be as popular at the moment, but we have a feeling it will come back around again.

on fleek

For a brief moment in time, anything impressive or stylish was said to be on fleek. Now? Well, on fleek isn’t quite as on fleek as it used to be. Fleek means “flawlessly styled, groomed, etc.; looking great.” It’s typically used to describe someone’s clothing or appearance. The word was coined in its current sense by internet user Kayla Newman in 2014, and quickly became one of the most popular slang terms of the 2010s. Like a lot of popular slang, it may have existed in Black culture before it became widespread.

lit

Looking for a word that means “amazing, awesome, or cool.” How about lit? This 2010s word joined the ranks of cool, rad, and other terms to describe things people find great. Though its slang usage was most popular in the 2010s, lit has existed since at least 1895 as a way of saying “intoxicated.” It may not be new and trending, but this word isn’t likely to go away any time soon.

milkshake duck

Before canceled became everyone’s go-to word for internet controversies, there was milkshake duck. This phrase describes “a person (or thing) who becomes popular on the internet for a positive reason, but as their popularity takes off and people dig into their past, they become an object of outrage.” Milkshake duck is taken from a 2016 tweet by Australian cartoonist Ben Ward. The phrase may be less common than it once was, but the phenomenon it describes is still a major part of life online.

slay

Are we finally ready to slay some more? Slay means “to do something spectacularly well, especially when it comes to fashion, artistic performance, or self-confidence.” Slay being used as a way of saying “looking fashionable” can be traced back to the 1800s, but its usage in the 2010s is more closely linked to Black, Latinx, and queer ball culture. Whether it’s great clothes, hair, dancing, or something else, slay is a way of saying someone is killing it.

fire

In the 2010s, fire was frequently used as an adjective. Saying something was fire meant it was “cool, excellent, exciting, etc.” Fire can also be shortened to fya or fiyah, the origins of which can be traced to Black English. The term may have burned out towards the end of the decade, but we’re still holding a torch for this one. See what we did there?

fam

There’s nothing we love more than reminiscing about words with the fam. That’s you, of course. Fam means “a close friend or group of friends thought of as family.” Though the word is a shortened form of family, it generally describes chosen friends rather than actual family members. It became popular on Twitter and other social media platforms in the mid-2010s.

thirst

A glass of water won’t cure this type of thirst. Those who were teens and young adults in the 2010s might remember thirst as a slang term meaning “to have a strong desire.” In other words, thirsting for someone means you find them attractive. This usage also spawned other phrases, such as thirst trap, which is a social media post shared to elicit sexual attention. Mostly, we’re just thirsty for this word to make a comeback.

TFW

TFW stands for that feeling when. It was the basis of a popular 2010s meme that people used to express their emotions in relatable or unrelatable situations. For example, “TFW you just got cozy in bed but you need to use the bathroom.” The exact origins of the meme and corresponding phrase aren’t known, but it’s been in use on the internet since before 2018.

yaass

Can we get a yaaas for this final word? This interjection is an alternative form of yes, and it indicates ”a strong expression of excitement, approval, agreement, etc.” Most often, it’s accompanied by queen or kween, as in yaaas kween, but it can also be used on its own. This phrase originates in drag culture, where it’s commonly said in response to someone’s excellent style.

Copyright 2025, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.