ค้นหา | Thaitimes

Susie Kong

2024-11-05 02:16:37 -

เมื่อ 7 ปีที่แล้ว ในพิธีเปิดสำนักงานใหญ่แห่งใหม่มูลค่าพันล้านดอลล่าร์ของ NATO ที่เบลเยี่ยม โดนัล ทรัมป์ ประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐขณะนั้นได้ทวงหนี้สมาชิกประเทศ NATO แบบซึ่งๆหน้าว่า “เรื่องนี้ไม่ยุติธรรมต่อประชาชนและผู้เสียภาษีของสหรัฐอเมริกา และประเทศต่างๆ จำนวนมากเหล่านี้เป็นหนี้จำนวนมหาศาลจากปีที่ผ่านมา และจากการไม่ชำระเงินจากสมาชิกนาโตในช่วงหลายปีที่ผ่านมา” นายทรัมป์กล่าว“ "finally contribute their fair share and meet their financial obligations for NATO defense.“ ผู้นำยุโรปตีหน้าเจื่อนกันเป็นแถว ด้วยเหตุนี้ความห้าวเป้งของทรัมป์จึงเป็นที่ไม่สบอารมณ์ผู้นำยุโรปอย่างมาก หากทรัมป์ชนะเลือกตั้งอเมริกา2024และหวนคืนอำนาจกลับมาครั้งใหม่ อะไรก็เกิดขึ้นได้อย่างไม่คาดคิด

https://youtu.be/lN-2tu7UH-A?si=_8XhYRlIxUPLKJBE

#Thaitimes

เมื่อ 7 ปีที่แล้ว ในพิธีเปิดสำนักงานใหญ่แห่งใหม่มูลค่าพันล้านดอลล่าร์ของ NATO ที่เบลเยี่ยม โดนัล ทรัมป์ ประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐขณะนั้นได้ทวงหนี้สมาชิกประเทศ NATO แบบซึ่งๆหน้าว่า “เรื่องนี้ไม่ยุติธรรมต่อประชาชนและผู้เสียภาษีของสหรัฐอเมริกา และประเทศต่างๆ จำนวนมากเหล่านี้เป็นหนี้จำนวนมหาศาลจากปีที่ผ่านมา และจากการไม่ชำระเงินจากสมาชิกนาโตในช่วงหลายปีที่ผ่านมา” นายทรัมป์กล่าว“ "finally contribute their fair share and meet their financial obligations for NATO defense.“ ผู้นำยุโรปตีหน้าเจื่อนกันเป็นแถว ด้วยเหตุนี้ความห้าวเป้งของทรัมป์จึงเป็นที่ไม่สบอารมณ์ผู้นำยุโรปอย่างมาก หากทรัมป์ชนะเลือกตั้งอเมริกา2024และหวนคืนอำนาจกลับมาครั้งใหม่ อะไรก็เกิดขึ้นได้อย่างไม่คาดคิด https://youtu.be/lN-2tu7UH-A?si=_8XhYRlIxUPLKJBE #Thaitimes

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กรุณาเข้าสู่ระบบเพื่อกดถูกใจ แชร์ และแสดงความคิดเห็น!
Ways to say better English เพิ่ม 2 รูปภาพ
2024-11-02 04:34:19 -

“Fruit” vs. “Vegetable”: Thyme To Explain The Actual Difference

Trying to classify what’s a fruit and what’s a vegetable isn’t always cut and dry. In fact, the debate about it can get pretty juicy—seedy, even. This all stems from the fact that some things we eat are technically fruits but are almost always called vegetables (and treated like vegetables, too). Some people make a distinction based on the level of sweetness, but the difference—from the perspective of a botanist, at least—is less a matter of taste and more a matter of which part of the plant you’re eating.

This article will get to the root of which foods are fruits, which are vegetables, and which are actually fruits despite always getting placed with the vegetables at the grocery store. You’ll come away with answers to these questions and more:

What exactly is the difference between fruits and vegetables?
Is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable?
Is a potato a vegetable?
Are berries fruit?
What about nuts?

We’ll even include a list of the fruits and vegetables whose categorization status most often pits people against each other, along with their technical classification and what they’re usually considered in culinary use. (Spoilage alert: the fruit and veggie puns are already pretty ripe, but they’re going to get even grosser.)

Quick summary

Technically speaking, a fruit is a plant’s developed ovary that comes from a flower and contains one or multiple seeds. The term vegetable is much broader—it refers to any part of a plant that’s used for food, including the roots, tubers, stems, and leaves. Many of the foods that we casually call vegetables, like tomatoes, are technically fruits. Still, it’s a technical distinction that’s usually ignored in practical contexts, such as menus or the layout of the produce section.

What is the difference between a fruit and a vegetable?

To a botanist, the word fruit specifically refers to the edible part of a seed plant that develops from a flower into a ripened ovary that contains one or more seeds—fertilized seeds capable of generating a new plant. Fruits come from many different types of plants: apples grow on trees, grapes grow on vines, and blueberries grow on shrubs, for example. The botanical definition of a fruit has nothing to do with whether or not it tastes sweet.

