ขี่พายุทะลุซอย #dog #animals #สัตว์เลี้ยงแสนรัก #สัตว์โลกน่ารัก #thaitimes #อาราเล่หมาดื้อ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG9-8pqFqBY
บทสนทนาของหมูเด้งกับครอบครัว
(คลิกอ่านเพิ่มเติม เพื่ออ่านบทสนทนาภาษาอังกฤษและไทย และคำศัพท์น่ารู้)
แบบทดสอบการฟังภาษาอังกฤษ จากบทสนทนาของหมูเด้งกับครอบครัวแนะนำตัวเอง
มีคำถาม 5 ข้อหลังฟังเสร็จ เพื่อทดสอบการฟังภาษาอังกฤษของคุณ

#conversations #listeningtest #หมูเด้ง

The conversations from the clip :

Moo Deng: Hello everyone! My name is Moo Deng, and I’m the superstar of Khao Kheow Zoo! I was born on July 10, 2024. I have an older brother named Moo Toon; we share the same parents. I love sleeping and swimming in my pond. I have a playful personality and love nibbling on the zoo keeper's shoes!
Jona (Mom): Hello! My name is Jona, Moo Deng’s mom. I’m 25 years old, and I’m a very loving hippo mom who always keeps Moo Deng safe and happy. I enjoy spending time with him and teaching him how to play in the water. It’s amazing to watch him grow and have fun!
Tony (DaD): Hi there! My name is Tony, Moo Deng’s dad. I’m 24 years old, and I’m a strong hippo. I want to teach him about the world. I also enjoy relaxing by the pond and sunbathing. I hope to be playing with Moo Deng soon!
Moo Deng: My parents are awesome! They always support me and help me become a great hippo. I love them both very much. We have so much fun together at the zoo, and I look forward to showing everyone my playful side!
Jona: As a family, we promote awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation. We want people to understand that hippos are unique animals and that their natural habitats need protection.
Tony: We’re proud to be part of Khao Kheow Zoo, where we get to interact with visitors and share our story. It’s wonderful to see so many people come here to learn about us!
Moo Deng: So, come visit us at the zoo! I promise you’ll have a great time watching my playful antics and learning about hippos. Let’s have fun together at the zoo! Thank you for listening to our story!

หมูเด้ง:สวัสดีทุกคน! ฉันชื่อหมูเด้ง และฉันเป็นซูเปอร์สตาร์ของสวนสัตว์เขาเขียว! ฉันเกิดเมื่อวันที่ 10 กรกฏาคม 2024 ฉ้นมีพี่ชาย พ่อแม่เดียวกันชื่อหมูตุ๋น ฉันชอบนอนและว่ายน้ำในบ่อของฉัน ฉันมีบุคลิกที่ขี้เล่นและชอบกัดรองเท้าของผู้ดูแลสวนสัตว์!
โจวน่า (แม่):สวัสดีค่ะ! ฉันชื่อโจวน่า แม่ของหมูเด้ง ฉันอายุ 25 ปี ฉันเป็นฮิปโปที่รักลูกมาก และมักจะทำให้หมูเด้งปลอดภัยและมีความสุข ฉันชอบใช้เวลาร่วมกับเขาและสอนเขาเล่นในน้ำ มันยอดเยี่ยมมากที่ได้เห็นเขาเติบโตและสนุกสนาน!
โทนี่ (พ่อ):สวัสดีครับ! ฉันชื่อโทนี่ พ่อของหมูเด้ง ฉันอายุ 24 ปี ฉันเป็นฮิปโปที่แข็งแรง ฉันอยากสอนเขาเกี่ยวกับโลก ฉันยังชอบนั่งพักผ่อนริมบ่อน้ำและอาบแดด ฉันหวังว่าจะได้เล่นกับหมูเด้งในไม่ช้า!
หมูเด้ง:พ่อแม่ของฉันยอดเยี่ยมมาก! พวกเขาคอยสนับสนุนฉันและช่วยให้ฉันเป็นอิปโป
ที่ดี ฉันรักพวกเขาทั้งคู่มาก เรามีความสนุกสนานมากมายที่สวนสัตว์ และฉันรอคอยที่จะแสดงด้านขี้เล่นของฉันให้ทุกคนเห็น!
โจวน่า:ในฐานะครอบครัว เราส่งเสริมการตระหนักรู้เกี่ยวกับความสำคัญของการอนุรักษ์สัตว์ป่า เราต้องการให้ผู้คนเข้าใจว่าฮิปโปเป็นสิ่งมีชีวิตที่พิเศษและจำเป็นต้องปกป้องที่อยู่อาศัยตามธรรมชาติของพวกเขา
โทนี่:เราภูมิใจที่เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของสวนสัตว์เขาเขียว ที่เราสามารถมีปฏิสัมพันธ์กับผู้เข้าชมและแบ่งปันเรื่องราวของเรา มันดีมากที่ได้เห็นผู้คนมากมายมาที่นี่เพื่อเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับเรา!
หมูเด้ง:ดังนั้น มาที่สวนสัตว์และเยี่ยมชมเรานะ! ฉันสัญญาว่าคุณจะมีช่วงเวลาที่สนุกสนานในการดูความซุกซนของฉันและเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับฮิปโป มาสนุกด้วยกันที่สวนสัตว์! ขอบคุณที่ฟังเรื่องราวของเราค่ะ!

Vocabulary (คำศัพท์น่ารู้)

Superstar (ซู-เปอร์-สตาร์) n. แปลว่า ดารา/นักแสดงที่มีชื่อเสียงมาก
Zoo (ซู) n. แปลว่า สวนสัตว์
Older (โอ-เดอร์) adj. แปลว่า ที่มีอายุมากกว่า
Playful (เพล-ฟูล) adj. แปลว่า ขี้เล่น
Personality (เพอร์-ซะ-แนล-ละ-ที) n. แปลว่า บุคลิกภาพ
Nibble (นิบ-เบิล) v. แปลว่า กัดเล็กๆ น้อยๆ
Keeper (คี-เพอร์) n. แปลว่า ผู้ดูแล
Pond (พอนด์) n. แปลว่า บ่อน้ำ
Amazing (อะ-เม-ซิง) adj. แปลว่า น่าทึ่ง
Grow (โกรว) v. แปลว่า เติบโต
Awareness (อะ-แวร์-เนส) n. แปลว่า การตระหนักรู้
Conservation (คอน-เซอร์-เว-ชัน) n. แปลว่า การอนุรักษ์
Unique (ยู-นีค) adj. แปลว่า พิเศษ/ไม่เหมือนใคร
Habitat (แฮบ-บิ-แทท) n. แปลว่า ที่อยู่อาศัยของสัตว์
Antics (แอน-ทิคส์) n. แปลว่า พฤติกรรม/การกระทำที่สนุกสนาน

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0P-SRlgZeS0
บทสนทนาของหมูเด้งกับคนเลี้ยง
(คลิกอ่านเพิ่มเติม เพื่ออ่านบทสนทนาภาษาอังกฤษและไทย และคำศัพท์น่ารู้)
แบบทดสอบการฟังภาษาอังกฤษ จากบทสนทนาของหมูเด้งกับคนเลี้ยง
มีคำถาม 5 ข้อหลังฟังเสร็จ เพื่อทดสอบการฟังภาษาอังกฤษของคุณ

#conversations #listeningtest #หมูเด้ง

The conversations from the clip :

Moo Deng: Hey, why do I always feel sleepy after eating?
Zookeeper: Oh, Moo Deng! It’s normal to feel tired after eating. Your body is working hard to digest all that delicious food!
Moo Deng: I love eating, but sometimes I just want to take a nap right after!
Zookeeper: That’s okay! Pigs need a lot of rest, especially after enjoying a good meal.
Moo Deng: Do other animals get sleepy after they eat too?
Zookeeper: Yes, many animals do. Even lions take long naps after they feast. Sleeping helps them digest their food better.
Moo Deng: Wow, I didn’t know that! But I must admit... sometimes I get too excited and accidentally nibble on you when we play.
Zookeeper: Haha, I’ve noticed! You’re a playful little pig, but biting can hurt, Moo Deng.
Moo Deng: Oh no, I don’t mean to! I just get really happy when we play together.
Zookeeper: I understand, but you need to be gentle. Biting can be dangerous, even if you don’t mean it.
Moo Deng: I’ll try to remember! Maybe I can just bump into you instead of biting.
Zookeeper: That sounds like a great idea! We can still have fun without the biting!
Moo Deng: Thanks, Zookeeper! I love playing with you, especially after I eat!Zookeeper: I love playing with you too, Moo Deng. Just remember to be gentle, especially when you’re excited!
Moo Deng: Got it! Now, can I have a carrot? They always make me feel better!
Zookeeper: Sure! Enjoy your carrot, and then you can take a nice nap!

