บทความน่าสนใจในเพจเฟซบุ๊กBrandThinkได้ตอบข้อสงสัยว่า “ทำไม The Voice ไทยปีนี้ไม่มี 'เพลงสากล'?และทำไม YouTube ถึงบล็อกเพลง Nirvana ในอเมริกา? ทั้งหมดเกี่ยวกันอย่างไร? เนื้อหาในบทความนี้มีดังต่อไปนี้ “เรื่องลิขสิทธิ์เป็นเรื่องชวนปวดหัวที่หลายคนไม่อยากยุ่งเกี่ยวด้วยนัก อย่างไรก็ดีในหลายๆ ครั้งมันก็ส่งผลมาสู่สิ่งที่เรา 'รู้สึก' ได้ในชีวิตประจำวัน . ถ้าใครได้ดูรายการ ‘The Voice Thailand’ ปีนี้ สิ่งหนึ่งที่อาจสังเกตได้คือ ปีนี้ไม่มีเพลงสากล ทั้งนี้หลังจากมีผู้ใช้อินเทอร์เน็ตตั้งคำถามนี้ ทางผู้จัดรายการ The Voice จึงมาตอบให้ ซึ่งคำตอบนี้นักดนตรีมีชื่ออย่าง ‘หนึ่ง Mr. Drummer’ ก็ได้โพสต์บน Facebook ของตัวเอง จนคนแชร์เป็นไวรัลโพสต์ในวันที่ 30 กันยายน 2024 ซึ่งโพสต์ยาวมาก แต่สามารถสรุปใจความได้ว่า . ในปีก่อนๆ The Voice เวลาจะ 'เคลียร์ลิขสิทธิ์' เพลงสากล สมัยก่อนจะติดต่อผ่าน 'ตัวแทนลิขสิทธิ์' ในไทยเจ้าเดียวจบ แต่ปัจจุบัน ด้วยเหตุผลบางอย่าง ทำแบบนั้นไม่ได้แล้ว จะขอเพลงมาร้องในรายการก็ต้องไปไล่ติดต่อ 'นักแต่งเพลง' โดยตรง ซึ่งกระบวนการ 'เคลียร์' นั้นยุ่งยากและใช้เวลามาก เพราะต้องไปหาคอนแท็กนักแต่งเพลงเป็นคนๆ และบางเพลงมีนักแต่งหลายคนก็ต้องไปไล่ขอทุกคนด้วย สุดท้ายเคลียร์ไม่ได้ทันเวลา ก็เลยต้องระงับการใช้ 'เพลงสากล' ในรายการ . ต่อมาไม่นาน วิชัย มาตกุล ผู้เป็น Creative Director แห่งบริษัทโฆษณาชื่อดัง Salmon House ก็ดูเหมือนจะโพสต์ขึ้นมาเพื่อเสริมประเด็นบทสนทนานี้ โดยเน้นไปที่ประเด็นค่าลิขสิทธิ์ในการใช้เพลงดังๆ ของต่างประเทศที่แพงมาก ซึ่งได้ยกตัวอย่างว่า หากเขาจะทำโฆษณาสักชิ้นหนึ่ง จะมีการใช้เพลงสากลสั้นๆ แบบให้คนในโฆษณาร้องเฉพาะท่อนฮุกของเพลงดังกล่าวเท่านั้น แต่หลังจากติดต่อไปที่เจ้าของลิขสิทธิ์ เขาเคาะมาว่าค่าใช้จ่ายลิขสิทธิ์บทประพันธ์เพลงโดยนำท่อนฮุกไปร้องในโฆษณาสั้นๆ อยู่ที่ 2.5 ล้านบาท ซึ่งแพงว่าค่าโปรเจกต์โฆษณาทั้งหมด แผนการเลยยุติไป . ทั้งนี้ถ้าใครตามข่าวต่างประเทศด้านดนตรี เราก็จะพบโดยบังเอิญว่าในวันเดียวกันนี้มีข่าวใหญ่ข่าวหนึ่งว่า อยู่ดีๆ คนอเมริกันก็เข้าดู YouTube เพลงของวงดนตรีดังๆ อย่าง Nirvana, Green Day และนักร้องอีกจำนวนมากไม่ได้ สืบสาวราวเรื่องก็คือ YouTube ไม่สามารถดีลกับองค์กรบริหารลิขสิทธิ์บทประพันธ์เพลงที่เป็นตัวแทนในการดีลเก็บค่าลิขสิทธิ์ในการเผยแพร่ 'บทประพันธ์เพลง' เหล่านี้บน YouTube ได้ และพอดีลไม่สำเร็จ YouTube ก็จำต้องถอนเพลงออกจากแพลตฟอร์ม เพราะถ้าไม่ได้รับอนุญาตก่อนก็ถือว่าละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์ . เรื่องทั้งหมดอาจฟังดูไม่เกี่ยวกัน แต่จริงๆ มันเป็น 'เรื่องเดียวกัน' เลย แต่ก่อนอื่นเราอาจต้องย้อนทำความเข้าใจเบสิกเรื่องลิขสิทธิ์งานดนตรีกันก่อน . โดยทั่วๆ ไปในโลกปัจจุบัน ลิขสิทธิ์งานดนตรีจะแบ่งออกเป็น 2 ส่วน คือ ‘ลิขสิทธิ์บทประพันธ์เพลง’ ที่อยู่กับตัวนักประพันธ์เพลง กับ ‘ลิขสิทธิ์งานบันทึกเสียง’ ที่มักจะอยู่กับค่ายเพลงหรือบริษัทที่ผลิตงานบันทึกเสียงออกมาขาย . ในระบบไทยจะง่าย เพราะปกติค่ายเพลงจะรวบลิขสิทธิ์ทั้งสองมาเป็นของตัวเอง ทำให้เคลียร์ง่ายเวลามีคนเอาไปใช้ แต่จะมีปัญหาเวลานักร้องไปร้องเพลงตัวเองตามคอนเสิร์ต ก็ต้องขออนุญาตค่ายก่อน ซึ่งในไทยก็จะมีปัญหาถกเถียงกันว่า 'ไม่เป็นธรรม' . ระบบอเมริกาและโลกตะวันตกไม่เป็นแบบนั้น ลิขสิทธิ์ตัวบทประพันธ์เพลงโดยทั่วไปจะอยู่กับตัวผู้แต่งเพลงเสมอ ทำให้คนเหล่านี้ใช้เพลงที่ตนเองแต่งไปเล่นสดได้เสมอแบบไม่ต้องขออนุญาตใคร หรือถ้าแตกกับค่ายเพลงเดิม ก็ยังสามารถนำเพลงตัวเองมาบันทึกเสียงใหม่ให้เป็นของตัวเองโดยตรงได้ ดังในกรณีที่โด่งดังของ Taylor Swift . ลิขสิทธิ์เป็นของนักแต่งเพลงมีข้อดีในแบบที่ว่ามานี้เอง แต่จากมุมผู้อื่นที่ต้องการนำเอาบทประพันธ์เพลงไปใช้ มันจะยุ่งยากมาก คือต้องไปขอนักแต่งเพลงโดยตรงจึงจะไม่ละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์ ทั้งนี้อยากลองให้นึกถึงสมัยก่อนที่ไม่มีเทคโนโลยีการติดต่อสื่อสารแบบปัจจุบัน เราจะไปตามตัวขอใช้บทเพลงยังไง? ไม่ต้องพูดถึงเพลงในประเทศอื่น เพราะแค่เพลงในประเทศตัวเองยังยากเลย เพราะถึงเรารู้ว่าใครเป็นคนแต่งเพลงนี้ๆ เราก็ไม่รู้ว่าจะติดต่อเขาได้อย่างไรอยู่ดี . จึงทำให้เกิดระบบ 'สมาคมเก็บค่าลิขสิทธิ์บทประพันธ์เพลงเพื่อการแสดง' (Performance Right Society) ขึ้นมาตั้งแต่ศตวรรษที่ 19 ระบบนี้ก็ง่ายๆ คือพวกนักแต่งเพลงก็ไปรวมตัวกันเป็นสมาคมและมอบอำนาจการ 'เก็บค่าลิขสิทธิ์' ทั้งประเทศให้กับสมาคมฯ และสมาคมฯ ก็จะไปไล่เก็บค่าลิขสิทธิ์แล้วนำมาแจกจ่ายให้นักแต่งเพลงที่เป็นสมาชิกอีกที . บางคนอาจมีคำถามว่า เราจะเชื่อใจสมาคมฯ ได้อย่างไร? แต่ความเป็นจริงคือระบบนี้อยู่มาเกิน 100 ปี และประเทศส่วนใหญ่ในโลกก็จะเชื่อใจสมาคมฯ ในประเทศตัวเองให้ไปไล่เก็บค่าลิขสิทธิ์ให้ โดยแทบทุกประเทศในโลก สมาคมแบบนี้จะมีเพียงแห่งเดียว ทำให้ง่ายต่อการจัดการ ใครต้องการจะ 'เคลียร์ค่าลิขสิทธิ์เพลง’ ของนักแต่งเพลงในประเทศนี้ก็ติดต่อสมาคมฯ จบ สมาคมฯ ก็จะมีเรตมาให้ ถ้าโอเคก็ลุยต่อ ไม่โอเค ถ้าไม่ถอยเลย ก็อาจไปคุยกับตัวนักแต่งเพลงเจ้าของลิขสิทธิ์โดยตรงก็ได้ . และสมาคมฯ พวกนี้ในแต่ละประเทศก็จะมีดีลกันพอสมควร ทำให้การติดต่อเคลียร์ค่าลิขสิทธิ์เป็นไปโดยง่าย เช่นถ้าเราเป็นคนฝรั่งเศส อยากใช้เพลงของนักแต่งเพลงเยอรมัน เราก็ติดต่อ SACEM ของฝรั่งเศส แล้วเขาก็จะให้คอนแท็ก GEMA มา เป็นต้น . ระบบแบบนี้ก็ดำเนินไปเรื่อยๆ จนถึงจุดหนึ่งที่เทคโนโลยีเริ่มเปลี่ยน คือในตอนแรก 'สมาคมเก็บค่าลิขสิทธิ์บทประพันธ์เพลงเพื่อการแสดง' เป้าหมายหลักที่ตั้งมาแรกสุดตั้งแต่ศตวรรษที่ 19 คือการเก็บเงินค่าลิขสิทธิ์บทประพันธ์เพลงตามร้านอาหารและร้านเหล้า ซึ่งมันเป็นสิ่งที่นักแต่งเพลงตามไปตรวจสอบและเก็บเองไม่ไหว เลยมอบอำนาจให้สมาคมฯ ไปจัดการแทน . แต่ในยุคปัจจุบัน บทประพันธ์เพลงไม่ได้ถูกใช้แค่เล่นตามร้านอาหารและร้านเหล้า แต่ยังถูกใช้ในโฆษณา ใช้ในหนัง ไปจนถึงใช้ในรายการทีวี ซึ่งเราไม่ต้องมีความรู้อะไรก็น่าจะพอเดาออกว่ามูลค่าทางเศรษฐกิจของกิจกรรมพวกนี้มันสูงมาก จึงทำให้บรรดานักแต่งเพลงเริ่ม 'ถอนสิทธิ์' ในการดีลเพลงเพื่อใช้ในการทำสื่อต่างๆ จากสมาคมฯ แล้วนำมาจัดการเอง เพราะพวกนักแต่งเพลงคิดว่าการดีลเองตรงๆ จะทำให้พวกเขาได้เงินเยอะกว่า และนี่เรากำลังพูดถึงอุตสาหกรรมดนตรีในยุค 'ขาลง' ที่ทุกฝ่ายต่างดิ้นรนหารายได้เพิ่ม . นี่จึงเป็นการตอบประเด็นที่ทั้ง หนึ่ง Mr. Drummer และ วิชัย มาตกุล พูดถึงว่าทำไมปัจจุบันลิขสิทธิ์ตัวบทประพันธ์เพลงฝั่งอเมริกาถึงดีลยาก และทำไมมันจึงแพงนัก . แต่มากกว่านั้น ในกรณีของ YouTube ที่ไม่สามารถดีลกับ 'สมาคมเก็บค่าลิขสิทธิ์บทประพันธ์เพลงเพื่อการแสดง' ได้ ก็เป็นภาพสะท้อนถึงปรากฏการณ์เดียวกัน คือพวกนักแต่งเพลงทั่วๆ ไปถึงจะโด่งดังแค่ไหน ก็มักจะไม่ห้าวหาญขนาดจะดีลกับ YouTube เองตรงๆ แต่เลือกดีลผ่านสมาคมฯ เหมือนเดิม เพราะดีลแบบนี้ 'อำนาจต่อรอง' มากกว่า แต่การที่ดีลไม่ผ่านล่าสุดที่เป็นข่าว ถ้าให้เดาก็คือ YouTube น่าจะยืนยันขอจ่ายค่าลิขสิทธิ์บทประพันธ์เพลงเท่าเดิมแบบที่เคยจ่ายทุกปี แต่ฝั่งสมาคมฯ นั้นไม่ยอมอีกแล้ว จะเอาค่าลิขสิทธิ์เพิ่ม เพราะสมาชิกเรียกร้องมา ดีลเลยล่ม YouTube เลยต้องถอนเพลงจำนวนมากที่เคลียร์ลิขสิทธิ์ส่วนบทประพันธ์เพลงไม่สำเร็จออกจากแพลตฟอร์ม (โดยมีข้อยกเว้นสำคัญคือพวกบันทึกการแสดงสด เพราะในระบบกฎหมายลิขสิทธิ์อเมริกา นักแต่งเพลงไม่มีอำนาจลิขสิทธิ์เหนือ 'บันทึกการแสดงสด' ของเพลงตัวเอง) . ดังนั้นสรุปง่ายๆ เรื่องราวของความติดขัดในการใช้บทเพลงทั้งหมด เกิดจากฝั่ง 'นักแต่งเพลง' เรียกร้องอำนาจ (และผลตอบแทน) ในการควบคุมลิขสิทธิ์บทเพลงตัวเองมากขึ้นนั่นเอง . ถ้าจะถามว่ามันถูกต้องและเป็นธรรมหรือไม่ เราอาจต้องเข้าสู่บทสนทนาทางปรัชญาและนโยบายสาธารณะเกี่ยวกับ 'สมดุล' ของลิขสิทธิ์และทรัพย์สินทางปัญญาโดยรวมๆ ซึ่งจะวุ่นวายมาก แต่สิ่งที่เดาได้เลยแบบไม่ต้องวิเคราะห์อะไรมากก็คือ ต่อจากนี้ไปจากมุมของไทย การใช้เพลงต่างประเทศจากฝั่งอเมริกาจะวุ่นวายและมีค่าใช้จ่ายเยอะมากๆ จนทั้งนักโฆษณา คนทำหนัง รวมถึงคนทำรายการทีวีจะหลีกเลี่ยงไม่ใช้กันอีก แบบที่เราเห็นในรายการ The Voice Thailand ปีนี้“ ที่มา : BrandThink https://www.facebook.com/share/8qKxnfVpQJ7WooWB/?mibextid=CTbP7E #Thaitimes