The word vegetable tends to make us think of savory (and nonsweet) flavors. But vegetable simply means any part of a plant that is grown primarily for food. This can be the leaves (spinach), the root (carrots), the tuber (potatoes), the flower (broccoli), the stalk (celery), or other parts—including the fruit. Yes, definitionally speaking, fruits are actually just one type of vegetable (because they’re an edible part of a plant).

Still, people don’t usually think about their fruits and vegetables in terms of strict, definition-specific distinctions. In everyday, nonscientific contexts, we usually make the distinction between a fruit and a vegetable based on how we eat it and what dishes we put it in, especially according to whether it’s sweet or not. To most of us, fruits are the edible, usually sweet parts of a plant—often ones that are eaten raw, squeezed for juice, or used in desserts.

Many things that are technically fruits are commonly treated as vegetables (and even sometimes the other way around). Here are some whose categorizations are among the most ambiguous.

Tomato: fruit or vegetable?

It’s both. No matter how you slice it, a tomato is technically a fruit (the seed-filled ovary of the plant), but it’s typically treated as (and called) a vegetable. The classification confusion is understandable, given its savory but sweet flavor and the fact that it’s commonly used in savory dishes in the same way that vegetables usually are. Even the Supreme Court has had trouble with putting the fruit in the right category. In 1893, the high court of the US decided a tomato is a vegetable because of the way it’s used in cooking, regardless of the botanical categorization.

Just because the scientific definition is clear doesn’t mean the issue is settled. Perhaps the distinction is best summarized by the quote, often attributed to journalist Miles Kington, that “Knowledge is knowing that a tomato is a fruit. Wisdom is not putting it in a fruit salad.” But even that notion has been contradicted by countless cooks—search some variation of tomato and watermelon salad recipe and you’ll get millions of hits.

Is a cucumber a fruit?

The cucumber plant is part of the gourd family. The part that people eat (and turn into pickles) is the fruit of the plant. So while you might not think of a cucumber salad as a kind of fruit salad, cucumbers do fit the technical definition of a fruit. It’s a good reminder that taste and how people commonly prepare a food have little to do with its scientific classification.

Is a coconut a fruit?

A coconut is the fruit of the coconut palm. It falls into the subcategory of fruits called drupes, which are distinguished by an outer skin, a fleshy middle, and a hard woody shell over a single seed. However, unlike other drupes in which the flesh covering the seed is what’s eaten (like peaches or cherries), the edible part of the coconut is the meat just inside that last interior shell.

Is a potato a vegetable?

The potato is part of the same family of plants (the nightshade family) as the tomato, the eggplant, and some peppers. But unlike those, it’s classified as a vegetable because the part of the plant that’s eaten is the tuber part of the root, as opposed to the reproductive organ.

Many people asking “Is a potato a vegetable?” are really asking if they can count it as one nutritionally, like they do green vegetables. Traditionally, potatoes have been considered a starch, but they’re full of nutrients, including vitamins C, B1, B3, and B6, as well as minerals like iron, potassium, and folate.

Is a carrot a fruit?

This is an easy one—carrots are definitely vegetables, not fruits. Like potatoes, carrots are a type of root vegetable. The greens of the plant are edible, but carrots are grown for the bright orange (or purple, or white, or yellow) taproot growing underneath.

Remember, vegetables can come from all parts of the plant, be it the roots, leaves, stalks, or other parts. Keeping that in mind can be useful when sorting out whether something belongs in the vegetable category or the fruit category.

But here’s an easier way—we’ll just tell you. Produce this produce list any time there’s a rhubarb concerning edible plant facts.

Are berries fruit? What about nuts?

You might be thinking that grains are a surprising inclusion in the fruit category. They aren’t the only fruits that often get left out of the fruit conversation, either. Nuts, berries, and pods (such as peas) are also technically fruits.

A berry is a small fruit that usually has small seeds embedded, as in grapes and blueberries. Tomatoes, in fact, also fall into this group. From a botanical standpoint, only simple fruits—those that develop from a single ovary in a single flower—are berries. Still, some other fruits commonly called berries, like strawberries and raspberries, are technically aggregate fruits, meaning they develop from multiple ovaries of a single flower. Some fruits commonly classified as berries, such as the mulberry, are multiple fruits, meaning they come from the ovaries of several individual flowers.