หมูเด้ง: สวัสดี ทำไมฉันถึงรู้สึกง่วงนอนทุกครั้งหลังจากกิน?
คนเลี้ยง: โอ้ หมูเด้ง! มันเป็นเรื่องปกติที่รู้สึกเหนื่อยหลังจากกิน ร่างกายของเธอกำลังทำงานอย่างหนักเพื่อย่อยอาหารอร่อย ๆ นั่นแหละ!
หมูเด้ง: ฉันชอบกินนะ แต่บางครั้งฉันก็อยากงีบหลับทันทีเลย!
คนเลี้ยง: ไม่เป็นไรหรอก! หมูต้องการการพักผ่อนเยอะ ๆ โดยเฉพาะหลังจากเพลิดเพลินกับอาหารดี ๆ
หมูเด้ง: แล้วสัตว์ตัวอื่น ๆ ก็รู้สึกง่วงหลังจากกินเหมือนกันไหม?
คนเลี้ยง: ใช่ สัตว์หลายตัวก็เป็นแบบนั้น แม้แต่สิงโตก็นอนหลับยาวหลังจากที่มันกินเข้าไป การนอนช่วยให้พวกมันย่อยอาหารได้ดีขึ้น
หมูเด้ง: ว้าว ฉันไม่รู้เลย! แต่ฉันต้องยอมรับนะ... บางครั้งฉันตื่นเต้นเกินไปแล้วเผลอกัดพี่ตอนเล่น
คนเลี้ยง: ฮ่า ๆ ฉันสังเกตเห็นแล้ว! เธอเป็นลูกหมูที่ขี้เล่น แต่การกัดมันเจ็บนะ หมูเด้ง
หมูเด้ง: อุ๊ย ฉันไม่ได้ตั้งใจ! ฉันแค่ดีใจมาก ๆ เวลาที่เราเล่นด้วยกัน
คนเลี้ยง: ฉันเข้าใจ แต่เธอต้องอ่อนโยนหน่อย การกัดอาจเป็นอันตรายได้นะ ถึงแม้ว่าเธอไม่ได้ตั้งใจก็ตาม
หมูเด้ง: ฉันจะพยายามจำไว้! บางทีฉันอาจจะแค่ชนพี่แทนการกัด
คนเลี้ยง: นั่นฟังดูเป็นความคิดที่ดีนะ เราจะยังเล่นสนุกกันได้ แต่ไม่มีการกัด!
หมูเด้ง: ขอบคุณนะ พี่คนเลี้ยง ฉันชอบเล่นกับพี่มาก ๆ หลังจากกินเสร็จ!
คนเลี้ยง: ฉันก็ชอบเล่นกับเธอเหมือนกัน หมูเด้ง แค่จำไว้ว่าต้องอ่อนโยนนะ โดยเฉพาะตอนที่เธอตื่นเต้น
หมูเด้ง: ฉันจะจำไว้! ตอนนี้ฉันขอแครอทได้ไหม? มันทำให้ฉันง่วงนอนทุกที!
คนเลี้ยง: ได้สิ! กินแครอทให้อร่อยนะ แล้วก็นอนพักให้สบาย อย่าลืมว่าไม่ต้องกัดอีกแล้วนะ!

Vocabulary (คำศัพท์น่ารู้)

Sleepy (adj.) แปลว่า ง่วงนอน (สลีพ-พี)
Digest (v.) แปลว่า ย่อยอาหาร (ได-เจสท์)
Meal (n.) แปลว่า มื้ออาหาร (มีล)
Rest (v.) แปลว่า พักผ่อน (เรสท์)
Excited (adj.) แปลว่า ตื่นเต้น (อิค-ไซ-ทิด)
Playful (adj.) แปลว่า ขี้เล่น (เพลย์-ฟูล)
Gentle (adj.) แปลว่า อ่อนโยน (เจน-เทิล)
Tease (v.) แปลว่า แกล้ง (ทีซ)
Hurt (v.) แปลว่า ทำให้เจ็บ (เฮิร์ท)
Nudge (v.) แปลว่า ดันเบาๆ, ชนเบาๆ (นัดจ์)
Healthy (adj.) แปลว่า สุขภาพดี (เฮล-ธี)
Crunchy (adj.) แปลว่า กรอบ (ครัน-ชี่)
Bite (v.) แปลว่า กัด (ไบท์)
Play (v.) แปลว่า เล่น (เพลย์)
Carrot (n.) แปลว่า แครอท (แคร-รอท)

อาราเล่นั่งรอแม่ค่ะ🐺วันนี้หนูจะไม่ดื้อ #หมาน่ารัก #คนรักสัตว์ #สุนัข #สัตว์เลี้ยงแสนรัก #สัตว์โลกน่ารัก #สัตว์เลี้ยง #animals #dog #เทรนด์วันนี้ #อาลาเร่หมาดื้อ #kaiaminute

Words To Use Instead Of “Congratulations”

Congratulations!
Joyful times go hand in hand with congratulations. When addressing graduates, newlyweds, or anyone with good news, a hearty “Congratulations!” or a swift “Congrats!” is in order. Congratulants, “people who congratulate,” have been using the pluralized expression congratulations, which stems from the Latin gratus meaning “pleasing,” since the 1600s.

The singular noun meaning “the act of congratulating” has been around since the late 1500s.

Props!
When congratulations are in order, the term props might come up. This slang shortening of proper arose in the 1990s and refers to respect and esteem.

In addition to giving and receiving props as recognition, you can do someone a prop to help them out. In the 1995 film Clueless, Cher notices that Josh is dancing with Tai, despite the fact that he never dances, to make her feel included. Cher explains: “He’s doing her a prop so she won’t feel left out.”

Way to go!
If you admire someone’s grit and hustle, you can use this sporty method of congratulations. This active phrase has been traced back to the 1940s, when it was used in sports to congratulate a person or team on a great performance. In the 1960s, it began to be used more generally to refer to any kind of achievement.

If “Way to go!” doesn’t do it for you, some peppy alternatives include “Great job,” “Nice going,” “You rock,” and “You rule!”

Nailed it!
This handy phrase really hits the nail on the head when you want to give someone their due. Nailed it has been traced back to at least the 1970s and metaphorically refers to the act of successfully hitting a nail with a hammer.

In slang, we use a variety of other congratulatory phrases that also refer to forceful impacts or metaphorical violence such as “Killed it,” “Crushed it,” “Destroyed it,” and “Slayed it!”

social media cheers

Like, follow, and subscribe! Social media platforms all have different ways of congratulating somebody and letting them now how awesome their content is. These include:

Twitter: the heart or a retweet
Facebook: the thumbs-up on Facebook
Instagram: the like
YouTube: like, share, subscribe to a channel; hitting the bell icon
TikTok: like and follow
Snapchat: take a screenshot for later
Reddit: upvote; give Reddit Gold/Platinum; or a badge
Tumblr: reblog
Twitch: subscribe to a channel and/or give a donation

GG (Good Game)
Shorthand for “good game” in the world of esports, GG is used to congratulate a victorious opponent.

Additionally, it’s used to politely concede a match or admit defeat, most commonly in the realm of professional StarCraft. It’s all about the humble loss. Not everybody is a good sport, though, and the phrase GG EZ (“easy,” as in an easy win) is often used in a mean-spirited way to put down a defeated opponent.

Three cheers!
Three cheers is generally followed by “for” and the name of the person or thing being celebrated.

A person being cheers-ed might also respond to a toast of three cheers with the word … cheers, which, especially in the UK, can mean “thanks.” That’s a lot of cheers.

The term cheer entered English in the late 12th or early 13th century, and ultimately comes from the Greek word kárā meaning “head.”

Hip, hip, hooray!
For some Victorian flair, opt for the ever-cheery hip, hip, hooray (or hurrah). This expression of uncertain origin surfaced in the early 1800s, though the exclamation hip had been used since the mid-1700s. Hip repeated three times was used as a noun in the 1800s to refer to a collective cheer.

But, let’s not forget about hooray, a variant of hurrah. This exclamation dates from the late 1600s and is very similar to shouts in German, Danish, Swedish, and even Russian. Someone’s last hurrah is their “final moment or occasion of glory or achievement.”

Kudos!
Though it sounds colloquial, kudos finds its roots in the hallowed halls of academic institutions. At the turn of the 1800s, academics transliterated the Greek kydos, meaning “praise or renown.” By the 1920s, kudos had spread beyond the walls of universities and into the columns of newspapers.

Don’t be fooled by the S at the end of kudos; the word is, in fact, a singular noun. However, enough English speakers have erroneously interpreted it as plural for so long that already by the 1930s, the back formation singular kudo arose. Grammar sticklers avoid using kudo as a singular and kudos as a plural, though both forms can be found in popular usage.

Hats off!
The phrase hats off, while often said to graduates wearing the illustrious cap and gown, has nothing to do with the tradition of tossing hats in the air in celebration. This phrase, dating back to the 1600s, harks back to the custom of uncovering the head as a sign of respect.

Etiquette expert Emily Post advised gentlemen on the many situations in which they must remove hats to maintain politeness. In 1922 she wrote: “A gentleman takes off his hat and holds it in his hand when a lady enters the elevator.” He also lifts his hat whenever he asks a question or says “Excuse me.” You know, maybe we could all stand a little formality these days …

a round of applause
The act of clapping one’s hands together to show acclaim is actually much older than you might think. Scholars are unsure of the exact origin, but we have evidence that even the ancient Romans would show their appreciation by clapping their hands. In fact, the word plaudits (which means an expression of approval) comes from the Latin verb plaudere, meaning to clap one’s hands. The verb applause is also based on this Latin verb.