☆รีวิว 42 บาทนั่งรถไฟไปหัวหิน อ่านรีวิวการเดินทาง 》》 https://manowjourney.wixsite.com/manowjourney/post/untitled-1 《《 ♡รีวิวแรก ในรอบ3ปี หลังโควิด19 จำได้ว่า เห็นทะเลใสๆน้ำตาไหลเลย คิดถึงทะเลมาก♡ ☆รวมค่าใช้จ่าย ค่ารถไฟ 42 ×2=84 บาท ค่ารถ รับ ส่ง 100×2=200 บาท ค่ารถตู้มินิบัสขากลับ 180×2= 360 บาท ค่าห้องพัก 2,901 บาท ค่าอาหาร เครื่องดื่ม 1,186 บาท รวม 4,730 บาท หาร 2 = 2,545 บาท ■■■■■■■■■ ☆ Green Gallery Hotel Hua Hin ห้อง》𝐁𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 beachfront villa ☆เพจที่พัก 》》 https://www.facebook.com/huahingreengallery?mibextid=ZbWKwL ☎️ : 0837910222 หรือ 032530487 🌴 : Facebook - Green Gallery Hotel Hua Hin ■■■■■■■■■■■■ #มะนาวก้าวเดิน #หัวหิน #GreenGalleryHuaHin #manowjourney #ที่พักติดทะเล #รีวิวการเดินทางด้วยรถสาธารณะ #ชายทะเลหัวหิน #thaitimes #thaitimesเที่ยวไทย #thaitimesมะนาวก้าวเดิน #thaitimesmanowjourney

เสนอกฎหมายเพื่อฟ้อง บริษัทยายักษ์ใหญ่ Gosar สมาชิกสภาคองเกรส สหรัฐ เสนอกฎหมายเพื่อฟ้อง บริษัทยายักษ์ใหญ่ (Big Pharma) สําหรับการบาดเจ็บจากวัคซีน วอชิงตัน ดี.ซี. 26 กันยายน 2024 สมาชิกสภาคองเกรส พอล เอ. โกซาร์, ดี.ดี.เอส. (AZ-09) ออกแถลงการณ์ ต่อไปนี้ หลังจากเสนอ H.R. 9828 พระราชบัญญัติระงับ การปกป้อง ผู้ผลิตวัคซีนจากการที่ไม่ต้องรับผิดชอบ End the Vaccine Carveout Act (https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/9828#:~:text=Summary%20of%20H.R.9828%20-%20118th%20Congress) เป็นร่างกฎหมายที่จะถอดผู้ผลิตวัคซีนออกจากโล่ความที่ไม่ต้องรับผิด ส่งผลให้มีกําไรหลายแสนล้านดอลลาร์สำหรับ Big Pharma ในขณะที่ทำให้ผู้คนหลายหมื่นคนไม่สามารถแสวงหาความยุติธรรมทางกฎหมาย และ การชดเชยการบาดเจ็บที่เกิดจากวัคซีน และมีการแถลง press release ดังต่อไปนี้ “แม้ว่าข้าราชการของรัฐบาลกลางและ Big Pharma จะยืนยันว่าวัคซีนนั้นปลอดภัย แต่ก็น่าเสียดายที่ขาดวิทยาศาสตร์เกี่ยวกับความปลอดภัยของวัคซีน ตัวอย่างเช่น การทบทวนเอกสารทางวิทยาศาสตร์ 12,000 ฉบับโดยสถาบันการแพทย์ ที่ตีพิมพ์ในปี 2555 พบว่า 98% ของการบาดเจ็บที่ศึกษานั้น เกิดจากหรืออาจเกิดจากวัคซีน การศึกษาของรัฐบาลอีกชิ้นหนึ่ง พบว่า ในขณะที่วัคซีนทำให้เกิดการบาดเจ็บใน 10 เปอร์เซ็นต์ของผู้ป่วย มีเพียงหนึ่งเปอร์เซ็นต์เท่านั้นที่ได้รับรายงาน ซึ่งหมายความว่าจำนวนผู้ที่ได้รับบาดเจ็บจากวัคซีนถูกนับน้อยไปอย่างมาก นอกจากนี้ ตามระบบการรายงานเหตุการณ์ไม่พึงประสงค์จากวัคซีนของศูนย์ควบคุมโรค มีรายงานว่าชาวอเมริกันเกือบ 20,000 คนตายโดยวัคซีนโควิด-19 ซึ่งเท่ากับ การเสียชีวิต หนึ่งรายต่อทุกๆ 14,000 คน ที่ได้รับวัคซีน ซึ่งสูงกว่าหนึ่งในล้านของการเสียชีวิต ที่ปกติมีการอ้างถึงอันตรายจากวัคซีน ข้าราชการและนักวิทยาศาสตร์ของรัฐบาลที่รับผิดชอบในการอนุมัติวัคซีนอยู่บนเตียงกับ Big Pharma ซึ่งมักเป็นเจ้าของหุ้นยา โดยมีหน้าที่เป็นที่ปรึกษา และรับสัญญาที่ร่ํารวยจากบริษัทยาที่กดดันให้พวกเขาสร้างผลลัพธ์ที่ดีซึ่งเป็นการละเมิดกฎหมายของรัฐบาลกลางโดยตรง ที่แย่กว่านั้น นักวิทยาศาสตร์และนักวิจัยหลายคนในหน่วยงานของรัฐพัฒนาสิทธิบัตรสําหรับวัคซีนที่ได้รับการอนุมัติจากหน่วยงานที่พวกเขาทํางาน สร้างความขัดแย้งทางผลประโยชน์และก่อให้เกิดคําถามร้ายแรงเกี่ยวกับความเป็นธรรมของการตัดสินใจของพวกเขา ภายใต้กฎหมายปัจจุบัน แทบจะเป็นไปไม่ได้เลยที่ ผู้ผลิตวัคซีนจะต้องรับผิดชอบต่อการบาดเจ็บที่เกิดจากวัคซีน เนื่องจากกฎหมายปี 1986 ที่สร้างภูมิคุ้มกันพิเศษอย่างไม่เป็นธรรมสําหรับ Big Pharma ทําให้เหยื่อที่ได้รับบาดเจ็บจากวัคซีนชนะในศาลได้ยากมาก กฎหมายนี้ยกเลิกบทบัญญัติภูมิคุ้มกันในปัจจุบันที่ปกป้อง Big Pharma อย่างไม่เป็นธรรม จากอันตรายที่เกิดจากผลิตภัณฑ์ของตน และอนุญาตให้ผู้ที่ได้รับบาดเจ็บจากวัคซีนดําเนินคดีทางแพ่งในศาลของรัฐหรือรัฐบาลกลาง Big Pharma ไม่สมควรได้รับบัตรปลอดคุกสําหรับการบาดเจ็บที่เกิดจากวัคซีนที่เป็นอันตราย” สมาชิกสภาคองเกรส Gosar กล่าวสรุป โรเบิร์ต เอฟ. เคนเนดี จูเนียร์ ผู้ก่อตั้ง Children's Health Defense และประธานคณะกรรมการ Leave กล่าวว่า “ผู้ผลิตวัคซีนชาวอเมริกันทั้งสี่รายเป็นองค์กรอาชญากรรมที่จ่ายค่าปรับทางอาญาหลายหมื่นล้านในช่วงทศวรรษที่ผ่านมา โดยการปลดปล่อยพวกเขาจากความรับผิดสําหรับความประมาทเลินเล่อ กฎเกณฑ์ปี 1986 ได้ลบสิ่งจูงใจใด ๆ สําหรับบริษัทเหล่านี้ในการสร้างผลิตภัณฑ์ที่ปลอดภัย หากเราต้องการวัคซีนที่ปลอดภัยและมีประสิทธิภาพ เราจําเป็นต้องยุติเกราะป้องกันความรับผิด” แมรี่ ฮอลแลนด์ ประธานฝ่ายป้องกันสุขภาพเด็กกล่าวเสริมว่า “ขอบคุณสมาชิกสภาคองเกรสโกซาร์ที่แนะนํากฎหมายประวัติศาสตร์และจําเป็นอย่างเร่งด่วนนี้ เป็นเวลากว่า 35 ปีแล้วที่ผู้ปกครองของเด็กที่ได้รับบาดเจ็บและเสียชีวิตจากวัคซีนที่รัฐบาลแนะนําถูกทิ้งไว้โดยไม่มีการเยียวยาที่มีความหมาย -- มีเพียงโครงการชดเชยที่ซับซ้อนและหลอกลวงที่ทําให้ครอบครัวที่เสียใจต่อต้านรัฐบาล ในขณะที่ Big Pharma ไม่มีความรับผิด ในช่วงเวลาเดียวกันนั้น ภาวะสุขภาพเรื้อรังในเด็ก - ออทิสติก สมาธิสั้น โรคภูมิแพ้รุนแรง หอบหืด - ได้พุ่งสูงขึ้น กฎหมายนี้จะช่วยยุติการปกครองของ Big Pharma เหนือรัฐบาล ความร่วมมือระหว่างภาครัฐและเอกชนที่ทุจริตของพระราชบัญญัติการบาดเจ็บจากวัคซีนในวัยเด็กแห่งชาติปี 1986 ได้ปราบปรามวิทยาศาสตร์ ขัดขวางครอบครัว โค่นล้มตลาดการตรวจสอบและถ่วงดุลแบบประชาธิปไตย และลบสิทธิของพลเมืองในการพิจารณาคดีโดยคณะลูกขุน ชาวอเมริกันสมควรได้รับสิ่งที่ดีกว่านี้” ความเป็นมา: ในปี 1986 สภาคองเกรสได้ผ่านพระราชบัญญัติการบาดเจ็บจากวัคซีนในวัยเด็กแห่งชาติ (NVCIA) ซึ่งปกป้องผู้ผลิตวัคซีนจากอันตรายที่เกิดจากผลิตภัณฑ์ของตน ทําให้แทบจะเป็นไปไม่ได้เลยที่ผู้บาดเจ็บจากวัคซีนจะชนะในศาล โจทก์ต้องพิสูจน์ว่าผู้ผลิตวัคซีนจงใจ "[ระงับ] ข้อมูลที่เกี่ยวข้องกับความปลอดภัยหรือประสิทธิภาพของวัคซีน" มีส่วนร่วมใน "กิจกรรมทางอาญาหรือผิดกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้องกับความปลอดภัยและประสิทธิภาพของวัคซีน" หรือ "โดยหลักฐานที่ชัดเจนและน่าเชื่อถือ... ล้มเหลวในการใช้ความระมัดระวังอย่างเหมาะสม"การปฏิบัติตามข้อกําหนดเหล่านี้แทบจะเป็นไปไม่ได้เลย ศูนย์ควบคุมโรค (CDC) และสถาบันสุขภาพแห่งชาติ (NIH) ได้รับมอบหมายให้อนุมัติวัคซีน น่าเศร้าที่มีผลประโยชน์ทับซ้อนอย่างมาก เนื่องจากนักวิทยาศาสตร์ที่ทํางานในหน่วยงานเหล่านี้ออกใบอนุญาตสิทธิบัตรให้กับผู้ผลิตวัคซีน และในการทําเช่นนั้น ได้รับค่าลิขสิทธิ์สูงถึง 150,000 ดอลลาร์นอกจากนี้ สมาชิกที่ลงคะแนนเสียงในคณะกรรมการที่ให้คําแนะนําแก่ CDC และ NIH เป็นเจ้าของหุ้นของผู้ผลิตวัคซีน มีส่วนร่วมในงานสัญญาสําหรับผู้ผลิตวัคซีน และได้รับเงินช่วยเหลือจากผู้ผลิตวัคซีน ผู้สนับสนุนร่วมในปัจจุบัน: Representatives Andy Biggs, Lauren Boebert, Josh Brecheen, Tim Burchett, Eric Burlison, Mike Collins, Eli Crane, Warren Davidson, Byron Donalds, Matt Gaetz, Bob Good, Marjorie Taylor Greene, Harriet Hageman, Andy Harris, Clay Higgins, Ronny Jackson, Anna Paulina Luna, Nancy Mace, Thomas Massie, Mary E. Miller, Cory Mills, Barry Moore, Troy E. Nehls, Ralph Norman, Andy Ogles, Bill Posey, Chip Roy, Keith Self, Victoria Spartz, and Randy K. Weber Sr. ถอดความภาษาไทยโดย ศ นพ ธีระวัฒน์ เหมะจุฑา ที่ปรึกษาวิทยาลัยการแพทย์แผนตะวันออก มหาวิทยาลัยรังสิต