Nuts are also simple fruits, albeit ones eaten dry. These have an edible inside that’s enclosed in a hard shell, like a chestnut or hazelnut. Some other things that we call nuts, like walnuts and almonds, aren’t nuts from a botanical perspective, but are instead the kind of fruits classified as drupes (like coconuts), since the shells are covered in a fleshy outside. Peanuts are also not nuts—they are legumes, meaning they’re technically a vegetable.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

“Fruit” vs. “Vegetable”: Thyme To Explain The Actual Difference Trying to classify what’s a fruit and what’s a vegetable isn’t always cut and dry. In fact, the debate about it can get pretty juicy—seedy, even. This all stems from the fact that some things we eat are technically fruits but are almost always called vegetables (and treated like vegetables, too). Some people make a distinction based on the level of sweetness, but the difference—from the perspective of a botanist, at least—is less a matter of taste and more a matter of which part of the plant you’re eating. This article will get to the root of which foods are fruits, which are vegetables, and which are actually fruits despite always getting placed with the vegetables at the grocery store. You’ll come away with answers to these questions and more: What exactly is the difference between fruits and vegetables? Is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable? Is a potato a vegetable? Are berries fruit? What about nuts? We’ll even include a list of the fruits and vegetables whose categorization status most often pits people against each other, along with their technical classification and what they’re usually considered in culinary use. (Spoilage alert: the fruit and veggie puns are already pretty ripe, but they’re going to get even grosser.) Quick summary Technically speaking, a fruit is a plant’s developed ovary that comes from a flower and contains one or multiple seeds. The term vegetable is much broader—it refers to any part of a plant that’s used for food, including the roots, tubers, stems, and leaves. Many of the foods that we casually call vegetables, like tomatoes, are technically fruits. Still, it’s a technical distinction that’s usually ignored in practical contexts, such as menus or the layout of the produce section. What is the difference between a fruit and a vegetable? To a botanist, the word fruit specifically refers to the edible part of a seed plant that develops from a flower into a ripened ovary that contains one or more seeds—fertilized seeds capable of generating a new plant. Fruits come from many different types of plants: apples grow on trees, grapes grow on vines, and blueberries grow on shrubs, for example. The botanical definition of a fruit has nothing to do with whether or not it tastes sweet. The word vegetable tends to make us think of savory (and nonsweet) flavors. But vegetable simply means any part of a plant that is grown primarily for food. This can be the leaves (spinach), the root (carrots), the tuber (potatoes), the flower (broccoli), the stalk (celery), or other parts—including the fruit. Yes, definitionally speaking, fruits are actually just one type of vegetable (because they’re an edible part of a plant). Still, people don’t usually think about their fruits and vegetables in terms of strict, definition-specific distinctions. In everyday, nonscientific contexts, we usually make the distinction between a fruit and a vegetable based on how we eat it and what dishes we put it in, especially according to whether it’s sweet or not. To most of us, fruits are the edible, usually sweet parts of a plant—often ones that are eaten raw, squeezed for juice, or used in desserts. Many things that are technically fruits are commonly treated as vegetables (and even sometimes the other way around). Here are some whose categorizations are among the most ambiguous. Tomato: fruit or vegetable? It’s both. No matter how you slice it, a tomato is technically a fruit (the seed-filled ovary of the plant), but it’s typically treated as (and called) a vegetable. The classification confusion is understandable, given its savory but sweet flavor and the fact that it’s commonly used in savory dishes in the same way that vegetables usually are. Even the Supreme Court has had trouble with putting the fruit in the right category. In 1893, the high court of the US decided a tomato is a vegetable because of the way it’s used in cooking, regardless of the botanical categorization. Just because the scientific definition is clear doesn’t mean the issue is settled. Perhaps the distinction is best summarized by the quote, often attributed to journalist Miles Kington, that “Knowledge is knowing that a tomato is a fruit. Wisdom is not putting it in a fruit salad.” But even that notion has been contradicted by countless cooks—search some variation of tomato and watermelon salad recipe and you’ll get millions of hits. Is a cucumber a fruit? The cucumber plant is part of the gourd family. The part that people eat (and turn into pickles) is the fruit of the plant. So while you might not think of a cucumber salad as a kind of fruit salad, cucumbers do fit the technical definition of a fruit. It’s a good reminder that taste and how people commonly prepare a food have little to do with its scientific classification. Is a coconut a fruit? A coconut is the fruit of the coconut palm. It falls into the subcategory of fruits called drupes, which are distinguished by an outer skin, a fleshy middle, and a hard woody shell over a single seed. However, unlike other drupes in which the flesh covering the seed is what’s eaten (like peaches or cherries), the edible part of the coconut is the meat just inside that last interior shell. Is a potato a vegetable? The potato is part of the same family of plants (the nightshade family) as the tomato, the eggplant, and some peppers. But unlike those, it’s classified as a vegetable because the part of the plant that’s eaten is the tuber part of the root, as opposed to the reproductive organ. Many people asking “Is a potato a vegetable?” are really asking if they can count it as one nutritionally, like they do green vegetables. Traditionally, potatoes have been considered a starch, but they’re full of nutrients, including vitamins C, B1, B3, and B6, as well as minerals like iron, potassium, and folate. Is a carrot a fruit? This is an easy one—carrots are definitely vegetables, not fruits. Like potatoes, carrots are a type of root vegetable. The greens of the plant are edible, but carrots are grown for the bright orange (or purple, or white, or yellow) taproot growing underneath. Remember, vegetables can come from all parts of the plant, be it the roots, leaves, stalks, or other parts. Keeping that in mind can be useful when sorting out whether something belongs in the vegetable category or the fruit category. But here’s an easier way—we’ll just tell you. Produce this produce list any time there’s a rhubarb concerning edible plant facts. Are berries fruit? What about nuts? You might be thinking that grains are a surprising inclusion in the fruit category. They aren’t the only fruits that often get left out of the fruit conversation, either. Nuts, berries, and pods (such as peas) are also technically fruits. A berry is a small fruit that usually has small seeds embedded, as in grapes and blueberries. Tomatoes, in fact, also fall into this group. From a botanical standpoint, only simple fruits—those that develop from a single ovary in a single flower—are berries. Still, some other fruits commonly called berries, like strawberries and raspberries, are technically aggregate fruits, meaning they develop from multiple ovaries of a single flower. Some fruits commonly classified as berries, such as the mulberry, are multiple fruits, meaning they come from the ovaries of several individual flowers. Nuts are also simple fruits, albeit ones eaten dry. These have an edible inside that’s enclosed in a hard shell, like a chestnut or hazelnut. Some other things that we call nuts, like walnuts and almonds, aren’t nuts from a botanical perspective, but are instead the kind of fruits classified as drupes (like coconuts), since the shells are covered in a fleshy outside. Peanuts are also not nuts—they are legumes, meaning they’re technically a vegetable. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