Today, the highest form of applause is the standing ovation, where every member of the audience rises to their feet and applauds. Any performer who manages to please an audience enough to cause them to stretch their legs a bit certainly deserves a big hand.

congratulatory emoji
Sometimes, it is better to use pictures rather than words to congratulate someone. In texting and on social media, many different emoji are used to give somebody a pat on the back after a job well done. The Clapping Hands emoji 👏 is used to refer to a round of applause and the Trophy emoji 🏆 references the shiny knickknacks we give to people who have accomplished something.

The Party Popper emoji 🎉, Confetti Ball emoji 🎊, Partying Face emoji 🥳, and Bottle with Popping Cork emoji 🍾 are also commonly used to congratulate someone. These party animals refer to the act of throwing a party in celebration of an achievement and the stuff you are likely to find at such a shindig.

Mazel tov!
This expression of congratulations and best wishes comes from the Hebrew term literally meaning “good luck.” Though many reserve the English good luck for before a big event, you can cheer mazel tov to wish someone good fortune or to say congratulations.

Mazel tov appeared in the 1600s spelled as missal tob but was rendered in English as mazel tov by the 1900s. Whatever transliteration you prefer, the term has been lovingly said ever since.

Felicitations!
If you want to stand out from the crowd of people offering their congratulations, try roaring felicitations. This less common expression of congratulations ultimately comes from the Latin felix, “happy.” English speakers have been using the singular form of this term (meaning “an act of congratulation”) since the early 1700s.

So, if you want to be original (or sound old-fashioned) in wishing your congratulations, reach for a felicitous felicitations!

congratulatory adjectives
You don’t have to think too hard when it comes to saying congratulations. Sometimes, a single adjective will do. All you need to do is shout “Fantastic!”, “Stupendous!”, “Amazing!”, “Incredible!”, or “Spectacular!” This is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to celebratory adjectives, though. You can use our handy thesaurus to find many more impressive synonyms of these words that you can shout out when you want to signal how much someone has impressed you.

Keep going!
What’s more powerful than simply saying congratulations? Encouraging someone to keep pushing ahead and to accomplish more. You’re not only celebrating the accomplishment at hand, but also showing enthusiasm for their future. Keep going!

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldOkG3kf2b4
บทสนทนาของหมูเด้งกับแม่
(คลิกอ่านเพิ่มเติม เพื่ออ่านบทสนทนาภาษาอังกฤษและไทย และคำศัพท์น่ารู้)
แบบทดสอบการฟังภาษาอังกฤษ จากบทสนทนาของหมูเด้งกับแม่
มีคำถาม 5 ข้อหลังฟังเสร็จ เพื่อทดสอบการฟังภาษาอังกฤษของคุณ

#moodeng #babyhippo #listeningstory

The conversations from the clip :

Moo Deng : Mommy, why do we live in this big place with so many people looking at us?
Moo Deng Mom : This is our home in the zoo, sweetie. The people come to see and learn about animals like us.
Moo Deng : Do you think they like watching us?
Moo Deng Mom : Yes, they do! They love seeing you play in the water and walk around.
Moo Deng : I like playing in the water! Can I splash around for them today?
Moo Deng Mom : Of course! The visitors always enjoy when you splash. Just be careful not to get too tired.
Moo Deng : Look, Mommy! I’m making big splashes! Are they watching me?
Moo Deng Mom : Yes, they’re all smiling and taking pictures. You’re doing a great job!
Moo Deng : I wish I could go out and play with them! Do you think they want to play with me?
Moo Deng Mom : I’m sure they do, but we have to stay in our enclosure for our safety.
Moo Deng : Oh, I guess it’s safer here. But it looks like so much fun out there!
Moo Deng Mom : You can have just as much fun in our pool and play area. Plus, we get to swim all day!
Moo Deng : That’s true! Swimming is my favorite thing to do.
Moo Deng Mom : And you’re getting really good at it. One day, you’ll be as strong a swimmer as I am.
Moo Deng : I can’t wait, Mommy! I love living here with you!

หมูเด้ง : แม่ครับ ทำไมเราถึงอาศัยอยู่ในที่ใหญ่ ๆ ที่มีคนมากมายมองมาที่เรา?
แม่หมูเด้ง : นี่คือบ้านของเราในสวนสัตว์จ๊ะ ลูก คนเหล่านั้นมาที่นี่เพื่อดูและเรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับสัตว์อย่างเรา
หมูเด้ง : คุณคิดว่าพวกเขาชอบดูเราหรือเปล่า?
แม่หมูเด้ง : ใช่ พวกเขาชอบ! พวกเขารักที่จะเห็นลูกเล่นน้ำและเดินไปมา
หมูเด้ง : ผมชอบเล่นน้ำ! วันนี้ผมสามารถกระโดดน้ำให้พวกเขาดูได้ไหมครับ?
แม่หมูเด้ง : แน่นอน! ผู้เยี่ยมชมมักจะสนุกเมื่อเห็นลูกกระโดดน้ำ แค่ระวังอย่าให้เหนื่อยเกินไปนะ
หมูเด้ง : ดูสิ แม่! ผมทำให้เกิดคลื่นใหญ่ได้! พวกเขากำลังดูผมอยู่ไหม?
แม่หมูเด้ง : ใช่ พวกเขาทั้งหมดกำลังยิ้มและถ่ายรูปอยู่ คุณทำได้ดีมาก!
หมูเด้ง : ผมอยากออกไปเล่นกับพวกเขาจัง! คุณคิดว่าพวกเขาอยากเล่นกับผมไหม?
แม่หมูเด้ง : ฉันมั่นใจว่าพวกเขาอยากเล่น แต่เราต้องอยู่ในกรงเพื่อความปลอดภัยของเรา
หมูเด้ง : โอ้ ผมคิดว่ามันปลอดภัยกว่าอยู่ที่นี่ แต่ดูเหมือนมันสนุกมากข้างนอก!
แม่หมูเด้ง : ลูกสามารถสนุกได้ไม่น้อยในสระและพื้นที่เล่นของเรา และเรายังสามารถว่ายน้ำตลอดทั้งวัน!
หมูเด้ง : จริงด้วย! ว่ายน้ำเป็นสิ่งที่ผมชอบที่สุด
แม่หมูเด้ง : และลูกก็ทำได้ดีมากขึ้นเรื่อย ๆ วันหนึ่งลูกจะเป็นนักว่ายน้ำที่แข็งแรงเหมือนแม่
หมูเด้ง : ผมรอไม่ไหวแล้ว แม่! ผมรักการใช้ชีวิตที่นี่กับแม่!

Vocabulary (คำศัพท์น่ารู้)

Home (โฮม) n. แปลว่า บ้าน
Zoo (ซู) n. แปลว่า สวนสัตว์
People (พี-เปิล) n. แปลว่า ผู้คน
Animals (แอน-นิ-มัลส์) n. แปลว่า สัตว์
Splash (สแพลช) v. แปลว่า สาดน้ำ, กระเด็นน้ำ
Visitors (วิซ-อิ-เทอร์ส) n. แปลว่า ผู้มาเยี่ยมชม
Enclosure (อิน-โคล-เจอร์) n. แปลว่า เขตที่อยู่อาศัย (ในสวนสัตว์)
Safety (เซฟ-ที) n. แปลว่า ความปลอดภัย
Fun (ฟัน) n. แปลว่า ความสนุกสนาน
Pool (พูล) n. แปลว่า สระน้ำ
Play area (เพลย์ เรียร์) n. แปลว่า พื้นที่เล่น
Swimming (สวิ-มมิง) n. แปลว่า การว่ายน้ำ
Strong (สทรอง) adj. แปลว่า แข็งแรง
Tired (ไท-เอิร์ด) adj. แปลว่า เหนื่อย
Favorite (เฟฟ-อริท) n. แปลว่า สิ่งที่ชื่นชอบ

Understand The Difference Between Ethos, Pathos, And Logos To Make Your Point

During an argument, people will often say whatever is necessary to win. If that is the case, they would certainly need to understand the three modes of persuasion, also commonly known as the three rhetorical appeals: ethos, pathos, and logos. In short, these three words refer to three main methods that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. As you’re about to find out, the modes of persuasion are important because a speaker who knows how to effectively use them will have a significant advantage over someone who doesn’t.

The terms ethos, pathos, and logos and the theory of their use can be traced back to ancient Greece to the philosophy of Aristotle. Aristotle used these three concepts in his explanations of rhetoric, or the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience. For Aristotle, the three modes of persuasion specifically referred to the three major parts of an argument: the speaker (ethos), the argument itself (logos), and the audience (pathos). In particular, Aristotle focused on the speaker’s character, the logic and reason presented by an argument, and the emotional impact the argument had on an audience.

While they have ancient roots, these modes of persuasion are alive and well today. Put simply, ethos refers to persuasion based on the credibility or authority of the speaker, pathos refers to persuasion based on emotion, and logos refers to persuasion based on logic or reason.