กิจกรรม SBAC OPEN HOUSE 2024 ปล่อยจอย ตะลุยแดนชาติพันธุ์ จอยๆกับน้องๆโรงเรียนเทศบาลท่าโขลง 1 โดย SBAC Saphanmai #DEKSBAC68 #SBACDigitalGreenSkills #SBAC #ปวช #ปวส #ทวิภาคี #openhouse #สยามเด็กเล่น #siamplayground #thaitimes #thaitimesสยามโสภา #thaitimesเยาวชน

#green #herb #scalable innovation

These type of products I would never buy, particularly calcium, people should never take a calcium pill... In reality we can only get calcium from food... These fancy packages, are only big marketing, crazy expensive and not very good quality This one for example, zinc always have to go together with copper. Zinc : Copper ... approximately 10 : 2 Too much of one or the other, can make deficiencies, proper metabolic absorption happens in this ratio 😑 Any calcium pill, from Germany or anywhere is not a good idea... 20 years ago calcium pills very popular, and 20 year history show us the calcium pill does nothing for strong bones... In fact calcium is making hard arteries, and this is absolutely no good If people want calcium, milk is not a good choice, chia seeds are high in calcium, but they are a nightshade, the vegetable called collard green, is very common vegetable and very high in calcium and potassium, much better choice than any milk or pill Any calcium pill, from Germany or anywhere is not a good idea... 20 years ago calcium pills very popular, and 20 year history show us the calcium pill does nothing for strong bones... In fact calcium is making hard arteries, and this is absolutely no good If people want calcium, milk is not a good choice, chia seeds are high in calcium, but they are a nightshade, the vegetable called collard green, is very common vegetable and very high in calcium and potassium, much better choice than any milk or pill And this is John Hopkins University, very respectable, and is not only their opinion, many clinical studies about calcium supplements have the same bad result Calcium Supplements: Should You Take Them? | Johns Hopkins Medicine https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/calcium-supplements-should-you-take-them Multiple studies have found that there’s little to no benefit to taking calcium supplements for the prevention of hip fractures. On the other hand, recent studies have linked calcium supplements with an increased risk of colon polyps (small growths in the large intestine that can become cancerous) and kidney stones, which are hard masses usually formed in the kidneys from an accumulation of calcium and other substances. Additionally, a 2016 study by Michos and her colleagues suggested that calcium supplements may increase the risk of calcium buildup in the heart’s arteries.

The Green Butchers 2003

“Nutritional” vs. “Healthy”: Are These Synonyms? The words healthy and nutritional seem to go hand in hand. We often see them used to describe the same foods. For example, it makes sense that a carrot would be healthy and nutritional. But does that mean these two words mean the same thing? Sometimes food labels can be misleading, so it makes sense to ask, what does healthy mean? What is nutritional, and are these terms synonyms? With a close examination, we can determine the scope of each word. We can have a clearer understanding of how they apply to our daily food choices, so we can make better ones. (And just so we’re clear … we may be talking about healthy food, but that doesn’t mean we’re asking you to toss out that certain breakfast cereal with little, multi-colored marshmallows that are “magically delicious.” No judgment!) What do healthy and nutritional mean? First, let’s look at our own definitions of the terms. We define the word healthy as “pertaining to or characteristic of good health.” The word healthy was first recorded in 1545–55. The word nutritional is defined as “the act or process of nourishing or of being nourished.” The word nutrition first originated in 1375–1425 from late Middle English, and it’s derived from the Latin word nūtrīre (meaning “to feed”). But, what’s nourish? It’s supplying what is necessary for life, health, and growth. So, nutritional and nourish pertain to what foods provide us with in the way of vitamins, minerals, and sustenance. And, interestingly enough, the word nutrition is recorded before healthy—but did nutrition influence the meaning of healthy? Does good nutrition equal good health? When we say health, we are pretty much referring to our bodies, the machines that run hard every day and that need maintenance and care. When we say nutrition, we’re generally talking about the right kind of fuel to make our human-body machines run. Simple enough. It seems that good nutrition does equal good health then. How are nutritional and healthy different? Is sugary, marshmallow cereal nutritional? A look at the food label reveals that yes, it is nutritional. Cereals typically provide important vitamins that nourish our bodies. But is it healthy? That is where we begin to see the divide, and where it becomes clear the words healthy and nutritional are not synonyms. If the word healthy means something that is conducive to good health, it seems wrong to label sugary cereals as nutritional and definitely inaccurate to label them as healthy. Foods loaded with sugar are not healthy. But, what about superfoods? Is this just a way of rebranding some pretty humble foods like blueberries, walnuts, salmon, and sweet potatoes to boost sales? Maybe. But, that doesn’t mean it’s a bad thing. These foods used to be staples of the American diet but have fallen out of popularity over the years with the rise of processed and fast foods. However, with the new superfood status, the popularity of truly nutritional foods is on the rise again. These foods deserve the healthy and nutritional labels. What happens when we drown kale in brown sugar (and sesame, yum) though? Is it a nutritional and healthy food? The kale may not lose its nutritional value, if cooked properly, but the healthy aspect is now jeopardized by the addition of sugar. Most nutritionists agree that sugar is a fairly evil force in the food world that can taint even the healthiest superfood. And, while eating kale drowned in brown sugar may not be as bad for you as those sugary marshmallows, it’s definitely not considered healthy anymore. Similarly, acai berry is a superfood, but it loses it high nutritional value when it’s turned into juice with high levels of added sugar. Green tea has very high levels of antioxidants, but falls on the wrong side of healthy when it’s processed with less healthy teas and served with sugar. Some whole grains are processed to a degree that causes them to lose their nutritional value or prompts the body to process them in a way that spikes sugar levels. So, perhaps the best thing to remember when shopping for (good) nutritional and healthy food is that you can take a perfectly nutritious food and turn it into something that has a less positive, or healthy, effect on your body. If you process it in a certain way, overcook it, or add enough sugar (or cute little marshmallows), it won’t be healthy at all. What does nutritional labeling tell us? Sometimes, in a moment of utter hunger, we may look at the label of a pre-packaged snack food and see that it’s under 200 calories with only a few grams of fat. Yes, it has a bunch of sodium and added sugar (how much is too much?), and a bunch of other things we’re not sure about. But, it seems slightly healthy (and it says “low fat” in a green banner), so down the hatch it goes. The way your body breaks down that processed food—and its list of mystery ingredients—is quite different from the way your body would process, say, an apple and a handful of nuts. These are whole foods (see where that supermarket chain got the name?), which are always more healthy and nutritional than anything processed and pre-packaged. Your body breaks down whole foods slowly throughout the day, allowing those nutrients to do their job, giving you more energy, and keeping you full and fueled. Nutritional labeling is important, and an important part of it is the ingredients list. The fewer the ingredients (and the fewer mystery ingredients), the better. The ingredients list for a crisp, juicy apple is: apple. That’s the best kind of list. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has good information on its web site about reading these labels. They advise that the most important things are the serving size (beware that some packages are considered two servings, when you might think of it as one), the nutrition info (fiber, sugar, salt, fat, etc.), and the percentage of “daily value” (you want a high daily value of the nutrients that are good for you, like calcium, and a low daily value of the nutrients that aren’t so good, such as saturated fat). The power of words That said, even the FDA revises its standards frequently for what it deems “healthy foods,” as they did recently to consider “added” sugars vs. “naturally occurring” sugars. Now, all sugars are not equal. The science of nutrition is a fluid one and keeping up takes some work. Understanding the nomenclature is helpful, as is knowing that healthy is a state of being, and that good nutrition is what gets you there. But, beware of catchy marketing and claims to be part of a “balanced” meal, because without the nutritional info to back it up, those claims are just food clickbait. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrTP4SPGSVQ 👌👌👌โฆษณาวิดีโอทั้งหมดถูกลบโดย#GreenTuber https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=by.green.tuber

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqJo-ehNtZk 👌👌👌โฆษณาวิดีโอทั้งหมดถูกลบโดย#GreenTuber https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=by.green.tuber

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ok4AJ8-C2E 👌👌👌โฆษณาวิดีโอทั้งหมดถูกลบโดย#GreenTuber https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=by.green.tuber

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=907H2OADRk4 👌👌👌โฆษณาวิดีโอทั้งหมดถูกลบโดย#GreenTuber https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=by.green.tuber