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กรุณาเข้าสู่ระบบเพื่อกดถูกใจ แชร์ และแสดงความคิดเห็น!
Chingchai Wang ได้เพิ่มรูปภาพ
2024-10-15 12:36:55 -

🇨🇳บริษัทจีนมีส่วนสนับสนุนสิทธิบัตรเทคโนโลยีควอนตัมทั่วโลกมากกว่าครึ่งหนึ่งในช่วงสองทศวรรษที่ผ่านมา
.
🇨🇳Chinese companies have contributed to more than half of the global quantum technology patents over the past two decades.

#FactsMatter
.
6:21 PM · Oct 15, 2024 · 2,923 Views
https://x.com/_ValiantPanda_/status/1846149458058531062

🇨🇳บริษัทจีนมีส่วนสนับสนุนสิทธิบัตรเทคโนโลยีควอนตัมทั่วโลกมากกว่าครึ่งหนึ่งในช่วงสองทศวรรษที่ผ่านมา . 🇨🇳Chinese companies have contributed to more than half of the global quantum technology patents over the past two decades. #FactsMatter . 6:21 PM · Oct 15, 2024 · 2,923 Views https://x.com/_ValiantPanda_/status/1846149458058531062

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Somrudee Raksuksiri
2024-10-02 00:14:31 -