By effectively using the three modes of persuasion with a large supply of rhetorical devices, a speaker or writer can become a master of rhetoric and win nearly any argument or win over any audience. Before they can do that, though, they must know exactly what ethos, pathos, and logos mean. Fortunately, we are going to look closely at each of these three ideas and see if they are really as effective as they are said to be.

Quick summary

Ethos, pathos, and logos are the three classical modes of persuasion that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. Specifically:

ethos (character): known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” This is the method in which a person relies on their credibility or character when making an appeal or an argument.

pathos (emotions): known as “the appeal to emotion.” Pathos refers to the method of trying to persuade an audience by eliciting some kind of emotional reaction.

logos (logic): known as “the appeal to reason.” This method involves using facts and logical reasoning to support an argument and persuade an audience.


What is ethos?

The word ethos comes straight from Greek. In Greek, ethos literally translates to “habit,” “custom,” or “character.” Ethos is related to the words ethic and ethical, which are typically used to refer to behavior that is or isn’t acceptable for a particular person.

In rhetoric, the word ethos is used to refer to the character or reputation of the speaker. As a rhetorical appeal, ethos is known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” When it comes to ethos, one important consideration is how the speaker carries themself and how they present themselves to the audience: Does it seem like they know what they are talking about? Do they even believe the words they are saying? Are they an expert? Do they have some experience or skills that tell us we should listen to them?

Ethos is important in rhetoric because it often influences the opinion or mood of the audience. If a speaker seems unenthusiastic, unprepared, or inexperienced, the audience is more likely to discount the speaker’s argument regardless of what it even is. On the other hand, a knowledgeable, authoritative, confident speaker is much more likely to win an audience over.

Ethos often depends on more than just the argument itself. For example, a speaker’s word choice, grammar, and diction also contribute to ethos; an audience may react more favorably toward a professional speaker who has a good grasp of industry jargon and enunciates clearly versus a speaker who lacks the necessary vocabulary and fails to enunciate. Ethos can also be influenced by nonverbal factors as well, such as posture, body language, eye contact, and even the speaker’s choice of clothing. For example, a military officer proudly wearing their uniform bedecked with medals will go a long way to establishing ethos without them saying a single word.

Here as a simple example of ethos:

“As a former mayor of this city, I believe we can solve this crisis if we band together.”
The speaker uses ethos by alerting the audience of their credentials and experience. By doing so, they rely on their reputation to be more persuasive. This “as a…” method of establishing ethos is common, and you have probably seen it used in many persuasive advertisements and speeches.


What is pathos?

In Greek, pathos literally translates to “suffering, experience, or sensation.” The word pathos is related to the words pathetic, sympathy, and empathy, which all have to do with emotions or emotional connections. Aristotle used the word pathos to refer to the emotional impact that an argument had on an audience; this usage is still mainly how pathos is used in rhetoric today.

As a rhetorical appeal, pathos is referred to as “the appeal to emotion.” Generally speaking, an author or speaker is using pathos when they are trying to persuade an audience by causing some kind of emotional reaction. When it comes to pathos, any and all emotions are on the table: sadness, fear, hope, joy, anger, lust, pity, etc.

As you probably know from your own life, emotions are a powerful motivating factor. For this reason, relying on pathos is often a smart and effective strategy for persuading an audience. Both positive and negative emotions can heavily influence an audience: for example, an audience will want to support a speaker whose position will make them happy, a speaker who wants to end their sadness, or a speaker who is opposed to something that makes them angry.

Here is a simple example of pathos:

“Every day, the rainforests shrink and innocent animals are killed. We must do something about this calamitous trend before the planet we call our home is damaged beyond repair.”
Here, the author is trying to win over an audience by making them feel sad, concerned, or afraid. The author’s choice of words like “innocent” and “calamitous” enforce the fact that they are trying to rely on pathos.


What is logos?

In Greek, the word logos literally translates to “word, reason, or discourse.” The word logos is related to many different words that have to do with reason, discourse, or knowledge, such as logic, logical, and any words that end in the suffixes -logy or -logue.

As a mode of persuasion and rhetorical appeal, logos is often referred to as “the appeal to reason.” If a speaker or author is relying on logos, they are typically reciting facts or providing data and statistics that support their argument. In a manner of speaking, logos does away with all of the bells and whistles of ethos and pathos and cuts to the chase by trying to present a rational argument.

Logos can be effective in arguments because, in theory, it is impossible to argue against truth and facts. An audience is more likely to agree with a speaker who can provide strong, factual evidence that shows their position is correct. On the flip side, an audience is less likely to support an argument that is flawed or entirely wrong. Going further, a speaker that presents a lot of supporting evidence and data to the audience is likely to come across as knowledgeable and someone to be listened to, which earns bonus points in ethos as well.

While Aristotle clearly valued an argument based on reason very highly, we know that logos alone doesn’t always effectively persuade an audience. In your own life, you have likely seen a rational, correct speaker lose an argument to a charismatic, authoritative speaker who may not have the facts right.

Here is a simple example of logos:

“According to market research, sales of computer chips have increased by 300% in the last five years. Analysis of the industry tells us that the market share of computer chips is dominated by Asian manufacturers. It is clear that the Asian technology sector will continue to experience rapid growth for the foreseeable future.”
In this paragraph, the author is using data, statistics, and logical reasoning to make their argument. They clearly hope to use logos to try to convince an audience to agree with them.

Examples of ethos, pathos, and logos
Ethos, pathos, and logos can all be employed to deliver compelling and persuasive arguments or to win over an audience. Let’s look at a variety of examples to see how different speakers and authors have turned to these modes of persuasion over the years.


ethos

“Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral.
He was my friend, faithful and just to me […] You all did see that on the Lupercal
I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?”
—Marc Antony, Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare

In this scene, Marc Antony is trying to win over the Roman people, so Shakespeare has Antony rely on ethos. Antony is establishing himself as both a person of authority in Rome (having the power to offer Caesar a crown) and an expert on Caesar’s true character (Antony was Caesar’s close friend and advisor).

“During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world’s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance.”
—Steve Jobs, 2005

Here, Steve Jobs is providing his background–via humblebrag– of being a major figure in several different highly successful tech companies. Jobs is using ethos to provide substance to his words and make it clear to the audience that he knows what he is talking about and they should listen to him.


pathos

“Moreover, though you hate both him and his gifts with all your heart, yet pity the rest of the Achaeans who are being harassed in all their host; they will honour you as a god, and you will earn great glory at their hands. You might even kill Hector; he will come within your reach, for he is infatuated, and declares that not a Danaan whom the ships have brought can hold his own against him.”
—Ulysses to Achilles, The Iliad by Homer

In this plea, Ulysses is doing his best to pile on the pathos. In one paragraph, Ulysses is attempting to appeal to several of Achilles’s emotions: his hatred of Hector, his infamous stubborn pride, his sympathy for civilians, and his desire for vengeance.

“I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest—quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality.”
—Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 1963

In this excerpt from his “I Have A Dream” speech, King is using pathos to accomplish two goals at once. First, he is connecting with his audience by making it clear is aware of their plight and suffering. Second, he is citing these examples to cause sadness or outrage in the audience. Both of these effects will make an audience interested in what he has to say and more likely to support his position.


logos

“Let it be remembered how powerful the influence of a single introduced tree or mammal has been shown to be. But in the case of an island, or of a country partly surrounded by barriers, into which new and better adapted forms could not freely enter, we should then have places in the economy of nature which would assuredly be better filled up if some of the original inhabitants were in some manner modified; for, had the area been open to immigration, these same places would have been seized on by intruders. In such case, every slight modification, which in the course of ages chanced to arise, and which in any way favoured the individuals of any of the species, by better adapting them to their altered conditions, would tend to be preserved; and natural selection would have free scope for the work of improvement.”
—Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species, 1859

In this passage, Darwin is using logos by presenting a rational argument in support of natural selection. Darwin connects natural selection to established scientific knowledge to argue that it makes logical sense that animals would adapt to better survive in their environment.

“I often echo the point made by the climate scientist James Hansen: The accumulation of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases—some of which will envelop the planet for hundreds and possibly thousands of years—is now trapping as much extra energy daily as 500,000 Hiroshima-class atomic bombs would release every 24 hours. This is the crisis we face.”
—Al Gore, “The Climate Crisis Is the Battle of Our Time, and We Can Win,” 2019

In this call to action, Al Gore uses logos to attempt to convince his audience of the significance of climate change. In order to do this, Gore both cites an expert in the field and provides a scientifically accurate simile to explain the scale of the effect that greenhouse gases have on Earth’s atmosphere.


What are mythos and kairos?

Some modern scholars may also use terms mythos and kairos when discussing modes of persuasion or rhetoric in general.

Aristotle used the term mythos to refer to the plot or story structure of Greek tragedies, i.e., how a playwright ordered the events of the story to affect the audience. Today, mythos is most often discussed as a literary or poetic term rather than a rhetorical one. However, mythos may rarely be referred to as the “appeal to culture” or the “appeal to myth” if it is treated as an additional mode of persuasion. According to this viewpoint, a speaker/writer is using mythos if they try to persuade an audience using shared cultural customs or societal values.