Understand The Difference Between Ethos, Pathos, And Logos To Make Your Point During an argument, people will often say whatever is necessary to win. If that is the case, they would certainly need to understand the three modes of persuasion, also commonly known as the three rhetorical appeals: ethos, pathos, and logos. In short, these three words refer to three main methods that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. As you’re about to find out, the modes of persuasion are important because a speaker who knows how to effectively use them will have a significant advantage over someone who doesn’t. The terms ethos, pathos, and logos and the theory of their use can be traced back to ancient Greece to the philosophy of Aristotle. Aristotle used these three concepts in his explanations of rhetoric, or the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience. For Aristotle, the three modes of persuasion specifically referred to the three major parts of an argument: the speaker (ethos), the argument itself (logos), and the audience (pathos). In particular, Aristotle focused on the speaker’s character, the logic and reason presented by an argument, and the emotional impact the argument had on an audience. While they have ancient roots, these modes of persuasion are alive and well today. Put simply, ethos refers to persuasion based on the credibility or authority of the speaker, pathos refers to persuasion based on emotion, and logos refers to persuasion based on logic or reason. By effectively using the three modes of persuasion with a large supply of rhetorical devices, a speaker or writer can become a master of rhetoric and win nearly any argument or win over any audience. Before they can do that, though, they must know exactly what ethos, pathos, and logos mean. Fortunately, we are going to look closely at each of these three ideas and see if they are really as effective as they are said to be. Quick summary Ethos, pathos, and logos are the three classical modes of persuasion that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. Specifically: ethos (character): known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” This is the method in which a person relies on their credibility or character when making an appeal or an argument. pathos (emotions): known as “the appeal to emotion.” Pathos refers to the method of trying to persuade an audience by eliciting some kind of emotional reaction. logos (logic): known as “the appeal to reason.” This method involves using facts and logical reasoning to support an argument and persuade an audience. What is ethos? The word ethos comes straight from Greek. In Greek, ethos literally translates to “habit,” “custom,” or “character.” Ethos is related to the words ethic and ethical, which are typically used to refer to behavior that is or isn’t acceptable for a particular person. In rhetoric, the word ethos is used to refer to the character or reputation of the speaker. As a rhetorical appeal, ethos is known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” When it comes to ethos, one important consideration is how the speaker carries themself and how they present themselves to the audience: Does it seem like they know what they are talking about? Do they even believe the words they are saying? Are they an expert? Do they have some experience or skills that tell us we should listen to them? Ethos is important in rhetoric because it often influences the opinion or mood of the audience. If a speaker seems unenthusiastic, unprepared, or inexperienced, the audience is more likely to discount the speaker’s argument regardless of what it even is. On the other hand, a knowledgeable, authoritative, confident speaker is much more likely to win an audience over. Ethos often depends on more than just the argument itself. For example, a speaker’s word choice, grammar, and diction also contribute to ethos; an audience may react more favorably toward a professional speaker who has a good grasp of industry jargon and enunciates clearly versus a speaker who lacks the necessary vocabulary and fails to enunciate. Ethos can also be influenced by nonverbal factors as well, such as posture, body language, eye contact, and even the speaker’s choice of clothing. For example, a military officer proudly wearing their uniform bedecked with medals will go a long way to establishing ethos without them saying a single word. Here as a simple example of ethos: “As a former mayor of this city, I believe we can solve this crisis if we band together.” The speaker uses ethos by alerting the audience of their credentials and experience. By doing so, they rely on their reputation to be more persuasive. This “as a…” method of establishing ethos is common, and you have probably seen it used in many persuasive advertisements and speeches. What is pathos? In Greek, pathos literally translates to “suffering, experience, or sensation.” The word pathos is related to the words pathetic, sympathy, and empathy, which all have to do with emotions or emotional connections. Aristotle used the word pathos to refer to the emotional impact that an argument had on an audience; this usage is still mainly how pathos is used in rhetoric today. As a rhetorical appeal, pathos is referred to as “the appeal to emotion.” Generally speaking, an author or speaker is using pathos when they are trying to persuade an audience by causing some kind of emotional reaction. When it comes to pathos, any and all emotions are on the table: sadness, fear, hope, joy, anger, lust, pity, etc. As you probably know from your own life, emotions are a powerful motivating factor. For this reason, relying on pathos is often a smart and effective strategy for persuading an audience. Both positive and negative emotions can heavily influence an audience: for example, an audience will want to support a speaker whose position will make them happy, a speaker who wants to end their sadness, or a speaker who is opposed to something that makes them angry. Here is a simple example of pathos: “Every day, the rainforests shrink and innocent animals are killed. We must do something about this calamitous trend before the planet we call our home is damaged beyond repair.” Here, the author is trying to win over an audience by making them feel sad, concerned, or afraid. The author’s choice of words like “innocent” and “calamitous” enforce the fact that they are trying to rely on pathos. What is logos? In Greek, the word logos literally translates to “word, reason, or discourse.” The word logos is related to many different words that have to do with reason, discourse, or knowledge, such as logic, logical, and any words that end in the suffixes -logy or -logue. As a mode of persuasion and rhetorical appeal, logos is often referred to as “the appeal to reason.” If a speaker or author is relying on logos, they are typically reciting facts or providing data and statistics that support their argument. In a manner of speaking, logos does away with all of the bells and whistles of ethos and pathos and cuts to the chase by trying to present a rational argument. Logos can be effective in arguments because, in theory, it is impossible to argue against truth and facts. An audience is more likely to agree with a speaker who can provide strong, factual evidence that shows their position is correct. On the flip side, an audience is less likely to support an argument that is flawed or entirely wrong. Going further, a speaker that presents a lot of supporting evidence and data to the audience is likely to come across as knowledgeable and someone to be listened to, which earns bonus points in ethos as well. While Aristotle clearly valued an argument based on reason very highly, we know that logos alone doesn’t always effectively persuade an audience. In your own life, you have likely seen a rational, correct speaker lose an argument to a charismatic, authoritative speaker who may not have the facts right. Here is a simple example of logos: “According to market research, sales of computer chips have increased by 300% in the last five years. Analysis of the industry tells us that the market share of computer chips is dominated by Asian manufacturers. It is clear that the Asian technology sector will continue to experience rapid growth for the foreseeable future.” In this paragraph, the author is using data, statistics, and logical reasoning to make their argument. They clearly hope to use logos to try to convince an audience to agree with them. Examples of ethos, pathos, and logos Ethos, pathos, and logos can all be employed to deliver compelling and persuasive arguments or to win over an audience. Let’s look at a variety of examples to see how different speakers and authors have turned to these modes of persuasion over the years. ethos “Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me […] You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?” —Marc Antony, Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare In this scene, Marc Antony is trying to win over the Roman people, so Shakespeare has Antony rely on ethos. Antony is establishing himself as both a person of authority in Rome (having the power to offer Caesar a crown) and an expert on Caesar’s true character (Antony was Caesar’s close friend and advisor). “During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world’s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance.” —Steve Jobs, 2005 Here, Steve Jobs is providing his background–via humblebrag– of being a major figure in several different highly successful tech companies. Jobs is using ethos to provide substance to his words and make it clear to the audience that he knows what he is talking about and they should listen to him. pathos “Moreover, though you hate both him and his gifts with all your heart, yet pity the rest of the Achaeans who are being harassed in all their host; they will honour you as a god, and you will earn great glory at their hands. You might even kill Hector; he will come within your reach, for he is infatuated, and declares that not a Danaan whom the ships have brought can hold his own against him.” —Ulysses to Achilles, The Iliad by Homer In this plea, Ulysses is doing his best to pile on the pathos. In one paragraph, Ulysses is attempting to appeal to several of Achilles’s emotions: his hatred of Hector, his infamous stubborn pride, his sympathy for civilians, and his desire for vengeance. “I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest—quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality.” —Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 1963 In this excerpt from his “I Have A Dream” speech, King is using pathos to accomplish two goals at once. First, he is connecting with his audience by making it clear is aware of their plight and suffering. Second, he is citing these examples to cause sadness or outrage in the audience. Both of these effects will make an audience interested in what he has to say and more likely to support his position. logos “Let it be remembered how powerful the influence of a single introduced tree or mammal has been shown to be. But in the case of an island, or of a country partly surrounded by barriers, into which new and better adapted forms could not freely enter, we should then have places in the economy of nature which would assuredly be better filled up if some of the original inhabitants were in some manner modified; for, had the area been open to immigration, these same places would have been seized on by intruders. In such case, every slight modification, which in the course of ages chanced to arise, and which in any way favoured the individuals of any of the species, by better adapting them to their altered conditions, would tend to be preserved; and natural selection would have free scope for the work of improvement.” —Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species, 1859 In this passage, Darwin is using logos by presenting a rational argument in support of natural selection. Darwin connects natural selection to established scientific knowledge to argue that it makes logical sense that animals would adapt to better survive in their environment. “I often echo the point made by the climate scientist James Hansen: The accumulation of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases—some of which will envelop the planet for hundreds and possibly thousands of years—is now trapping as much extra energy daily as 500,000 Hiroshima-class atomic bombs would release every 24 hours. This is the crisis we face.” —Al Gore, “The Climate Crisis Is the Battle of Our Time, and We Can Win,” 2019 In this call to action, Al Gore uses logos to attempt to convince his audience of the significance of climate change. In order to do this, Gore both cites an expert in the field and provides a scientifically accurate simile to explain the scale of the effect that greenhouse gases have on Earth’s atmosphere. What are mythos and kairos? Some modern scholars may also use terms mythos and kairos when discussing modes of persuasion or rhetoric in general. Aristotle used the term mythos to refer to the plot or story structure of Greek tragedies, i.e., how a playwright ordered the events of the story to affect the audience. Today, mythos is most often discussed as a literary or poetic term rather than a rhetorical one. However, mythos may rarely be referred to as the “appeal to culture” or the “appeal to myth” if it is treated as an additional mode of persuasion. According to this viewpoint, a speaker/writer is using mythos if they try to persuade an audience using shared cultural customs or societal values. A commonly cited example of mythos is King’s “I Have a Dream” speech quoted earlier. King says: “When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men—yes, black men as well as white men—would be guaranteed the ‘unalienable rights’ of ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.’ ” Throughout the speech, King repeatedly uses American symbols and American history (mythos) to argue that all Americans should be outraged that Black Americans have been denied freedom and civil rights. Some modern scholars may also consider kairos as an additional mode of persuasion. Kairos is usually defined as referring to the specific time and place that a speaker chooses to deliver their speech. For written rhetoric, the “place” instead refers to the specific medium or publication in which a piece of writing appears. Unlike the other modes of persuasion, kairos relates to the context of a speech and how the appropriateness (or not) of a setting affects how effective a speaker is. Once again, King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is a great example of the use of kairos. This speech was delivered at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Clearly, King intended to use kairos to enhance the importance and timeliness of this landmark speech. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

🔥🔥 นายก รัฐมนตรี แพรทองธาร ชินวัตร มีแผนจะปรับโครงสร้างเศรษฐกิจในประเทศไทยดังนี้ (โดยส่วนตัวแอดมินชอบข้อ 10) 1. ส่งเสริมอุตสาหกรรมยานยนต์ไฟฟ้า (EV) 2. ส่งเสริมและยกระดับ Soft Power ในประเทศ 3. ส่งเสริมเศรษฐกิจสีเขียว (Green Economy) 4. ต่อยอดพัฒนา เศรษฐกิจดิจิทัล เช่น Data Center (ศูนย์ข้อมูลด้าน IT) ,โรงงานผลิตชิป โรงานผลิตเซมิคอนดัคเตอร์ , AI (ปัญญาประดิษฐ์) 5. มุ่งเน้นเศรษฐกิจสุขภาพ (Care and wellness) Health tech , Biotechnologyุ6. เป้าหมาย เป็นศูนย์กลาง การเงินโลก (Financial Hub) 7. ยกระดับความสามารถในงานวิจัย พัฒนา และนวัตกรรม 8. พัฒนาโครงสร้างพื้นฐานขนาดใหญ่ ในประเทศ (Mega Project) 9. พัฒนาระบบสาธารณูปโภคพื้นฐานในประเทศ เช่น โซลาร์เซล์ ระบบไฟฟ้า การประปา ให้ครอบคลุม 10. รัฐบาลจะดึงแรงงานที่อยู่นอกระบบภาษี (รวมถึงร้านค้า) ที่ปัจจุบัน มีอยู่มากกว่าร้อยละ 50 เข้ามาสู่ระบบภาษี ที่มา : ฐานเศรษฐกิจ