100 ศัพท์ยาก สอบเข้า + เรียนต่อ ต้องรู้ 📌📌📌

Generic (adj.) - ทั่วไป
Bureaucracy (n.) - ระบบราชการ
Mandatory (adj.) - ซึ่งเป็นภาคบังคับ
Exile (n./ v.) - การเนรเทศ / เนรเทศ
Expedition (n.) - การเดินทางสำรวจ
Mundane (adj.) - ธรรมดา
Bulletin (n.) - ประกาศ
Contemporary (adj.) - ร่วมสมัย
Vanity (n.) - ความหยิ่งยโส
Indulge (v.) - ตามใจ
Enormous (adj.) - ใหญ่โต
Jeopardy (n.) - ภัยอันตราย
Parliament (n.) - รัฐสภา
Scandalous (adj.) - อื้อฉาว
Satire (n.) - การเสียดสี
Census (n.) - การสำรวจสำมะโนประชากร
Amateur (n./ adj.) - มือสมัครเล่น / สมัครเล่น
Contradict (v.) - ขัดแย้ง
Facilitate (v.) - อำนวยความสะดวก
Integrate (v.) - รวมเข้าด้วยกัน
Skeptical (adj.) - สงสัย
Rhetoric (n.) - วาทศิลป์
Gesture (n./ v.) - ท่าทาง / แสดงท่าทาง
Welfare (n.) - สวัสดิการ
Compensate (v.) - ชดเชย
Heritage (n.) - มรดก
Equivalent (adj./ n.) - เทียบเท่า / สิ่งที่เทียบเท่า
Resource (n.) - ทรัพยากร
Philanthropist (n.) - ผู้ใจบุญ
Reinforce (v.) - เสริมกำลัง
Hierarchy (n.) - ลำดับขั้น
Viable (adj.) - ใช้การได้
Nostalgic (adj.) - รำลึกความหลัง
Tangible (adj.) - จับต้องได้
Fluctuate (v.) - ผันผวน
Excessive (adj.) - มากเกินไป
Innovate (v.) - สร้างสรรค์สิ่งใหม่ๆ
Sustain (v.) - รักษาไว้
Empathy (n.) - ความเห็นอกเห็นใจ
Diplomatic (adj.) - ทางการทูต
Solemn (adj.) - จริงจัง
Warrant (n./ v.) - หมายจับ / รับประกัน
Chronic (adj.) - เรื้อรัง
Designate (v.) - กำหนด
Frugal (adj.) - ประหยัด
Commemorate (v.) - รำลึก
Prestige (n.) - เกียรติยศ
Omit (v.) - ละเว้น
Legislator (n.) - ผู้บัญญัติกฎหมาย
Monarchy (n.) - ระบอบกษัตริย์
Violent (adj.) - รุนแรง
Auspicious (adj.) - เป็นมงคล
Invaluable (adj.) - มีค่ามหาศาล
Contribute (v.) - มีส่วนร่วม
Acquisition (n.) - การได้มา
Resuscitate (v.) - ฟื้นคืนชีพ
Nonchalant (adj.) - ไม่ใส่ใจ
Harvest (v./ n.) - เก็บเกี่ยว / การเก็บเกี่ยว
Misconduct (n.) - การประพฤติมิชอบ
Genre (n.) - ประเภท
Territory (n.) - อาณาเขต
Reckless (adj.) - ประมาท
Weaponise (v.) - เปลี่ยนเป็นอาวุธ
Hallucinate (v.) - เห็นภาพหลอน
Manipulate (v.) - จัดการโดยเจตนาแอบแฝง
Addiction (n.) - การเสพติด
Vital (adj.) - สำคัญ
Silhouette (n.) - ภาพเงา
Unique (adj.) - เป็นเอกลักษณ์
Preach (v.) - สั่งสอน
Pioneer (n./ v.) - ผู้บุกเบิก / บุกเบิก
Resemble (v.) - คล้ายคลึง
Assimilate (v.) - กลมกลืน
Superstition (n.) - ความเชื่อโชคลาง
Memoir (n.) - บันทึกความทรงจำ
Extinction (n.) - การสูญพันธุ์
Solidarity (n.) - ความเป็นน้ำหนึ่งใจเดียวกัน
Reluctant (adj.) - ไม่เต็มใจ
Juvenile (adj./ n.) - เยาวชน / เกี่ยวกับเยาวชน
Activist (n.) - นักกิจกรรม
Consumer (n.) - ผู้บริโภค
Democracy (n.) - ประชาธิปไตย
Flammable (adj.) - ติดไฟได้
Scholar (n.) - นักวิชาการ
Advocate (v./ n.) - สนับสนุน / ผู้สนับสนุน
Mitigate (v.) - บรรเทา
Ambiguity (n.) - ความคลุมเครือ
Stigma (n.) - ตราบาป
Reprehensible (adj.) - น่าตำหนิ
Offer (v./ n.) - เสนอ / ข้อเสนอ
Operation (n.) - การดำเนินการ
Impoverished (adj.) - ยากจน
Detective (n.) - นักสืบ
Textile (n.) - สิ่งทอ
Catering (n.) - บริการจัดเลี้ยง
Hereditary (adj.) - สืบทอดทางพันธุกรรม
Indigenous (adj.) - พื้นเมือง
Recruitment (n.) - การสรรหาบุคลากร
Negotiate (v.) - เจรจา
Diverse (adj.) - หลากหลาย