A commonly cited example of mythos is King’s “I Have a Dream” speech quoted earlier. King says:

“When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men—yes, black men as well as white men—would be guaranteed the ‘unalienable rights’ of ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.’ ”

Throughout the speech, King repeatedly uses American symbols and American history (mythos) to argue that all Americans should be outraged that Black Americans have been denied freedom and civil rights.

Some modern scholars may also consider kairos as an additional mode of persuasion. Kairos is usually defined as referring to the specific time and place that a speaker chooses to deliver their speech. For written rhetoric, the “place” instead refers to the specific medium or publication in which a piece of writing appears.

Unlike the other modes of persuasion, kairos relates to the context of a speech and how the appropriateness (or not) of a setting affects how effective a speaker is. Once again, King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is a great example of the use of kairos. This speech was delivered at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Clearly, King intended to use kairos to enhance the importance and timeliness of this landmark speech.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Happy Lunar New Year – Learn All About This Celebration!

For millions of Asian Americans and Asian peoples around the world, the Lunar New Year is a time to gather with family, start the year off right, and eat a lot of delicious food. Like, a lot. One of the biggest holidays in East Asia, the Lunar New Year will fall on February 1, 2022 in 2022. Because it’s based on the Chinese lunisolar calendar, it’s also often called Chinese New Year.

While you may be familiar with Lunar New Year parades on TV, did you know the holiday encompasses a wide variety of unique traditions—from gifts exchanged to lucky fruit? Here’s a quick look at some of the things that happen behind the scenes.

How do people prepare for Lunar New Year?
There’s a lot to do leading up to the holiday. The general spirit of this preparation is to clean away the residue of the old year and start fresh, personally and financially. You can do this by giving your entire home a good deep cleaning and settling your debts and grudges. Clear away all the lingering bad luck of the old year, making room for the good luck of the new year.

It’s also important to visit your family’s gravesites before the new year. It’s bad luck to visit a cemetery during the New Year’s celebration because it’s ill-advised to mix interactions with death and celebrations of life. It’s a chance to touch base with your ancestors and remember them fondly. Some believe that ancestral spirits help bring good fortune in the new year.

What do people eat during Lunar New Year?
During the Lunar New Year, families get together to eat lucky foods, exchange gifts, and bond with one another. These gatherings are the highlight of the season. Many people travel far and wide to visit all of their family in the new year. So you live in San Francisco, but your family’s in New York? Have fun on your road trip!

Of course, as soon as you get through the door all your relatives will ask, “你食飯未呀” (“Have you eaten yet?”). What would family gatherings be without loads of food? But it’s considered bad luck to touch knives during the New Year’s season, so a lot of families take time to prep and store food ahead of time.

Some traditional foods have symbolic meanings:

fish

Fish is the centerpiece of many New Year’s feasts. In some Chinese dialects, the word for fish (鱼 or yú) is a homophone with the word for surplus (余, also yú). Thanks to this, eating seafood is believed to symbolize a bountiful new year.

dumplings

Dumplings symbolize wealth because they look like little Chinese-style gold ingots (or like little purses). Some believe eating a lot of them will lead to wealth in the new year (which sounds like a great excuse to eat more dumplings).

long noodles

Long noodles symbolize longevity and happiness. They can be served fried, boiled, or as part of a soup. Cutting or breaking the noodles is seen to symbolize cutting your lifespan short. So if you have a habit of breaking your pasta before cooking it, you might want to rethink that.

10-course banquets

Some restaurants will host 10-course banquets for the occasion. The pricing for these banquets will usually end in the number eight, which is considered lucky in Chinese numerology. In both Mandarin and Cantonese, the word for eight (八, pronounced bā or bat) sounds similar to the word for prosperity (發 pronounced fā or fat). You might actually recognize 發 from a common Chinese New Year greeting: “恭禧發財”. (You can say gong she fa tsai in Mandarin or gong hey fat choi in Cantonese.) So if you see a feast for $888, you know that’s extra lucky.

Lunar New Year celebrations and traditions

Lunar New Year is a time to wish each other luck and prosperity in the year to come—while warding off any potential bad spirits.

red envelopes

When families gather, they’ll also exchange red envelopes. These are known as lai see (Cantonese) or hóng bāo (Mandarin). They’re gifts from adults (elders and married people) to children and unmarried young adults. They usually contain a few coins or small bills of “lucky money.” This symbolizes a wish for prosperity and plenty in the new year. At the end of the New Year’s celebration period, you’re supposed to spend the lucky money on something sweet (for a sweet new year).

lucky words

Many families also decorate their homes with bright red lanterns and signs for the holiday. These typically have lucky words written on them in gold lettering. One word used is fú (福), which means good fortune. You might see this character hung upside down on or near someone’s front door. This is because in some dialects, the word for upside down, dào (倒) is a homonym with the word for to arrive (到, also pronounced dào). Hanging the sign upside down symbolizes arrival of good fortune. Yay for wordplay.

firecrackers

One Chinese legend says that there was once a monster, called the nián, that terrorized a certain village every Lunar New Year. Then one day, the villagers learned that the nián was afraid of a bright shade of red, as well as loud noises. The villagers all wore red and set off firecrackers and fireworks. The nián was terrified and fled the village for good. Mulan would be proud. Today, you’ll still see plenty of red and hear plenty of fireworks. It’s all still meant to scare away evil spirits (the nián included).

tangerines

You might also see arrangements of tangerines or other citrus fruits. These are also meant to symbolize prosperity thanks to their golden color. Tangerines that still have leaves and stems symbolize fertility. It’s traditional to give tangerines as gifts when you visit someone’s home during the New Year’s celebration.

Lunar New Year is an important time for many people in Asia, as well as for Asian communities worldwide. You probably know at least one person who celebrates it, and the traditions they observe won’t be the exact same as people of other families, regions, ethnicities, or religions.

What are zodiac animals?

The Chinese New Year specifically marks the end and beginning of a year of the Chinese zodiac. The Chinese zodiac consists of a cycle of 12 years, all named for animals. These animals are, in order: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and boar.

Just like the Western zodiac, the Chinese zodiac says that a person’s personality and horoscope can be determined by their personal zodiac sign—in this case, the one of their birth year. According to the Chinese zodiac, 2022 is the Year of the Tiger. To celebrate the occasion, Chinese New Year festivals, parties, and parades will be held around the world, and most will be adorned with tigers in the form of decorations, art, and toys. The occasion also motivated some organizations to raise awareness of tiger conservation as tigers are a critically endangered species. In 2002, you can also celebrate and share your support for tigers with the Tiger Face emoji 🐯 and Tiger emoji 🐅.


⚡️Chinese zodiac chart
Starting in year 2020, here is a chart of the next 12-year cycle of the Chinese zodiac:

Year Animal Emoji representation
2020 rat 🐀
2021 ox 🐂,
2022 tiger 🐅, 🐯
2023 rabbit 🐇, 🐰
2024 dragon 🐉, 🐲
2025 snake 🐍
2026 horse 🐎, 🐴
2027 goat 🐐
2028 monkey 🐒, 🐵
2029 rooster 🐓, 🐔
2030 dog 🐕, 🐶
2031 pig 🐖, 🐷

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Turtle” vs. “Tortoise”: What’s The Difference?

Those who attended the University of Maryland or are familiar with this institution know to “fear the turtle.” Thanks to their trusty mascot, Testudo, this slogan is a favorite of students and fans. But is Testudo the terrapin actually a turtle or a tortoise? And is there even a difference between them? Let’s take a closer look.


What is a turtle?

Turtles and tortoises are both reptiles that belong to the order Testudines. This order is comprised of aquatic and terrestrial species that have their trunk enclosed in a shell. To be specific, that shell consists of a dorsal carapace—or shell covering—and a ventral plastron (the bottom part of the shell). The architecture of this shell that houses the skeleton is unique to turtles. Turtles cannot leave their shell or shed it for a new one.

The word turtle dates back to around 1625–35. It originated from an alteration of the French tortue, which is itself derived from the Latin word for this animal, tortūca.

To use the word correctly, you might say:

- Her family refers to her as “The Turtle” because she is quick to retreat into her “shell” instead of getting to know people.
- Out of all of the animals he grew up with, Gabe’s favorite pet was his beloved turtle, Shelly, whose shell patterns inspired his artwork.
- Since turtle, or the order Testudines, refers to reptiles who have their bodies protected or encased within a shell, it’s no surprise that there are many species of turtles: 356 of them to be exact. Some of these types of turtles include sea turtle, box turtle, green turtle, and snapping turtle.

However, an aquatic turtle can be distinguished from a terrestrial one, known as a tortoise.


What is a tortoise?

A tortoise is a noun that refers to a terrestrial turtle or a slow-moving person. This type of turtle belongs to the family Testudinidae and typically spends its time on land.

Tortoise was first recorded in English around 1350–1400. It originated as a variant of the earlier words tortuse, tortose, and tortuce. The word tortoise may be related to the Latin for “twisted” (tortus). The Latin word testudo comes from testa (“shell”).

You might use the word like so:

- After Tamara broke her leg, she felt like a tortoise: only able to inch along on her crutches at an excruciatingly slow pace.
- While his family was visiting the desert, Lucas came across a tortoise eating a piece of cactus.
She opted for tortoiseshell glasses in honor of her favorite reptile: the tortoise.