เมื่อเช็คและทดสอบดูแล้ว ตรวจพบว่าความแม่นยำของชุดทดสอบที่ใช้จนถึงทุกวันนี้มีความแม่นยำไม่ถึง 20% 😕 และบางทีก็อาจจะไม่มีไวรัสอยู่จริง😶🤐😶 Italy and Spain people drinking too much alcohol, too much sugar in the food, and not enough exercise This research about the covid 19 and alcohol, is nothing new 1 8oz drink, beer or wine or mixed alcohol drink This can take the vitamin D levels to almost 0%, and maybe 7 or 8 days are needed to bring vitamin D levels up to normal, If a person drink alcohol once a week oh, they will have problems White blood cell need the vitamin D when fighting any free radical or pathogen I believe , The vitamin D receptor on white blood cell is a dual receptor, meaning receptor has space for vitamin d and vitamin K2 Both D&K have to be together same time in the receptor Sunshine give us the D, vitamin K2 we get from the leafy green vegetable Italy Spain people oh, the really like the wine with dinner, wine with lunch, wine with breakfast, have a glass of wine because it's nice One glass of wine, and the vitamin D level is very low, and need 5 to 7 Days sunshine make the D level go up to normal😔

Two very different machines, making very different juice results... Blender mixes too much air in the juice, juicer machine is much better, this machine give the option, keep the pulp and fibre, add this to salad or cooking, and if there is no fructose in the juice, a green vegetable drink can be healthy. And how much juice to drink? Not all people can drink large volume green vegetable juice, some people with digestive system issues such as SIBO or IBS... they have to start slowly with small amount of juice, and if no problem the next day, okay then drink 1 cup of juice once a day, and if this not making problems, 2 cups liquid from juicer machine, not blender More than 2 cups a day, not very logical because people can only absorb so much...

Fructose is making liver problems, that is for sure, because only the liver can convert fructose into glucose Non-dairy creamer... that means no dairy product, this is all chemicals, I don't know for sure, but I'm guessing similar to cooking oil omega 6, in powder form This instant coffee is making liver problems, I can understand people enjoy coffee, and feeling little better when they drink coffee, but this coffee system... make the person much more tired 30 to 60 minutes after drinking this product... I would recommend a mild green tea, or some other herbal tea, sweetened with Organic stevia, this is very sweet, do not use other artificial sweeteners such as aspartame etc etc Also, if the mom does not have any allergies to fish or seafood, a quality fish oil from health food shop, for example Carlson's brand fish oil, this can quickly stabilize a person and give some good energy, the fish oil is good for the liver, and this is not the same like eating fried fish

วิธีเช็คคุณภาพของน้ำมันมะกอกแท้หรือเทียม... https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-know-if-your-olive-oil-is-really-olive-oil-and-not-a-substitute-Is-there-a-test How do you know if your olive oil is really olive oil and not a substitute? Is there a test? Or follow this steps: Get yourself a laser that has a violet or green light. A laser, though, always works best. Point the source of light to a glass containing the oil you want to test. The cointainer must be colourless. If it really is extra virgin oil, you will see something like that... Real true olive oil will show green laser turning orange color inside the real olive oil, if it is fake olive oil the green laser color will not change it will remain green...

Green tea with turmeric and cinnamon😊😁 I drink the turmeric everyday, doing this many years, I think over 28 years, turmeric is very strong antioxidant and very strong anti-inflammatory The cinnamon, this is famous for lowering insulin resistance and keeping the blood sugar low oh, very important for fighting any cold or flu😊 600 clinical studies with turmeric, very effective anti-inflammatory and no side effects 😊 If​ you should consume black pepper with turmeric , to help it work effectively. คำถาม-What is work for anti inflammatory for Covid case ? คำตอบ-Turmeric spice, over 600 clinical studies show Turmeric is very effective anti-inflammatory treatment, with no side effects, very healthy. Half teaspoon fresh turmeric powder in hot water or hot tea is the best way to take turmeric. Turmeric quality is determined by soil conditions, the element yttrium is essential for growing high quality turmeric, India and Sri Lanka are producing some of the best turmeric for medicinal qualities. The soil in these countries is rich in yttrium. In some case, if mouth is swelling add some coconut milk to the tea, maybe not so much turmeric... I know people with arthritis and inflammation, and they hate turmeric taste, I suggest put the turmeric in capsules, and they do this, one month later most arthritis pain is gone.

The biggest factor in vaccine detox, the person has to stop eating garbage food everyday, and equally as important, even if the food is clean and healthy, people have to control their eating, in other words do not eat too much... Intermittent fasting allows mitochondria to go into autophagy state, and in this condition mitochondria are at their strongest and most able to fight against mRNA and the spike protein. And if you add HBOT to this, it only gets better... People should understand that if their diet is not clean, HBOT will only produce partial or marginal results. Breathing Steam is very powerful therapy, fact is temperature kills coronavirus 100%... Green tea with turmeric and black pepper, maybe take some quercetin... And for sure do some fasting everyday It is important for people to stay relaxed and not worry too much... It's never too late to start intermittent fasting, and stay off the carbs and sugar, if people worried about Alzheimer's disease, think about what the keto diet with intermittent fasting can do for people with epilepsy, reading 50% all people with epilepsy find very good results with Keto and more better results with keto plus fasting... 25% of that epilepsy people have 90% improvement, And this is only from eating good food and intermittent fasting... So if Alzheimer's is the problem, person needs to switch diet and lifestyle quickly

https://www.greenery.org/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A/

หาของแท้ให้เจอใบละไม่ควรเกิน 1500บาท อย่าสั่งของก็อป มาใช้อันตรายมาก..วิธีเลือกไม่ยาก.. You have a copper jar? Put water in copper jar and leave it up to one hour and drink it - it will help you to get copper natural way. Iron - spinach, leafy greens If you have chance to get oysters, they are full of zync, magnesium, copper....omega 3 - eat not more than 5 a day This is copper - it kills bacteria in water and add copper to it...