100 ศัพท์ยาก สอบเข้า + เรียนต่อ ต้องรู้ 📌📌📌 Generic (adj.) - ทั่วไป Bureaucracy (n.) - ระบบราชการ Mandatory (adj.) - ซึ่งเป็นภาคบังคับ Exile (n./ v.) - การเนรเทศ / เนรเทศ Expedition (n.) - การเดินทางสำรวจ Mundane (adj.) - ธรรมดา Bulletin (n.) - ประกาศ Contemporary (adj.) - ร่วมสมัย Vanity (n.) - ความหยิ่งยโส Indulge (v.) - ตามใจ Enormous (adj.) - ใหญ่โต Jeopardy (n.) - ภัยอันตราย Parliament (n.) - รัฐสภา Scandalous (adj.) - อื้อฉาว Satire (n.) - การเสียดสี Census (n.) - การสำรวจสำมะโนประชากร Amateur (n./ adj.) - มือสมัครเล่น / สมัครเล่น Contradict (v.) - ขัดแย้ง Facilitate (v.) - อำนวยความสะดวก Integrate (v.) - รวมเข้าด้วยกัน Skeptical (adj.) - สงสัย Rhetoric (n.) - วาทศิลป์ Gesture (n./ v.) - ท่าทาง / แสดงท่าทาง Welfare (n.) - สวัสดิการ Compensate (v.) - ชดเชย Heritage (n.) - มรดก Equivalent (adj./ n.) - เทียบเท่า / สิ่งที่เทียบเท่า Resource (n.) - ทรัพยากร Philanthropist (n.) - ผู้ใจบุญ Reinforce (v.) - เสริมกำลัง Hierarchy (n.) - ลำดับขั้น Viable (adj.) - ใช้การได้ Nostalgic (adj.) - รำลึกความหลัง Tangible (adj.) - จับต้องได้ Fluctuate (v.) - ผันผวน Excessive (adj.) - มากเกินไป Innovate (v.) - สร้างสรรค์สิ่งใหม่ๆ Sustain (v.) - รักษาไว้ Empathy (n.) - ความเห็นอกเห็นใจ Diplomatic (adj.) - ทางการทูต Solemn (adj.) - จริงจัง Warrant (n./ v.) - หมายจับ / รับประกัน Chronic (adj.) - เรื้อรัง Designate (v.) - กำหนด Frugal (adj.) - ประหยัด Commemorate (v.) - รำลึก Prestige (n.) - เกียรติยศ Omit (v.) - ละเว้น Legislator (n.) - ผู้บัญญัติกฎหมาย Monarchy (n.) - ระบอบกษัตริย์ Violent (adj.) - รุนแรง Auspicious (adj.) - เป็นมงคล Invaluable (adj.) - มีค่ามหาศาล Contribute (v.) - มีส่วนร่วม Acquisition (n.) - การได้มา Resuscitate (v.) - ฟื้นคืนชีพ Nonchalant (adj.) - ไม่ใส่ใจ Harvest (v./ n.) - เก็บเกี่ยว / การเก็บเกี่ยว Misconduct (n.) - การประพฤติมิชอบ Genre (n.) - ประเภท Territory (n.) - อาณาเขต Reckless (adj.) - ประมาท Weaponise (v.) - เปลี่ยนเป็นอาวุธ Hallucinate (v.) - เห็นภาพหลอน Manipulate (v.) - จัดการโดยเจตนาแอบแฝง Addiction (n.) - การเสพติด Vital (adj.) - สำคัญ Silhouette (n.) - ภาพเงา Unique (adj.) - เป็นเอกลักษณ์ Preach (v.) - สั่งสอน Pioneer (n./ v.) - ผู้บุกเบิก / บุกเบิก Resemble (v.) - คล้ายคลึง Assimilate (v.) - กลมกลืน Superstition (n.) - ความเชื่อโชคลาง Memoir (n.) - บันทึกความทรงจำ Extinction (n.) - การสูญพันธุ์ Solidarity (n.) - ความเป็นน้ำหนึ่งใจเดียวกัน Reluctant (adj.) - ไม่เต็มใจ Juvenile (adj./ n.) - เยาวชน / เกี่ยวกับเยาวชน Activist (n.) - นักกิจกรรม Consumer (n.) - ผู้บริโภค Democracy (n.) - ประชาธิปไตย Flammable (adj.) - ติดไฟได้ Scholar (n.) - นักวิชาการ Advocate (v./ n.) - สนับสนุน / ผู้สนับสนุน Mitigate (v.) - บรรเทา Ambiguity (n.) - ความคลุมเครือ Stigma (n.) - ตราบาป Reprehensible (adj.) - น่าตำหนิ Offer (v./ n.) - เสนอ / ข้อเสนอ Operation (n.) - การดำเนินการ Impoverished (adj.) - ยากจน Detective (n.) - นักสืบ Textile (n.) - สิ่งทอ Catering (n.) - บริการจัดเลี้ยง Hereditary (adj.) - สืบทอดทางพันธุกรรม Indigenous (adj.) - พื้นเมือง Recruitment (n.) - การสรรหาบุคลากร Negotiate (v.) - เจรจา Diverse (adj.) - หลากหลาย

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2024-09-27 10:16:54 -

Person-First Language vs. Identity-First Language: Which Should You Use?

There’s a term for choosing to say people with disabilities instead of disabled people, and vice versa. People with disabilities is an example of what’s called person-first language, while terms like disabled people are sometimes called identity-first language.

Person-first language is widely encouraged in many contexts as a way to avoid defining a person solely by their disability, condition, or physical difference. However, not everyone prefers it. Some people instead prefer identity-first language as a way of emphasizing what they consider an important part of their identity.

In this article, we’ll:

Define person-first language and identity-first language in detail.
Provide several examples of each in many of the different contexts in which they’re used, including for people who are autistic, blind, deaf, and those who have other disabilities, medical conditions (including mental health conditions), and bodily differences.
Discuss the varying preferences for such language and some of the reasons behind those preferences.
Explain how approaches can differ based on whether you know a person’s specific disability or condition or whether you’re referring to an individual or a community of people.

Quick summary

Person-first language introduces a person before any description of them. Examples include person with a disability, patient with cancer, and child who has cerebral palsy. Person-first language is intended to emphasize the fullness of a person and to avoid defining them exclusively by their disability or condition. Identity-first language involves stating a descriptor of a person first, as in autistic person and blind child. This is often done with the idea that the characteristic in question is an integral part of a person’s identity and community membership and should be emphasized rather than minimized.

Person-first language is preferred and encouraged in many contexts, especially medical care. However, some people prefer identity-first language—notably many members of the blind, deaf, and autistic communities. Still, preferences around such approaches vary widely, even among people within the same community. The best approach is always to respect people’s choices about the language they use for themselves.

First, a note about disabled and disability

First and foremost, remember that in many cases it’s not relevant or necessary to discuss or point out a person’s disability at all. Regardless of what language preferences people have, every person wants to be treated as just that—a person (which is one of the motivating ideas behind person-first language). However, that doesn’t mean that disability is inherently negative, unmentionable, or something that must be politely ignored (which are some of the notions that identity-first language pushes back on).