How to tell the difference between a turtle and tortoise

Although tortoises are a type of turtle and belong to the order Testudines, they have distinct differences from aquatic turtles who spend their time in the water. Firstly, terrestrial turtles or tortoises are land-dwellers that eat vegetation and typically live in hot, dry areas. There are also physical differences, according to the San Diego Zoo, and these make it much easier to tell them apart.

In order to accommodate their time in the water, turtles have webbed feet. Some turtles have flippers and spend their entire lives swimming while others hang out on the shore, rocks, or beaches on occasion and burrow in the mud when they get cold.

Instead of webbed feet, tortoises have round feet that look like stumps and help them walk on land. They live in dry and hot habitats, and some even eat cactus. To avoid the sun, some dig burrows and head underground. Most tortoises have shells that are higher with more of a domed shape.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

What Are The Different Names For Our Moon?

Over the moons

The English word moon is very old and dates back to before the year 900. It originally comes from the Old English word mona and is related to the Latin mēnsis, meaning “month.” As you’ll soon see, this isn’t the only link between the moon and calendar months. In fact, different cultures had different nicknames for the moon to go with each month of the year, according to The Old Farmer’s Almanac. These nicknames were used to refer to the moon during an entire lunar phase cycle starting at either a full or new moon. For example, January’s moon might generally be called the Wolf Moon or the Full Wolf Moon, when specifically referring to the January full moon. When looking at lunar calendars, you will often find these common folk names still used to refer to the full moons throughout the year.

full moon

Before we get to that, though, let’s look at some terms that people have used to refer to the moon through the years.

- full moon: The full moon is the phase of the moon in which the entire moon is visible thanks to sunlight. During this time, the moon looks like a bright, full circle in the night sky.

- supermoon: A supermoon is a full moon that occurs when the moon is at or near its closest distance to Earth. Astronomers scientifically refer to this event as a perigean full moon.

- micromoon: The term micromoon (or minimoon) is informally used as the opposite of a supermoon. Micromoon refers to a full moon that occurs when the moon is at its furthest point from Earth. In 2022, none of the full moons will be micromoons.

- blood moon: The term blood moon is used to refer to the moon during a total lunar eclipse. During this time, the moon appears blood red or reddish-brown because the only light that hits the moon is reflected light from the Earth’s atmosphere.

- blue moon: The term blue moon is informally used to refer to a second full moon that occurs during a single calendar month. This event is very rare—sadly, it won’t occur in 2022—and so the phrase once in a blue moon is used to refer to events that rarely happen.

- harvest moon: The harvest moon is the full moon that occurs closest to the autumnal equinox. The autumnal equinox occurs around September 22 or 23, so the harvest moon will fall in either September or October.

The moon has always fascinated us and has inspired a lot of different words and phrases that we use to refer to a wide variety of things. Now that we’ve covered this terminology, follow along for a list of unique names for each month’s full moon, starting with January’s Wolf Moon (or Frost Exploding Moon).


January | Wolf Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: January 17

The Old Farmer’s Almanac, a reference full of weather predictions and advice, has been published continuously since 1792 and has captured the old names used to refer to the different full moons throughout the year. According to the almanac, January’s Wolf Moon was named for the howling of wolves that was often heard during the month. People once thought wolves howled because they were hungry and on the hunt for prey–such as foolish moon gazers. Now, we know that wolves howl as a general form of communication, which means those howling wolves could have been talking about anything.

Other traditional names for January’s moon are related to the harsh, cold winter weather one experiences in the Northern Hemisphere during January. These include names such as the Cold Moon, Frost Exploding Moon, Hard Moon, and Severe Moon.


February | Snow Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: February 16

Which leads us to February’s Snow Moon. This name was inspired by the snowfalls of February, which is statistically the snowiest month of the year on average in the United States.

Besides the weather, other traditional names for the February Moon were inspired by animals or the difficulty of finding food during the winter. Some other traditional names include Bear Moon, Eagle Moon, Hungry Moon, and Raccoon Moon.


March | Worm Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: March 18

Worms? Yay! Yay? Worm Moon, the traditional name for the March moon was inspired by the emergence of earthworms and bugs from the soil and trees during the beginning of spring.

Other traditional names for the March moon were typically inspired by the changing of the season or nature in general. Some of these names include the Crow Comes Back Moon, Sugar Moon, Strong Winds Moon, and Sore Eyes Moon.


April | Pink Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: April 16

Sadly, the moon doesn’t turn pink in April. No, this traditional name was inspired by the plant Phlox subulata, also known as moss pink, which is native to the central and eastern United States. The plant’s pink flowers usually bloom during April, which explains the nickname.

Like the names of the March moon, the traditional names of April’s moon were often inspired by the transition from winter to spring. Some other traditional names of the April moon include the Breaking Ice Moon, Budding Moon of Plants and Shrubs, and Moon When the Ducks Come Back.


May | Flower Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: May 16

April showers bring May flowers and a flowery moon to go along with them! This traditional name for May’s moon was inspired by the many flowers that bud during the month. Even today, the month of May is still associated with flowers.

Other traditional names for the May moon often reference flowers or the warm weather that allows them to grow. These names include Budding Moon, Leaf Budding Moon, Planting Moon, and Egg Laying Moon.

In 2022, the first of two lunar eclipses will occur in May. Depending on where you live, it may be possible to see a blood moon when the lunar eclipse is visible during the night of May 15/May 16.


June | Strawberry Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: June 14

The tasty traditional name of June’s moon recognizes the fact that June was the time to harvest strawberries for many of the Indigenous Peoples of North America. This is still true even today as strawberries typically ripen during the transition from spring to summer, so June is the peak time to harvest strawberries in North America.

Some traditional names for the June moon were based on the natural events associated with the spring-summer transition, such as Blooming Moon, Birth Moon, and Hatching Moon. Other traditional names were inspired by things people would eat and drink during the June marriage season, such as Mead Moon and Honey Moon.

According to most metrics, June’s full moon will be the first of two supermoons that occur in 2022.


July | Buck Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: July 13

The traditional name of Buck Moon for the July moon was inspired by the word buck (“male deer”), because it had been observed that bucks’ antlers grow largest during this month. Modern research of the deer antler growth cycle supports this observation.

Other traditional names of July’s moon were inspired by animals and plants commonly found in North America during the summer. These names include Salmon Moon, Berry Moon, and Raspberry Moon.

According to most metrics, July’s full moon will be the second and last supermoon of 2022.


August | Sturgeon Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: August 12

The fishy name of August’s moon is named after the sturgeon, a general name for different types of large fish that can be found in North American lakes and rivers. August’s moon was named after sturgeon because these fish were most easily caught in August following their typical mating season. Today, many types of sturgeon are considered endangered, and sturgeon fishing is often prohibited or strictly regulated.

Other traditional names for the August moon, such as Corn Moon, Ricing Moon, and Black Cherries Moon, are based on the harvesting of summer crops.


September | Harvest Moon or Corn Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: September 10

The traditional name of Harvest Moon is given to either the September or October moon, depending on which full moon occurs closer to the autumnal equinox. Because the September full moon is usually the closer one, it is more often referred to as the Harvest Moon. If it isn’t, then the name Corn Moon is used to refer to September’s moon. Either way, Harvest Moon and Corn Moon both refer to the fact that the late summer/early fall was the time when North American peoples would harvest important crops, like corn, that would get them through the winter.

Other traditional names for the September moon such as Autumn Moon, Moon of Brown Leaves, and Falling Leaves Moon, reference the fact that September is the time when summer gives way to fall.

In 2022, the September full moon is this year’s Harvest Moon, as it is the closest full moon to the autumnal equinox, which will occur on September 22.


October | Hunter’s Moon or Harvest Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: October 9

Traditionally, the full moon that follows the Harvest Moon is called the Hunter’s Moon. Because the harvest moon usually happens in September, the October moon is typically called the Hunter’s Moon. The name of this moon is thought to come from the practice of North American peoples engaging in hunting after the fields had been harvested and before the winter came. You can never be too prepared for winter, so hunters would gather meat before the winter weather would force animals (and the hunters) to seek shelter.

Other traditional names for the October moon include Migrating Moon, Freezing Moon, and Ice Moon. These names reference the fact that October soon leads to winter and temperatures start to drop.


November | Beaver Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: November 8

The traditional name of the November moon comes from the beaver, a large rodent famous for building natural dams. November’s moon was named after this busy animal because November was a good time for North America peoples to hunt and trap beavers as they normally retreat to their lodges during this time.

Other traditional names for the November moon, such as Digging Moon, Deer Rutting Moon, and Whitefish Moon, were inspired by other animals who are busy during November as they prepare for winter. The traditional names Frost Moon and Freezing Moon were also used to indicate that this moon often signaled that winter was fast approaching.

In 2022, the second lunar eclipse will happen in November. Depending on where you live, the eclipse may appear as a blood moon when it occurs on the night of November 7/November 8.


December | Cold Moon
Full Moon Date in 2022: December 7

Winter is in full swing—in the Northern Hemisphere, at least—by the time that December’s Cold Moon graces the sky. The explanation behind the traditional name for December’s moon shouldn’t be hard to figure out if you live in Canada or the northern United States and have had the “pleasure” of experiencing a frigid winter.