New Words We Created Because Of Coronavirus We’re rounding out 2020, and the coronavirus continues to shape our lives and language. While we once hoped we could toss the year’s coronacoinages out the door, that’s clearly not going to be the case right now: the coronavirus continues to surge to new levels. It seems like years (not months) ago that we learned our first COVID-19 terms, like social distancing and flatten the curve. We had to process so much, in so little time; we had to become experts about important differences: epidemic vs. pandemic, quarantine vs. isolation, and respirator vs. ventilators. The conversation continued with contagious vs. infectious and what antibodies do. Many of the words we’ve continued to add to our vocabularies address the ongoing nature of our situation. Maybe we long for the Before Times or have embraced cluttercore as we cope. The ups and downs of this life haven’t been easy (it’s a coronacoaster, to be honest), but the new vocabulary has helped us stay safe and informed during these scary times. And what better way to bring some welcome humor and humility to our lives in the bunker than some wordplay? Here’s our ongoing roundup of some of the new slang terms born of this unique, unprecedented time in modern life—a time of upheaval that some more jokingly call the coronapocalypse (corona apocalypse) or coronageddon (corona armageddon). the Before Times Are you walking around in a constant state of nostalgia? Then the term Before Times is for you. This humorous (and yes, dark) take on life pre-pandemic makes it clear that we’ve lived through an apocalyptic rupture point that separates old and new. The Before Times has long been a trope in science fiction, and linguist Ben Zimmer traces this specific phrase back to 1960s Star Trek, though some variations (beforetime) appear in early texts like the Bible. Example: Remember in the Before Times, when we packed together in movie theaters for a fun time? Seems like a different world now! rona Rona—often in the phrase the rona—is an informal shortening of coronavirus. Coronavirus is popularly shortened to corona, which was apparently further clipped to rona. Rona is often used as a playful or ironic way to refer to COVID-19, especially when commenting on more relatable, humorous challenges of social distancing during the pandemic. It is generally not meant, however, to be flippant about the very serious loss and disruption COVID-19 has wreaked—nor diminish the life-saving service of so many essential workers, from grocery clerks to nurses. It’s a bit of gallows humor. Some people have personified the virus as Miss Rona or Aunt Rona. And la rona (meant as “the rona”) has emerged in some Spanish-language contexts. Other informal shortenings? Just as coronavirus has been shortened to corona and rona, so quarantine has been shortened to quar—and even pandemic to panny. Example: Yeah, I don’t know about you, but homeschooling my kids during the rona ends up in a lot of Frozen 2. cornteen Cornteen is an intentional misspelling of quarantine, often used in ironic commentary on what it’s like to be at home during the coronavirus pandemic. It may have originated as an actual misspelling of quarantine. (Hey, quarantine wasn’t exactly a word most of us used every day until COVID-19.) Cornteen is occasionally used to joke about how quarantine is pronounced in various regional accents. Some people visually pun on cornteen by substituting the corn emoji, 🌽, for the corn- part of the word; others pun on the -teen to mean “teenager.” doomscrolling Life under the rona has meant that it’s even harder to peel our eyes away from our phones and computers, constantly refreshing our feeds for the latest news about the pandemic. At least there’s a word for that: doomscrolling, also doomscrolling. The term has been notably used—and popularized in part by her exhortations to a take a break from doing it—by Quartz reporter Karen K. Ho. Scrolling refers to scrolling down on our smartphones for the latest posts on social media. And doom … well, a lot of the news we’re seeing online feels full of gloom and doom. Example: I was up to 2 a.m. last night doomscrolling about coronavirus news in my state. A related slang term is doomsurfing, or compulsively surfing the internet for upsetting news. coronasomnia Staying up late, again? Waking up at 4am to doomscroll? Can’t remember your last good night of sleep? You’re not the only one. The term coronasomnia refers to—what else?—the insomnia that’s afflicting so many of us during the pandemic. Doctors and pharmacists have seen a measurable increase in the number of people suffering symptoms of insomnia or whose symptoms have worsened since the quarantine began. Some estimates suggest some 20 to 30 percent of the population—including children—may be impacted. One doctor coined the term “FED UP” to describe the worries of this stressful time. It stands for “financial stress, emotional stress, distance from others, unpredictability, and personal and professional concerns.” Yikes. Sounds like that’s another term for the dictionary. coronacoaster If you’re suffering from coronasomnia, you’ll likely understand this next word without much of an explanation. Coronacoaster is one of the many new COVID-inspired coinages that use corona (short for coronavirus) as a kind of combining form. It blends corona and rollercoaster to describe the emotional experience of life during the pandemic. Did you bake cookies and then sob like a baby while masking up for the 10,000th time? You’re on the coaster! Example: The coronacoaster has been exhausting this week. I started crying during my weekly family Zoom and couldn’t stop. coronacut The hilariously bad haircut we give ourselves under lockdown. This was one of the first coronacoinages out there—proving that sometimes we worry most about the little things … or that we’re all pretty vain. It feels like so long ago since we first heard this term, which only goes to show how slang changes as our experience of the pandemic changes. cluttercore A “messy aesthetic,” especially in terms of embracing one’s books, knickknacks, and other stuff at home and sharing it on social media. While coronacut reminds us of our struggles during the earliest days of the pandemic, this term reflects the ongoing evolution of quarantine life. Cluttercore emerged as a maximalist, anti-Kondo approach in early 2020 before any lockdowns, but the pandemic really helped popularize the term. (As of October, videos with the hashtag #cluttercore had more than two million views.) This combining form blends clutter (“a disorderly heap or assemblage”) with -core, which names a kind of aesthetic, social movement, or lifestyle. Cluttercore is similar to terms like cottagecore, normcore, and gorpcore. “The pandemic has forced us to reevaluate what we have, make better use of objects and space … and also see their value, often for the first time,” says Jennifer Howard, author of Clutter: An Untidy History. covidiot A blend of COVID-19 and idiot, covidiot is a slang insult for someone who disregards healthy and safety guidelines about the novel coronavirus. Some signs of covidiocy are: not washing your hands regularly, hanging out in groups of people, standing within six feet of a stranger at the grocery, hoarding items like toilet paper and hand sanitizer all to yourself. Example: Don’t be a covidiot by visiting the beach today! It’s super crowded. quaranteam The (very limited) group of people you see during self-isolation; one of the many slang terms that plays on quarantine. Whether you call it a germ pod, a COVID bubble, or your quaranteam, this is the group of people you voluntarily choose to socialize with or even live with during the quarantine. Basically, your pod chooses to isolate together, promising not to have close contact (within six feet) with anyone outside the pod. This form of contact clustering (yet another term used by epidemiologists to describe the situation) allows you to socialize while also staying safe. Quaranteam is a blend of quarantine and team, and sounds like quarantine—it’s a punning blend, as we’ve seen throughout this slideshow Example: Our quaranteam is going camping next weekend. We’re tired of all the binge-watching and baking. moronavirus Another term for a covidiot. The wordplay, here, centers on the word moron. Example: My roommate is being such a moronavirus. He went down to the beach with a huge group of friends. Calling someone a covidiot or moronavirus is a form of quarantine shaming. That’s slang for publicly criticizing someone for not following health and safety guidelines (quarantine being a shorthand for policies in place requiring people to stay at home except where necessary in many places across the country and world). quarantini How do you take your quarantini? Dirty, dry? Shaken, stirred? Vodka, gin? Quarantini is a slang term for a cocktail people drink at home while under quarantine during—and because of—the coronavirus. The term is a blend of quarantine and martini, a cocktail made with gin or vodka and dry vermouth, usually served with a green olive or a twist of lemon peel. The original quarantini referred to a martini-like cocktail mixed with vitamin C-based dietary supplements—a concoction that predates the novel coronavirus. Quarantini has spread as a more general term for alcoholic beverages consumed at home during the pandemic. Example: Frozen pizza in the oven? Paw Patrol queued up? Think it’s time for a quarantini. coronarita The margarita answer to a quarantini—served with, what else, a Corona-brand beer. A margarita is a cocktail made of tequila, lime or lemon juice, and an orange-flavored liqueur, usually served in a salt-rimmed glass. virtual happy hour When someone might drink a quarantini or coronarita. Because many people are working from home to help, they are letting off steam at the end of a long day of doomscrolling by holding virtual happy hours over Zoom, FaceTime, Google Hangouts, and other video conferencing or chat applications. Happy hour is a cocktail hour or longer period at a bar, during which drinks are served at reduced prices or with free snacks. It’s also used as a shorthand for drinks, generally with colleagues or friends, at the end of the workday, especially near the end of the work week. walktail When you want to take your quarantini or coronita outside on a walk (not that we’re condoning that), then you’d have a walktail. With so many quarantining at home with nothing to do—and nowhere to drink with the bars closed—some people have taken to swigging while sauntering, according to a New York Times article that identified this new trend. A walktail combines the words walk and cocktail, and bar owners are reporting increased alcohol to-go sales as a result. People are drinking and walking their neighborhoods, walking their pets, or just hosting happy hours in the backyard. Now, readers, do keep in mind: almost everywhere in the US it’s illegal to carry an “open container,” so most people disguise their walktails in discreet containers. Or you can also go bold, like the woman who dressed up in her bridal gown to dance in the street. Zoom-bombing This one’s a more serious entry. When using Zoom or similar services, be wary of Zoom-bombing. This is when uninvited guests to a virtual meeting disrupt it with various obscene, violent, or offensive images or words. Bombing, here, is based on photobombing, or when people ruin a photograph by appearing in the image without the photographer’s knowledge, often in some dramatic or comical way. Zoom mom A demographic of moms who are constantly using Zoom. They used to be called soccer moms, but COVID-19 changed that. Now, these so-called Zoom moms are described as spending a lot of time using Zoom for work, their children’s schooling, or simply to chat with their friends who are also stuck at home. In a May 22 article, Zoom moms were identified as a potentially powerful voting bloc that could influence the 2020 elections. Example: If the updated back to school plans aren’t released soon, the Zoom moms may revolt. Zoom fatigue The exhaustion that sets in while living life over Zoom. Fatigue is a “weariness from bodily or mental exertion,” and people began to cling to the term Zoom fatigue pretty quickly in April. Experts note that this sense of exhaustion is a real phenomenon caused by the amount of information processed face-to-face on Zoom without any non-verbal cues. Conversations and meetings cause conflicting emotions, without allowing people to relax as they would in person. Zoom fatigue ties into the larger phenomenon of “pandemic fatigue”: months into the pandemic and we are feeling the emotional, social, and psychological toll even as we try to grasp the loss of our lives and livelihood. Zoom town A place where housing sales are booming due to buyers who work remotely and are willing to live farther from the office. Example: The realtor convinced us to look at several homes in a nearby Zoom town, and I couldn’t help but imagine an idyllic life in the suburbs—complete with backyard barbecues and a two-car garage. Competition for homes in Zoom towns in suburbs and areas surrounding city centers is heating up as workers embrace remote work and ditch their commutes. Prices in these areas are often lower than in tighter urban markets. Zoom town is a play on Zoom (which of course, can also mean “to move quickly”) and boom town, a noun meaning “a town that has grown very rapidly as a result of sudden prosperity.” quarantine and chill Netflix and chill, but for the coronavirus era. Quarantine and chill is used for various ways people are hunkering down and spending free time at home during the coronavirus, especially with a romantic partner while marathoning streaming services. Be careful when you search for quarantine and chill on social media, though: some people use the phrase when posting revealing selfies. Example: My hubby and I are in an epic tournament of Rummy 500. Winner each night gets to pick the movie. #Quarantineandchill coronials, quaranteens, coronababies When two people get really cozy while quarantine-and-chilling, they may, you know … Babies being conceived while people are cooped up at home during the coronavirus have been dubbed coronababies. And when these babies get older, they will become the quaranteens, a pun on quarantine and teen(ager). The hypothetical new generation of children conceived during COVID-19 has cleverly been crowned the coronials, a play on corona(virus) and millennials. covidivorce The experience for other couples under COVID-19 quarantine may not be so snuggly. Being in extended isolation with loved ones can strain a relationship. Enter covidivorce, or divorces filed as a result of a couple’s experience during COVID-19. zumping The experience of COVID-19 isn’t just taxing on couples who live together. People who are dating are also reconsidering their relationships during the pandemic—and sometimes zumping each other. A blend of dump and Zoom (the popular video service), zumping is when you break up with someone over a video conferencing service. At least they didn’t just text? (Hey, you can do better, anyways). turbo relationship While some people are breaking up over Zoom due to quarantining, sheltering in place means others are turbocharging their relationship. The quarantine required couples to face a tough choice: break up or, er, shack up. According to some therapists, many couples who sped up the traditional courtship to live together during these conditions are reporting positive relationships and strong levels of commitment. Turbo ultimately derives from a Latin word meaning “whirlwind”—and turbo relationships may certainly get people’s minds, and hearts, spinning? COVID-10 For some, quarantining at home during COVID-19 may result in a less movement—and more snacking—than they are used to. COVID-10, also referred to as the COVID-15 or even the COVID-19, is a riff on the numerals of COVID-19 and the freshman 15, an expression for the weight some people (are said to) gain during their first year of college. (Hey, gotta stock up on some supplies to help flatten the curve. And gotta take up delicious hobbies to stay engaged!) See also the German Coronaspeck, weight gained during the coronavirus pandemic, a play on Kummerspeck, or weight gained as a result of emotional eating. coronacation Coronavirus-compelled staycations, due to cancelled classes, shifts, and the like. It’s usually an ironic term—just ask parents working from home while teaching their kids. Example: My teen thinks he’s getting a coronacation since his school has moved online. Oh, wait until he sees how I am going to keep him busy with the Learning At Home resources. drive-by, drive-in So if you can’t take that dream vacation you’d always wanted … how about a drive-by birthday party instead? Social distancing has inspired a lot of creative adaptations for our celebrations—and equally unique terms for them. We’ve been introduced to drive-by graduations, weddings, and birthdays, as well as drive-in concerts and campaign rallies during the lead up to the election. Generally drive-in refers to “a place of business or public facility designed to accommodate patrons who sit in their automobiles.” The adjective is “relating to, or characteristic of such an establishment.” Drive-by is “occurring while driving past a person, object, etc.” Example: The four friends jumped in the car and barely made it to the drive-in concert on time. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

พาสปอร์ตโฉมใหม่ ฉลอง 79 ปีอินโดนีเซีย ในการเฉลิมฉลองครบรอบ 79 ปี วันประกาศอิสรภาพของสาธารณรัฐอินโดนีเซีย เมื่อวันที่ 17 สิงหาคม 2567 นอกจากจะมีความเปลี่ยนแปลงทั้งการย้ายเมืองหลวงจากกรุงจาการ์ตา ไปยังเมืองหลวงใหม่นูซันตารา (Nusantara) ทางฝั่งตะวันออกของเกาะบอร์เนียว และ ปราโบโว ซูเบียนโต กำลังจะจะเข้ารับตำแหน่งประธานาธิบดีต่อจาก โจโก วิโดโด ในเดือนตุลาคมนี้ หนึ่งในความเปลี่ยนแปลงที่น่าสนใจ คือ การเปิดตัวหนังสือเดินทางธรรมดาโฉมใหม่ ของกรมตรวจคนเข้าเมืองอินโดนีเซีย เปลี่ยนแปลงรูปเล่มจากเดิมสีเขียวเทอร์ควอยซ์ (Turquoise green) และตราพญาครุฑปัญจศีลพร้อมข้อความสีเหลือง ซึ่งใช้มาตั้งแต่ปี 2557 มาเป็นสีแดงสด (Bright red) ตัดกับตราพญาครุฑปัญจศีลพร้อมข้อความสีขาวแทน สำหรับหนังสือเดินทางอินโดนีเซียโฉมใหม่ ประกอบด้วยหน้าปกที่ทนความร้อน มีความยืดหยุ่น ปกป้องชิปที่อยู่ในเล่มได้ หน้าไบโอดาตา (Biodata) ทำจากโพลีคาร์บอเนตเคลือบหลายชั้นเพื่อความทนทาน และมีการพิมพ์โดยใช้ทั้งหมึกที่มองเห็นได้และหมึกที่มองไม่เห็น เรืองแสงด้วยแสงอัลตราไวโอเลต และลวดลายผ้าดั้งเดิมตามแบบฉบับของแต่ละภูมิภาคในอินโดนีเซีย การออกแบบหนังสือเดินทางโฉมใหม่ครั้งนี้ เป็นไปตามมาตรฐานขององค์การการบินพลเรือนระหว่างประเทศ (ICAO) ปลอดภัยต่อการถูกปลอมแปลงมากขึ้น และเสริมสร้างภาพลักษณ์ทางวัฒนธรรมและสถานะระหว่างประเทศของอินโดนีเซีย อย่างไรก็ตาม แม้หนังสือเดินทางธรรมดาโฉมใหม่ จะมีผลบังคับใช้ในวันที่ 17 สิงหาคม 2567 เป็นต้นไป แต่จะให้บริการแก่ประชาชนในปีหน้า วันที่ 17 สิงหาคม 2568 เนื่องจากต้องเตรียมการหลายอย่าง รวมถึงขั้นตอนการพิมพ์ การออกเงื่อนไข การออกหนังสือเดินทาง และการตั้งค่าระบบต่างๆ ที่เกี่ยวข้อง จึงยังคงออกหนังสือเดินทางรูปแบบเดิมให้หมดก่อน สำหรับหนังสือเดินทางอินโดนีเซียถูกจัดให้อยู่ในอันดับที่ 65 ตามการจัดอันดับของ The Henley Passport Index 2024 Global Ranking สามารถเดินทางได้ 76 ประเทศหรือดินแดนโดยไม่ต้องใช้วีซ่า และเป็นอันดับที่ห้าในภูมิภาคอาเซียน รองจากประเทศสิงคโปร์อันดับที่ 1 มาเลเซียอันดับที่ 12 บรูไนอันดับที่ 19 และประเทศไทยอันดับที่ 60 ที่ผ่านมาในภูมิภาคอาเซียนมีความพยายามที่จะเปลี่ยนแปลงการให้บริการหนังสือเดินทาง หนึ่งในนั้นคือการขยายอายุหนังสือเดินทางจาก 5 ปี เป็น 10 ปี ซึ่งประเทศสิงคโปร์ ไทย อินโดนีเซีย และฟิลิปปินส์ ต่างออกหนังสือเดินทางแบบ 10 ปีแล้ว เช่นเดียวกับสหรัฐอเมริกาและอิตาลี ส่วนประเทศมาเลเซียกำลังอยู่ในระหว่างเตรียมการประกาศวันที่เริ่มใช้ในเร็วๆ นี้ สำหรับประเทศไทย กรมการกงสุล กระทรวงการต่างประเทศ กำลังเตรียมความพร้อมโครงการหนังสือเดินทางอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ระยะที่ 4 เพื่อรองรับหลังโครงการระยะที่ 3 เริ่มต้นตั้งแต่ปี 2562 และจะสิ้นสุดสัญญา 7 ปี ในวันที่ 4 กรกฎาคม 2569 โดยกำลังพิจารณาเพิ่มคุณลักษณะที่มากกว่ามาตรฐาน ICAO เพื่อป้องกันการปลอมแปลง รวมทั้งการเชื่อมระบบฐานข้อมูลทะเบียนราษฎร การจัดทำหนังสือเดินทางดิจิทัล (Digital Travel Credentials หรือ DTCs) การเพิ่มคุณลักษณะความปลอดภัย โดยใช้รูปถ่ายสีแทนรูปขาวดำ และมีโฮโลแกรมภาพบุคคลเสมือนจริงเป็นภาพสีในหน้า Biodatabase เป็นต้น #Newskit #PassportIndonesia #pasporIndonesia