When discussion of a disability or other condition is pertinent, it is often preferable to name the person’s specific disability or condition, such as paraplegia or diabetes. However, when addressing an issue that affects a larger community of people—for example, when discussing accessibility in the workplace—disabled and disability are often the preferred terms. Our new usage notes within the entries for these terms reflect this. (Some people object to the terms disabled and disability in and of themselves, but that won’t be the focus of this article, nor will other, more specific terms that are now considered outdated and offensive.)

What is person-first language?

The term person-first language refers to wording that introduces a person first and then follows with a descriptor in relation to a disability, medical condition (including mental health conditions), or other physical or cognitive difference. Person-first language often literally uses the word person (or persons or people) as the first part of referring to someone, as in person with a disability or people with dwarfism. Of course, the term that refers to the person is often more specific, such as child, adult, patient, or a term specifying a person’s nationality. Such terms can also be used in identity-first language, which will be discussed in the next section. (Person-first language is not to be confused with the grammatical and literary term first person, which is the point of view in which a speaker or writer refers to themself: I, me, we, and us are first-person pronouns.)

Person-first language is used in many different contexts, including disability, medical conditions and diseases, physical and cognitive differences, and addiction and substance use, among others.

The intent of person-first language is often understood as being to acknowledge a person as a full, complex individual. This is done to avoid defining them solely by their disability, condition, or physical or mental attributes, which can have the effect of dehumanizing them, creating negative stigmas, or producing the false assumption that a disability or condition affects all people in the same way.

Promotion of person-first language is often traced back to the People First Movement that began in the late 1960s. Person-first language became more widespread in the 1990s. Awareness and use of it is thought to have increased in part as a result of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a landmark piece of federal legislation that, among many other changes, established such language as the preferred wording in many government documents and communications (a preference that continues today).

Person-first language has largely become the preferred approach in medical contexts. Major health organizations, such as the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, use and state preferences for person-first language, as do the style guides of the American Medical Association and the American Psychological Association. However, many style guides also emphasize that a person’s personal preference should always come first. Still, many people strongly prefer identity-first language.

What is identity-first language?

The term identity-first language refers to wording about a person that leads with a description of them in the context of a disability, medical conditions (including mental health conditions), or other physical or cognitive difference. Examples include terms like deaf person, blind person, and autistic person.

Such labels are sometimes considered offensive due to emphasizing a characteristic as if it’s all that matters about the person. However, some people prefer such terms because they consider the characteristic being referred to as an inseparable part of their identity—hence the use of the word identity in the term.

By those who prefer it when referring to themselves, identity-first language is often considered a way to show pride in who they are and their membership in a community of like people.

This is especially the case in the context of disability. In this context, identity-first language is often viewed as functioning to center a person’s disability, in contrast with the approach of person-first language, which is sometimes interpreted as minimizing such characteristics out of the assumption that they are inherently negative. Notably, significant portions of the deaf, blind, and autistic communities prefer identity-first language. However, not everyone shares this preference.

Examples of person-first and identity-first language

In this section, we’ll provide side-by-side examples of person-first language and identity-first language along with notes about use and preferences. This is a collection of common examples grouped by context, not a comprehensive list of all possible terms.

Due to the nature of their construction, examples of person-first language are always multiple-word phrases, as in person with AIDS or individuals with disabilities.

Identity-first language also often consists of phrases, but some terms that may be considered examples of identity-first language are single words. For example, some people who have had limbs amputated prefer to be called amputees. Many such examples (single-word nouns used to refer to people) are now usually considered inappropriate and offensive, especially those once used in the context of mental health. Some will be discussed below.

Disability

In the general discussion of people with disabilities, person-first language is the most widely preferred approach. However, this preference is not universal.

person-first example: person with a disability
identity-first example: disabled person

person-first examples: person with paraplegia; person with quadriplegia
identity-first examples: When used as nouns to refer to people, terms like paraplegic and quadriplegic are now widely avoided, though some people may prefer them when referring to themselves.

person-first example: person with an intellectual disability; person with a cognitive disability
identity-first example: intellectually disabled person; cognitively disabled person. Such terms are now less commonly used, but may be preferred by some.

The autism spectrum

In the context of autism, there is significant, strong, and growing preference for identity-first language, despite some advocacy organizations historically recommending person-first language. Among those who prefer identity-first language, one commonly stated reason is that they consider autism a major part of their identity and not something to be ashamed of or treated as something that needs to be “cured.” Still, some people prefer person-first language.

person-first examples: a person with autism; an adult on the autism spectrum
identity-first examples: autistic person; autistic individual. The use of autistic as a noun is preferred by many as a way to refer to themselves, but is considered offensive by others.