Many other traditional names for the December moon reference the freezing winter weather, such as Hoar Frost Moon, Snow Moon, Moon of the Popping Trees, and Winter Maker Moon.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Epidemic” vs. “Pandemic” vs. “Endemic”: What Do These Terms Mean?

COVID-19 has provided a consistent vocabulary lesson in epidemiology. Among the most important distinctions it has highlighted are the differences between the terms epidemic, pandemic, and endemic.

These words have major similarities—all three end in -demic and deal with the spread of disease. But there are key differences, including those related to scale and duration.

In this article, we’ll sort out the differences and answer these questions and others:

How is a pandemic different from an epidemic?
What does endemic mean?
Is COVID-19 endemic?
For more COVID-related vocabulary, see our COVID-19 glossary.

For health, safety, and medical emergencies or updates on the novel coronavirus pandemic, please visit the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and WHO (World Health Organization).


Quick summary

An epidemic involves the wide-ranging spread of a disease throughout an entire area or particular community where it’s not permanently prevalent. A pandemic involves an even wider spread, often reaching across the entire world. The word endemic is used to describe a disease that persistently and regularly spreads within a particular area or region (that is, it never fully goes away)—for example, the flu is considered endemic in many places. The COVID-19 virus is not yet considered endemic, but medical experts expect that it eventually will become endemic.


What is an epidemic?

An epidemic disease is one “affecting many persons at the same time, and spreading from person to person in a locality where the disease is not permanently prevalent.” The World Health Organization (WHO) further specifies epidemic as occurring at the level of a region or community.

Epidemic is commonly used all on its own as a noun, meaning “a temporary prevalence of a disease.” For example: The city was able to stop the flu epidemic before it spread across the state.

Metaphorically, epidemic is “a rapid spread or increase in the occurrence of something,” usually with a negative or humorous connotation: An epidemic of gentrification was affecting low-income communities or The hipster look gave way to an epidemic of 1990s fashion.

The -demic part of epidemic (and pandemic) comes from the Greek dêmos, “people of a district.” This root also ultimately gives English the word democracy. More on the prefix epi– later.

What is a pandemic?

Compared to an epidemic disease, a pandemic disease is an epidemic that has spread over a large area, that is, it’s “prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world.”

Pandemic is also used as a noun, meaning “a pandemic disease.” The WHO more specifically defines a pandemic as “a worldwide spread of a new disease.” In March 2020, the WHO officially declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic due to the global spread and severity of the disease.

While pandemic can be used for a disease that has spread across an entire country or other large landmass, the word is generally reserved for diseases that have spread across continents or the entire world. For instance: After documenting cases in all continents except Antarctica, scientists declared the disease a pandemic.

As an adjective, pandemic can also mean “general” and “universal,” also often with a negative connotation. However, pandemic appears to be most commonly used in the context of epidemiology, which is concerned with infectious diseases.

Pandemic also entered English, through Latin, in the 1600s. Like epidemic, pandemic ultimately derives from the Greek pándēmos, “common, public.” Also like epidemic, pandemic was originally used of diseases when in came into English.

What does endemic mean?

Endemic is an adjective that means natural to, native to, confined to, or widespread within a place or population of people.

Endemic is perhaps most commonly used to describe a disease that is prevalent in or restricted to a particular location, region, or population. For example, malaria is said to be endemic to tropical regions. In this context, it can also be used as a noun: an endemic disease can simply be called an endemic.

When used to describe species of plants or animals that are found only within a specific place, it has the same meaning as native or indigenous, as in This plant is endemic to this region.

It can also be applied to characteristics of a people, place, or situation, as in Corruption was endemic in that organization when I worked there.

The first records of endemic in English come from the mid-1600s. It comes from the Greek éndēm(os). The prefix en- means “in or within” and the Greek root dēm(os) means “people.” So the basic meaning of endemic is “within a certain people” (or “within a certain area”).

Is COVID-19 endemic?

The short answer is “not yet.” Currently, COVID-19 is not endemic and is still classified as a worldwide pandemic. The COVID-19 virus is still mutating into variant strains and widespread immunity to COVID-19 will likely take a long time to achieve.

However, most experts predict that COVID-19 will become an endemic disease after its pandemic phase, once enough people have developed immunity to COVID-19 (through vaccination or infection). In other words, COVID-19 is expected to become a recurring disease like the flu. When this will happen is hard to predict—and it will most likely vary from place to place. For more info on need-to-know coronavirus words, see our explainer on the flu vs. COVID-19.

Epidemic vs. pandemic

As we mentioned, it’s unsurprisingly easy to confuse these two words. For one, they both feature -demic, which can make it difficult to suss out which word should be used in which situation.

But, here’s a handy rule of thumb for using the prefixes of these two words: epi- and pan-. The prefix epi- is Greek and variously means “on, upon, near, at,” while pan-, also a Greek prefix, means “all.”

Knowing this, think of an epidemic as the start of something—whether a disease or a trend—spreading rapidly within a community or region, whereas a pandemic is what an epidemic becomes once it reaches a far wider swath of people, especially across continents or the entire world.

If something is spreading like wildfire, it’s an epidemic. If something has already spread like wildfire and is currently massive in its reach and impact, it’s a pandemic.

For good measure, here’s an example of each in a sentence:

- The city had to close schools to contain a measles epidemic.

Although it isn’t exactly known where the disease first originated, the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic is estimated to have affected one-third of people across the entire globe.

Pandemic vs. endemic

Classifying a disease as endemic indicates a level of permanence, whereas a pandemic has a defined end (even if it seems like the COVID-19 pandemic will last forever). Due to its worldwide reach, a pandemic can lead to a disease becoming endemic (as opposed to being largely contained or eradicated through the use of vaccines, for example).

Here are examples of each word used in a sentence.

- Medical experts feared that the new virus would spread beyond the country’s borders and cause a worldwide pandemic.
- Polio is endemic in a few countries where its spread has not been contained.

What is the difference between an epidemic, pandemic, and an outbreak?

An outbreak is a “sudden breaking out or occurrence” or “eruption.” When referring to an infectious disease, an outbreak is specifically a sudden rise in cases, especially when it is only or so far affecting a relatively localized area.

That makes a disease outbreak roughly synonymous with an epidemic. In everyday speech and writing, people may more generally refer to the major spread of an infectious disease as an outbreak.

In official, medical, and scientific communication, however, it’s important not to confuse a local epidemic (such as a disease affecting just a city) with a pandemic, because pandemic implies the outbreak spread all over the world.

What is an epicenter?

An epicenter is a “focal point, as of activity.” If a country or region is called the epicenter of a pandemic disease, that means more or an accelerating number of cases are being confirmed there than anywhere else in the world. Sometimes an epicenter is called a hotspot.

A particular site, such as a nursing home, where there is a sudden spate of new cases is also sometimes called a hotspot or even hot zone.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

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Learn The Birthstones That Make Each Month Sparkle

Birthstones are precious or semiprecious gemstones that are associated with a particular month or sign of the Zodiac. Going back to ancient times, certain gems were believed to bring good fortune if worn during specific months. The origin of this belief is often traced back to the story of the Breastplate of Aaron in the book of Exodus from the Bible. The legendary breastplate was said to be decorated with 12 differently colored gems.

The breastplate inspired the original lists of birthstones that would change over the many following centuries. In 1912, the American National Retail Jeweler’s Association would popularize the word birthstone after making an “official” list of birthstones that is still used today with new additions to it. Modern lists often have multiple birthstones tied to certain months.

All of that being said, you might be curious as to what your birthstone is and which gemstone goes with each month. We’ve gathered up a—sadly, metaphorical—treasure trove of gemstones along with some details about each one.

💎Birthstones chart

Month - Birthstone
January - Garnet
February - Amethyst
March - Aquamarine, Bloodstone
April - Diamond, Rock Crystal
May - Emerald, Chrysoprase
June - Pearl, Alexandrite, Moonstone
July - Ruby, Carnelian, Onyx
August - Peridot, Spinel, Sardonyx
September - Sapphire
October - Opal, Tourmaline
November - Topaz, Citrine
December - Turquoise, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, Lapis Lazuli


January | garnet

Garnets are a group of minerals commonly found in certain types of sedimentary and igneous rocks. The name garnet is most often used to specifically refer to red minerals used as semiprecious gemstones.
Garnets come in many different colors, but dark red garnets are the ones most often used as birthstones.
The word garnet originally comes from the Latin word grānātum, meaning “granular.” This word was specifically referring to the shape of the red seeds found in a pomegranate, which resemble red garnets.


February | amethyst

Amethyst is a variety of purple quartz. The intensity of amethyst’s color (and thus its value) depends on how much iron is in the amethyst when it crystallizes.
Amethysts come in different shades of purple.
The word amethyst comes from the Greek améthystos, meaning “not intoxicating.” Its name comes from many ancient legends and superstitions that claimed wearing an amethyst would prevent drunkenness.