“Turtle” vs. “Tortoise”: What’s The Difference? Those who attended the University of Maryland or are familiar with this institution know to “fear the turtle.” Thanks to their trusty mascot, Testudo, this slogan is a favorite of students and fans. But is Testudo the terrapin actually a turtle or a tortoise? And is there even a difference between them? Let’s take a closer look. What is a turtle? Turtles and tortoises are both reptiles that belong to the order Testudines. This order is comprised of aquatic and terrestrial species that have their trunk enclosed in a shell. To be specific, that shell consists of a dorsal carapace—or shell covering—and a ventral plastron (the bottom part of the shell). The architecture of this shell that houses the skeleton is unique to turtles. Turtles cannot leave their shell or shed it for a new one. The word turtle dates back to around 1625–35. It originated from an alteration of the French tortue, which is itself derived from the Latin word for this animal, tortūca. To use the word correctly, you might say: - Her family refers to her as “The Turtle” because she is quick to retreat into her “shell” instead of getting to know people. - Out of all of the animals he grew up with, Gabe’s favorite pet was his beloved turtle, Shelly, whose shell patterns inspired his artwork. - Since turtle, or the order Testudines, refers to reptiles who have their bodies protected or encased within a shell, it’s no surprise that there are many species of turtles: 356 of them to be exact. Some of these types of turtles include sea turtle, box turtle, green turtle, and snapping turtle. However, an aquatic turtle can be distinguished from a terrestrial one, known as a tortoise. What is a tortoise? A tortoise is a noun that refers to a terrestrial turtle or a slow-moving person. This type of turtle belongs to the family Testudinidae and typically spends its time on land. Tortoise was first recorded in English around 1350–1400. It originated as a variant of the earlier words tortuse, tortose, and tortuce. The word tortoise may be related to the Latin for “twisted” (tortus). The Latin word testudo comes from testa (“shell”). You might use the word like so: - After Tamara broke her leg, she felt like a tortoise: only able to inch along on her crutches at an excruciatingly slow pace. - While his family was visiting the desert, Lucas came across a tortoise eating a piece of cactus. She opted for tortoiseshell glasses in honor of her favorite reptile: the tortoise. How to tell the difference between a turtle and tortoise Although tortoises are a type of turtle and belong to the order Testudines, they have distinct differences from aquatic turtles who spend their time in the water. Firstly, terrestrial turtles or tortoises are land-dwellers that eat vegetation and typically live in hot, dry areas. There are also physical differences, according to the San Diego Zoo, and these make it much easier to tell them apart. In order to accommodate their time in the water, turtles have webbed feet. Some turtles have flippers and spend their entire lives swimming while others hang out on the shore, rocks, or beaches on occasion and burrow in the mud when they get cold. Instead of webbed feet, tortoises have round feet that look like stumps and help them walk on land. They live in dry and hot habitats, and some even eat cactus. To avoid the sun, some dig burrows and head underground. Most tortoises have shells that are higher with more of a domed shape. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Ocean” vs. “Sea”: Coast Through The Differences  Most of us landlubbers live out our dry lives on solid ground, so it can be easy to forget that Earth is primarily an ocean planet that’s 71% covered in water—most of which connects in a giant blue mass around our little green islands. Ocean, sea, it’s all the same salt water, right? Yes and no. In general use, it’s extremely common for the two words to be used interchangeably. But cartographers and geographers (or, more precisely, hydrographers) have good reason to use the terms differently, especially when referring to specific, named bodies of water. Join us as we wade into the differences and dive into the deeper distinctions between ocean and sea. We’ll discover gulfs and bays that are seas in disguise, and we’ll even see some lakes that are called seas but aren’t. Quick summary The most general senses of the words ocean and sea are often used interchangeably to refer to the big body of salt water that covers most of Earth. But technically speaking, an ocean is one of the big five (or seven) divisions of this expanse (like the Atlantic and the Pacific), while a sea is a smaller portion of this (like the Mediterranean and the Caribbean), typically one that is bounded in some way by smaller landmasses. What is an ocean? When people say the ocean, they usually mean “the vast body of salt water that covers almost three fourths of Earth’s surface.” You can think of this as one big, unbounded body of water in which the continents are islands. We’ve divided this vast expanse—the world ocean, as it’s sometimes called—into sections, roughly based on the position of each section between continents. We also call each of these sections an ocean, and each has a specific name: the Pacific Ocean (from the east coasts of Asia and Australia to west coasts of the Americas), the Atlantic Ocean (from the east coasts of the Americas to the west coasts of Europe and Africa), the Indian Ocean (between the east coast of Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the west coast of Australia), the Arctic Ocean (in the extreme global north), and the Antarctic Ocean (in the extreme global south). The Pacific and the Atlantic are the biggest and are further divided into the North Atlantic and South Atlantic; and the North Pacific and South Pacific. So if you count these divisions, you’ll end up with a list of seven oceans (instead of five). What is a sea? In general, when people say the sea, they often mean the same thing as the ocean—the enormous, connected body of salt water that covers most of the planet. More specifically, though, a sea is “a division of these waters, of considerable extent, more or less definitely marked off by land boundaries.” In this sense, the distinguishing feature of a sea is often that it’s a portion of the ocean bounded by land in some way—typically smaller landmasses, as opposed to entire continents. Some large and well-known seas that fit this definition include the Mediterranean Sea, the Caribbean Sea, the Arabian Sea, the South China Sea, and the Red Sea, among many others. Some bodies of water are entirely surrounded by land, but are big enough to be considered seas, such as the Black Sea. Not every body of water is easily categorizable, and there are exceptions and outliers. The relatively calm portion of the Atlantic Ocean known as the Sargasso Sea is not bounded by any land but is instead defined by its location between ocean currents. Not every body of water that’s technically considered a sea has the word sea in its name. The Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Bengal fit the criteria to be considered seas. Hudson Bay is considered an inland sea. And, confusingly, not every body of water with sea in its name is actually a sea. The Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea are both saltwater lakes. The Sea of Galilee is a freshwater lake. There are more than 50 seas in the world. So why are we so used to hearing that there are seven? What are the seven seas? Today, the term seven seas typically refers to the seven divisions of ocean: the North Pacific Ocean, the South Pacific Ocean, the North Atlantic Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the Antarctic Ocean. However, it has meant different things throughout history. Many geographers and historians believe that, in the ancient world, it most commonly referred to the Indian Ocean, the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Red Sea. But this likely varied in different parts of the world where different bodies of water were known. How to use ocean vs. sea In the most general sense, sea and ocean are often used interchangeably to refer to the massive body of salt water that covers most of the planet. The technical distinction used for the purposes of geography is that an ocean is one of the five (or seven) divisions of these waters, while a sea is a smaller portion of the ocean, most often one bounded by land in some way. It’s much more likely for people to refer to a specific ocean as the sea than for them to refer to a specific sea as the ocean. Both terms are commonly used in phrases and compound words like seaside, oceanside, seawater, ocean liner, seascape, and many more. These terms are typically used in the general sense of the words, or refer specifically to whatever body of water is nearby. Both ocean and sea can also be used in similar figurative ways to refer to a large expanse, as in a sea of people, or a great amount, as in an ocean of possibilities. Sea is perhaps more commonly used in poetic ways. Examples of ocean and sea used in a sentence   - The Indian Ocean is the smallest of the world’s oceans. - The Coral Sea is part of the Pacific Ocean and is one of the largest seas in the world. - I love swimming in the sea and floating on the waves. - I hope we get a chance to visit the ocean this summer. - We’re driving to the coast to see the Pacific Ocean and stay at a seaside resort. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Learn The Birthstones That Make Each Month Sparkle Birthstones are precious or semiprecious gemstones that are associated with a particular month or sign of the Zodiac. Going back to ancient times, certain gems were believed to bring good fortune if worn during specific months. The origin of this belief is often traced back to the story of the Breastplate of Aaron in the book of Exodus from the Bible. The legendary breastplate was said to be decorated with 12 differently colored gems. The breastplate inspired the original lists of birthstones that would change over the many following centuries. In 1912, the American National Retail Jeweler’s Association would popularize the word birthstone after making an “official” list of birthstones that is still used today with new additions to it. Modern lists often have multiple birthstones tied to certain months. All of that being said, you might be curious as to what your birthstone is and which gemstone goes with each month. We’ve gathered up a—sadly, metaphorical—treasure trove of gemstones along with some details about each one. 💎Birthstones chart Month - Birthstone January - Garnet February - Amethyst March - Aquamarine, Bloodstone April - Diamond, Rock Crystal May - Emerald, Chrysoprase June - Pearl, Alexandrite, Moonstone July - Ruby, Carnelian, Onyx August - Peridot, Spinel, Sardonyx September - Sapphire October - Opal, Tourmaline November - Topaz, Citrine December - Turquoise, Blue Zircon, Tanzanite, Lapis Lazuli January | garnet Garnets are a group of minerals commonly found in certain types of sedimentary and igneous rocks. The name garnet is most often used to specifically refer to red minerals used as semiprecious gemstones. Garnets come in many different colors, but dark red garnets are the ones most often used as birthstones. The word garnet originally comes from the Latin word grānātum, meaning “granular.” This word was specifically referring to the shape of the red seeds found in a pomegranate, which resemble red garnets. February | amethyst Amethyst is a variety of purple quartz. The intensity of amethyst’s color (and thus its value) depends on how much iron is in the amethyst when it crystallizes. Amethysts come in different shades of purple. The word amethyst comes from the Greek améthystos, meaning “not intoxicating.” Its name comes from many ancient legends and superstitions that claimed wearing an amethyst would prevent drunkenness. March | aquamarine, bloodstone aquamarine Aquamarine is a blue or greenish-blue variety of the mineral beryl used as a semiprecious gemstone. Aquamarine crystals typically form in hot, open spaces underground that have a good supply of space and beryllium. Aquamarines are usually pale or light blue in color. Aquamarine’s name comes from the Latin aqua marīna, meaning “sea water.” The name is a reference to aquamarine’s blue color. bloodstone Bloodstone, also known as heliotrope, is a green variety of the mineral chalcedony with spots of jasper scattered across it. It is considered to be a semiprecious gemstone. Bloodstone gemstones are usually dark green with dabs of red. Bloodstone is a combination of the words blood and stone. Bloodstone features spots of red jasper that resemble blood drops or blood splatter. April | diamond, rock crystal diamond A diamond is an extremely hard form of carbon which is considered a precious gem. Diamonds form underground when carbon is exposed to extreme amounts of pressure and heat. Diamonds come in many different colors, but colorless or clear diamonds are the ones most preferred as gems. The word diamond is thought to come from the Latin adamas, meaning “hard metal.” Diamond’s name was inspired by its famous hardness and shares an origin with the word adamant, an adjective that can accurately describe a diamond. Diamonds are one of the most culturally significant gems, including in slang like diamond hands. Learn what that means here. rock crystal Rock crystal is a transparent variety of quartz. Quartz is one of the most common minerals, and it is naturally colourless. Quartz will change colors if the crystal has impurities. Rock crystal