March | aquamarine, bloodstone

aquamarine

Aquamarine is a blue or greenish-blue variety of the mineral beryl used as a semiprecious gemstone. Aquamarine crystals typically form in hot, open spaces underground that have a good supply of space and beryllium.
Aquamarines are usually pale or light blue in color.
Aquamarine’s name comes from the Latin aqua marīna, meaning “sea water.” The name is a reference to aquamarine’s blue color.

bloodstone

Bloodstone, also known as heliotrope, is a green variety of the mineral chalcedony with spots of jasper scattered across it. It is considered to be a semiprecious gemstone.
Bloodstone gemstones are usually dark green with dabs of red.
Bloodstone is a combination of the words blood and stone. Bloodstone features spots of red jasper that resemble blood drops or blood splatter.


April | diamond, rock crystal

diamond

A diamond is an extremely hard form of carbon which is considered a precious gem. Diamonds form underground when carbon is exposed to extreme amounts of pressure and heat.
Diamonds come in many different colors, but colorless or clear diamonds are the ones most preferred as gems.
The word diamond is thought to come from the Latin adamas, meaning “hard metal.” Diamond’s name was inspired by its famous hardness and shares an origin with the word adamant, an adjective that can accurately describe a diamond.
Diamonds are one of the most culturally significant gems, including in slang like diamond hands. Learn what that means here.

rock crystal

Rock crystal is a transparent variety of quartz. Quartz is one of the most common minerals, and it is naturally colourless. Quartz will change colors if the crystal has impurities.
Rock crystal is colorless and transparent.
Rock crystal’s name is simply a combination of the words rock and crystal. Rock crystal is a crystal of quartz, a mineral that is commonly found in rocks.


May | emerald, chrysoprase

emerald

An emerald is a green variety of beryl that is considered a precious gem. The green color of emeralds is caused by chromium mixing with the beryllium needed to form beryl. Beryllium and chromium are rarely found in significant amounts in the same place, which is why emeralds are so rare and valuable.
Emeralds have a rich green color. The intensity of the green color is a major factor of determining an emerald’s value.
The word emerald comes through Old French from the Greek word smáragdos, which means “green gem.”

chrysoprase

Chrysoprase is a green variety of chalcedony, which is yet another type of quartz. Unlike emeralds, chrysoprase’s green color comes from nickel rather than chromium.
Chrysoprase comes in different shades of green.
The name chrysoprase comes from the Greek khrusoprasos, which translates to “golden leek.” Chrysoprase is a gem (“golden”) that is green (like a leek).

June | pearl, alexandrite, moonstone

pearl

Unlike all other gemstones, pearls are made by animals, specifically mollusks. Pearls are formed when a mollusk is irritated by something in its shell and secretes substances onto it. Over time, the secretion layers will build up to form a pearl.
Pearls come in many colors, but usually white or cream-colored pearls are used in jewelry.
The word pearl can be traced back to the Latin perna, meaning “sea mussel.”

alexandrite

Alexandrite is a rare variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. Similarly to emeralds, alexandrite is formed when chromium mixes with beryllium and aluminum. Because this rarely happens, alexandrite is extremely rare and valuable.
Alexandrite is famous for its ability to change color from bluish green to purplish red under different types of light.
Alexandrite is named after Czar Alexander II of Russia.

moonstone

Moonstone gems are a variety of adularia, which is a type of the mineral feldspar. Moonstone is formed from minerals mixing together and layering on top of each other.
Moonstone is colorless but is famous for its adularescence, its ability to “shine blue.” This effect is caused by the mineral layers of the moonstone refracting light.
Moonstone is a combination of the words moon and stone. Moonstone was said to resemble the moon, and many legends claimed it either came from the moon or had magical abilities linked to the moon.


July | ruby, carnelian, onyx

ruby

A ruby is a precious gem that is a red variety of the mineral corundum. A ruby’s red color is caused by chromium mixing with the corundum.
Rubies come in different shades of red. Pure red rubies are considered the most valuable.
The word ruby comes from the Medieval Latin rubīnus, meaning “red.”

carnelian

Carnelian or cornelian is a type of chalcedony that is considered a semiprecious gemstone. Carnelian’s red or orange color comes from iron oxide. Carnelian gemstones are often heated or dyed in order to change their colors.
Carnelians come in different shades of red, orange, or brown.
The various spellings of carnelian/cornelian are thought to come from the Old French word cornele, meaning “cherry,” in reference to the gem’s reddish color.

onyx

Onyx is another type of chalcedony considered to be a semiprecious gemstone. Onyx is a layered chalcedony that is formed from quartz being heated by lava.
Onyx comes in different colors but black onyx is used as a July birthstone.
The word onyx comes from the Greek ónyx, meaning “nail” or “claw.” The white or flesh-colored bands found in onyx can make the stone appear like a fingernail.


August | peridot, sardonyx, spinel

peridot

Peridot is a green variety of the mineral olivine. Olivine crystals form deep in the Earth’s mantle and are typically brought to the surface via volcanoes.
Peridot gemstones have a lime green color.
The exact origins of the name peridot are unknown, but it can be traced to the French French péridot, a name for a “green gem.”

sardonyx

Sardonyx is another type of chalcedony. It is formed by layering of sard and onyx, which explains the name.
The color of sardonyx depends on the sard and onyx within it. Sard comes in shades of yellowish-red or reddish-brown, and the bands of onyx are usually white in color.
The name sardonyx is a combination of sard and onyx, the two types of chalcedony that combine to make it.

spinel

Spinel is both the name of a group of minerals and a gemstone made from a particular type of spinel. Spinel is often more resistant to erosion than the rock around it, so spinel crystals are often gathered up in flowing water and deposited in places where miners will eventually find them.
Spinel comes in many colors, but red or pink spinel are the colors used for birthstones
The word spinel can be traced back to the Latin spina (“thorn”), which referenced the thorny shape of spinel crystals.


September | sapphire


The term sapphire is used to refer to any variety of the mineral corundum that isn’t red. Typically, the name sapphire is used to refer specifically to blue corundum that is classified as a precious gem. This sapphire’s blue color is caused by small amounts of iron and titanium mixing with the conundrum.
Sapphires come in all colors besides red, but blue sapphires are used as the September birthstone.
The word sapphire comes from the Greek sáppheiros, a word that may have referred to blue gems, such as sapphire or lapis lazuli.


October | opal, tourmaline

opal

Opal is a mineral that is similar to quartz but has water in it. The presence of the water makes opal brittle, and opal gemstones are usually quite fragile.
The “precious opals” used as birthstones come in different colors but often have a kaleidoscopic effect where they shine in a range of colors.
The word opal comes from the Greek opállios, meaning “opal” or “gem.” It may also be related to the Sanskrit upala, meaning “precious stone.”

tourmaline

Tourmaline is a general name for a group of minerals and gemstones that come from said minerals. Large tourmaline crystals typically form after a mixture of many different elements is heated by hot water and water vapor. The color of the tourmaline will depend on which specific elements are used to make it.
Tourmaline comes in every color, but pink is typically used as the birthstone color.
Tourmaline comes from the Sinhalese tōramalliya, which means “carnelian.” You might remember that carnelian is the name of another gem that is one of July’s birthstones.


November | topaz, citrine

topaz

Topaz is a mineral used as a semiprecious gemstone. Topaz is a very hard mineral that needs fluorine from magma to mix with other elements in order to form crystals.
Topaz comes in many colors, but yellow topaz is used as the November birthstone.
Topaz comes from the Greek tópazos. This word was used to refer to an island where yellow gems were often found.

citrine

Citrine is yet another one of the many varieties of quartz. Any yellow or yellowish quartz is called citrine, and it is possible to turn amethyst (purple quartz) into citrine by heating it until it changes color.
Citrine comes in shades of yellow. The “inexpensive” (for a gem) citrine is often confused for more expensive yellow gems, such as topaz.
The word citrine is formed from a combination of the word citrus and the suffix -ine, which means “like” or “of the nature of.” Citrine is yellow like a citrusy lemon.


December | turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, lapis lazuli

turquoise

Turquoise is a blue or greenish-blue mineral used as a semiprecious gem. Turquoise grows best in arid areas where rainfall can help bring underground the copper that turquoise needs to form.
Blue and greenish-blue turquoise are most prized as gemstones.
Turquoise comes from an Old French word that meant “Turkish stone.” This name referred to the Turkish peoples of the Middle Ages and the lands they inhabited.

tanzanite

Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite. Tanzanite’s color is caused by bits of vanadium mixing with zoisite and getting very hot until it turns a blue color.
Tanzanite has a purplish-blue color.
Tanzanite is named after the country of Tanzania, the only place in the world where tanzanite is naturally found.

blue zircon

Zircon is an incredibly common mineral that is found in rocks all over the world. Zircon is highly resistant to erosion, so zircon crystals often outlast the rocks around them.
Zircon comes in many colors but blue zircon is used as a December birthstone.
The word zircon is an alteration of the older word jargon, which was used to refer to colorless zircon gemstones.

lapis lazuli

Lapis lazuli is a rock made of multiple minerals. Lapis lazuli’s deep blue color comes from lazurite, which is the “main ingredient” of lapis lazuli.
Lapis lazuli comes in shades of blue.
The name lapis lazuli comes from a combination of the Latin words lapis, meaning “stone,” and lazulī, from the word lazulum used to refer to an azure blue color.

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