is colorless and transparent. Rock crystal’s name is simply a combination of the words rock and crystal. Rock crystal is a crystal of quartz, a mineral that is commonly found in rocks. May | emerald, chrysoprase emerald An emerald is a green variety of beryl that is considered a precious gem. The green color of emeralds is caused by chromium mixing with the beryllium needed to form beryl. Beryllium and chromium are rarely found in significant amounts in the same place, which is why emeralds are so rare and valuable. Emeralds have a rich green color. The intensity of the green color is a major factor of determining an emerald’s value. The word emerald comes through Old French from the Greek word smáragdos, which means “green gem.” chrysoprase Chrysoprase is a green variety of chalcedony, which is yet another type of quartz. Unlike emeralds, chrysoprase’s green color comes from nickel rather than chromium. Chrysoprase comes in different shades of green. The name chrysoprase comes from the Greek khrusoprasos, which translates to “golden leek.” Chrysoprase is a gem (“golden”) that is green (like a leek). June | pearl, alexandrite, moonstone pearl Unlike all other gemstones, pearls are made by animals, specifically mollusks. Pearls are formed when a mollusk is irritated by something in its shell and secretes substances onto it. Over time, the secretion layers will build up to form a pearl. Pearls come in many colors, but usually white or cream-colored pearls are used in jewelry. The word pearl can be traced back to the Latin perna, meaning “sea mussel.” alexandrite Alexandrite is a rare variety of the mineral chrysoberyl. Similarly to emeralds, alexandrite is formed when chromium mixes with beryllium and aluminum. Because this rarely happens, alexandrite is extremely rare and valuable. Alexandrite is famous for its ability to change color from bluish green to purplish red under different types of light. Alexandrite is named after Czar Alexander II of Russia. moonstone Moonstone gems are a variety of adularia, which is a type of the mineral feldspar. Moonstone is formed from minerals mixing together and layering on top of each other. Moonstone is colorless but is famous for its adularescence, its ability to “shine blue.” This effect is caused by the mineral layers of the moonstone refracting light. Moonstone is a combination of the words moon and stone. Moonstone was said to resemble the moon, and many legends claimed it either came from the moon or had magical abilities linked to the moon. July | ruby, carnelian, onyx ruby A ruby is a precious gem that is a red variety of the mineral corundum. A ruby’s red color is caused by chromium mixing with the corundum. Rubies come in different shades of red. Pure red rubies are considered the most valuable. The word ruby comes from the Medieval Latin rubīnus, meaning “red.” carnelian Carnelian or cornelian is a type of chalcedony that is considered a semiprecious gemstone. Carnelian’s red or orange color comes from iron oxide. Carnelian gemstones are often heated or dyed in order to change their colors. Carnelians come in different shades of red, orange, or brown. The various spellings of carnelian/cornelian are thought to come from the Old French word cornele, meaning “cherry,” in reference to the gem’s reddish color. onyx Onyx is another type of chalcedony considered to be a semiprecious gemstone. Onyx is a layered chalcedony that is formed from quartz being heated by lava. Onyx comes in different colors but black onyx is used as a July birthstone. The word onyx comes from the Greek ónyx, meaning “nail” or “claw.” The white or flesh-colored bands found in onyx can make the stone appear like a fingernail. August | peridot, sardonyx, spinel peridot Peridot is a green variety of the mineral olivine. Olivine crystals form deep in the Earth’s mantle and are typically brought to the surface via volcanoes. Peridot gemstones have a lime green color. The exact origins of the name peridot are unknown, but it can be traced to the French French péridot, a name for a “green gem.” sardonyx Sardonyx is another type of chalcedony. It is formed by layering of sard and onyx, which explains the name. The color of sardonyx depends on the sard and onyx within it. Sard comes in shades of yellowish-red or reddish-brown, and the bands of onyx are usually white in color. The name sardonyx is a combination of sard and onyx, the two types of chalcedony that combine to make it. spinel Spinel is both the name of a group of minerals and a gemstone made from a particular type of spinel. Spinel is often more resistant to erosion than the rock around it, so spinel crystals are often gathered up in flowing water and deposited in places where miners will eventually find them. Spinel comes in many colors, but red or pink spinel are the colors used for birthstones The word spinel can be traced back to the Latin spina (“thorn”), which referenced the thorny shape of spinel crystals. September | sapphire The term sapphire is used to refer to any variety of the mineral corundum that isn’t red. Typically, the name sapphire is used to refer specifically to blue corundum that is classified as a precious gem. This sapphire’s blue color is caused by small amounts of iron and titanium mixing with the conundrum. Sapphires come in all colors besides red, but blue sapphires are used as the September birthstone. The word sapphire comes from the Greek sáppheiros, a word that may have referred to blue gems, such as sapphire or lapis lazuli. October | opal, tourmaline opal Opal is a mineral that is similar to quartz but has water in it. The presence of the water makes opal brittle, and opal gemstones are usually quite fragile. The “precious opals” used as birthstones come in different colors but often have a kaleidoscopic effect where they shine in a range of colors. The word opal comes from the Greek opállios, meaning “opal” or “gem.” It may also be related to the Sanskrit upala, meaning “precious stone.” tourmaline Tourmaline is a general name for a group of minerals and gemstones that come from said minerals. Large tourmaline crystals typically form after a mixture of many different elements is heated by hot water and water vapor. The color of the tourmaline will depend on which specific elements are used to make it. Tourmaline comes in every color, but pink is typically used as the birthstone color. Tourmaline comes from the Sinhalese tōramalliya, which means “carnelian.” You might remember that carnelian is the name of another gem that is one of July’s birthstones. November | topaz, citrine topaz Topaz is a mineral used as a semiprecious gemstone. Topaz is a very hard mineral that needs fluorine from magma to mix with other elements in order to form crystals. Topaz comes in many colors, but yellow topaz is used as the November birthstone. Topaz comes from the Greek tópazos. This word was used to refer to an island where yellow gems were often found. citrine Citrine is yet another one of the many varieties of quartz. Any yellow or yellowish quartz is called citrine, and it is possible to turn amethyst (purple quartz) into citrine by heating it until it changes color. Citrine comes in shades of yellow. The “inexpensive” (for a gem) citrine is often confused for more expensive yellow gems, such as topaz. The word citrine is formed from a combination of the word citrus and the suffix -ine, which means “like” or “of the nature of.” Citrine is yellow like a citrusy lemon. December | turquoise, tanzanite, blue zircon, lapis lazuli turquoise Turquoise is a blue or greenish-blue mineral used as a semiprecious gem. Turquoise grows best in arid areas where rainfall can help bring underground the copper that turquoise needs to form. Blue and greenish-blue turquoise are most prized as gemstones. Turquoise comes from an Old French word that meant “Turkish stone.” This name referred to the Turkish peoples of the Middle Ages and the lands they inhabited. tanzanite Tanzanite is a variety of the mineral zoisite. Tanzanite’s color is caused by bits of vanadium mixing with zoisite and getting very hot until it turns a blue color. Tanzanite has a purplish-blue color. Tanzanite is named after the country of Tanzania, the only place in the world where tanzanite is naturally found. blue zircon Zircon is an incredibly common mineral that is found in rocks all over the world. Zircon is highly resistant to erosion, so zircon crystals often outlast the rocks around them. Zircon comes in many colors but blue zircon is used as a December birthstone. The word zircon is an alteration of the older word jargon, which was used to refer to colorless zircon gemstones. lapis lazuli Lapis lazuli is a rock made of multiple minerals. Lapis lazuli’s deep blue color comes from lazurite, which is the “main ingredient” of lapis lazuli. Lapis lazuli comes in shades of blue. The name lapis lazuli comes from a combination of the Latin words lapis, meaning “stone,” and lazulī, from the word lazulum used to refer to an azure blue color. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Jealousy” vs. “Envy”: Can You Feel The Difference? Your coworker has gotten a raise, and it bothers you because you really wish you’d gotten one, too. Is what you’re feeling jealousy or envy? The two feelings are similar, but the words are often used to convey slightly different things, mainly involving whether the feeling is hostile or malicious. In this article, we’ll discuss the similarities and differences between jealousy and envy, including the subtle implications of both words, their adjective forms jealous and envious, and some examples of how you can tell when envy has turned to jealousy. Quick summary Jealousy and envy both involve a feeling of desire for what another person has, but jealousy is usually thought to be more negative—it often involves resentment toward the other person. Envy is also a negative feeling—like a mix of admiration and discontent—but the word doesn’t usually imply hostility. Another difference is that envy can be used as both a noun and a verb. What is jealousy? Jealousy is a feeling of resentment, bitterness, or hostility toward someone who has something that you don’t. This could be general success, an achievement, a trait, a social advantage, a material possession, or a relationship, among other things. What matters is that the other person has the thing, you want it, and this makes you resentful of them. The adjective form of jealousy is jealous. When used in the context of romantic relationships, jealousy more specifically refers to a feeling of suspicion or uneasiness that often comes from one’s partner giving or being given positive attention by others. What is envy? Envy is a negative feeling of desire centered on someone who has something that you do not. Envy can also be a verb meaning to feel this way toward someone. Both the noun and the verb imply that you want to be in the other person’s position—to have what they have. Like jealousy, envy can be centered on any number of things, tangible or intangible. Envy can be described as a mix of admiration and discontent. But it’s not necessarily malicious. It can even be used as part of a compliment, as in You’ve worked so hard to achieve your success—I really envy you. The adjective form is envious, and you could also call someone’s advantage or trait enviable. Green with envy and the green-eyed monster Thanks to Shakespeare, there is a strong association between jealousy, envy, and the color green. The phrase green with envy means feeling a strong sense of covetousness for what someone else has. Shakespeare described envy as the green sickness in the play Anthony and Cleopatra. The term green-eyed monster is a way of referring to jealousy. The first written record of the phrase comes from Shakespeare’s Othello, which is known for its themes of jealousy. In the play, jealousy is said to be “the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on.” The phrase may allude to cats, which can have green eyes and are known for playing with their prey. The phrase green-eyed can also be used by itself to mean “jealous.” What is the difference between jealousy and envy? Both jealousy and envy can involve tangible things (like a possession) and intangible ones (like a certain status, position, skill, trait, or relationship). Although jealousy and envy are sometimes used interchangeably, a distinction is often made relating to the amount of negativity. Simply feeling upset that you don’t have what someone else does—and wishing you were in their position—is usually considered envy. By the way, in that hypothetical situation about the coworker at the very start of this article, it sounds more like you’re feeling envy. In contrast, feelings of inner resentment and the outward hostility that sometimes results from such feelings are both thought to stem from jealousy. However, it is often said that envy can turn into jealousy—and the point at which it does may not be so obvious. One distinction that is sometimes made is that jealousy centers its negative focus on the person who has the thing that you don’t, while envy is more centered on the desire for the thing. Of course, however, jealousy can be about both the person and the thing, and so the main difference is usually considered to involve how negative the feeling is. A practical difference between jealousy and envy is that jealousy is always a noun, while envy can be a noun or a verb. One final difference is that jealousy and the adjective form jealous are also used more specifically in the context of romantic relationships in a way that envy and envious are not. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.