Deafness

Identity-first language has also been largely embraced by the Deaf community. (The word Deaf is often capitalized when it’s used in reference to things related to Deaf culture.) Identity-first language is promoted by many major organizations, such as the National Association of the Deaf, the National Deaf Center, and the World Federation of the Deaf. Still, some people prefer person-first language.

person-first example: a person who is deaf
identity-first examples: deaf person; deaf Americans; Deaf community

Blindness

Though preferences vary, identity-first language is widely preferred and promoted by individuals and organizations in the blind community, including the National Federation of the Blind, the Royal National Institute of Blind People, and various state commissions for the blind and visually impaired.

person-first example: a person who is blind
identity-first examples: blind person; blind adult

Dwarfism and short stature

Organizations centered around people with dwarfism often use both person-first and identity-first terms. Preferences among individuals, of course, can vary.

person-first examples: a person who has dwarfism; people of short stature
identity-first examples: dwarf; little person

Additional medical and mental health contexts

Person-first language is now widely preferred and promoted in the context of medicine by medical professionals, organizations, and advocacy groups. Such language is intended to avoid equating patients with their diseases or conditions (such as with now avoided phrasings like cancer patient or AIDS patient), which research has shown can lead to stigmatization, overgeneralization, and worse health outcomes.

person-first examples: patient with AIDS; child with cancer; person with diabetes; person with epilepsy
identity-first examples: When used as nouns to refer to people, terms like diabetic and epileptic are now widely avoided, though some people may prefer them when referring to themselves.

Person-first language is now also widely preferred and promoted in the context of medical professionals who address mental health conditions. It is especially recommended to replace terms that use a condition as a noun to refer to someone (such as the noun uses of schizophrenic or bulimic) with person-first language.

person-first examples: a person with schizophrenia; a patient with psychosis; people with eating disorders

Other contexts

As with the wider field of medical care, person-first language is widely preferred in the context of drug and substance addiction, in which such terms are recommended to replace stigmatizing words like addict and alcoholic.

person-first examples: a person with alcohol use disorder; people with substance use disorders

For similar reasons, person-first language is also commonly used by organizations and advocates focused on suicide prevention. Such language is thought to help destigmatize the issue and emphasize a person’s humanity, rather than treating them as a statistic.

person-first examples: a person experiencing thoughts of suicide; people impacted by suicide

Collective terms

Collective terms for certain groups often fall under the classification of identity-first language. Examples include the blind, the deaf, and the disabled. While such terms are preferred by some (and used in the names of some major organizations), they are considered offensive by others who believe that such terms are a barrier to treating members of such groups as individuals.

Should I use person-first or identity-first language?

The answer to this question is that there is no single, permanent answer. Person-first and identity-first language continue to evolve, and preferences vary from person to person and differ among different communities and organizations.

In the context of medicine and mental health, person-first language is widely preferred and recommended, especially due to evidence that it contributes to better health outcomes and reduces stigmatization. Still, identity-first language may be preferred in certain situations or among people who consider their condition as an inseparable part of their identity.

Notably, many members of the blind, deaf, and autistic communities (among some others) now prefer and promote identity-first language, arguing that such characteristics are an integral part of their identities that should be proudly emphasized, not treated as negatives or limitations. Identity-first language is also sometimes favored due to emphasizing membership in a community.

Generally speaking, some people are fine with others referring to them with either person-first or identify-first language or a combination of both, as long as it is used respectfully. But many other people have strong preferences for one or the other, with valid reasons for each.

Many style guides recommend person-first language if you do not know someone’s preference, are unable to discover it, or are talking about a certain group generally. However, despite this recommendation, there is one consistent piece of advice that you will find among style guides and advocacy organizations: you should always respect the language that an individual personally uses.

Notably, the style guide of the National Center on Disability and Journalism, which in the past recommended person-first language as the default choice, now recommends making choices about wording on a case-by-case basis, stating that “no two people are the same—either with regard to disabilities or language preferences.”

You can always ask a person what type of phrasing they prefer. Remember that discussing a disability, condition, or other physical or intellectual difference is in many cases unnecessary. Most of the time, the first thing you should ask a person is their name.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Person-First Language vs. Identity-First Language: Which Should You Use? There’s a term for choosing to say people with disabilities instead of disabled people, and vice versa. People with disabilities is an example of what’s called person-first language, while terms like disabled people are sometimes called identity-first language. Person-first language is widely encouraged in many contexts as a way to avoid defining a person solely by their disability, condition, or physical difference. However, not everyone prefers it. Some people instead prefer identity-first language as a way of emphasizing what they consider an important part of their identity. In this article, we’ll: Define person-first language and identity-first language in detail. Provide several examples of each in many of the different contexts in which they’re used, including for people who are autistic, blind, deaf, and those who have other disabilities, medical conditions (including mental health conditions), and bodily differences. Discuss the varying preferences for such language and some of the reasons behind those preferences. Explain how approaches can differ based on whether you know a person’s specific disability or condition or whether you’re referring to an individual or a community of people. Quick summary Person-first language introduces a person before any description of them. Examples include person with a disability, patient with cancer, and child who has cerebral palsy. Person-first language is intended to emphasize the fullness of a person and to avoid defining them exclusively by their disability or condition. Identity-first language involves stating a descriptor of a person first, as in autistic person and blind child. This is often done with the idea that the characteristic in question is an integral part of a person’s identity and community membership and should be emphasized rather than minimized. Person-first language is preferred and encouraged in many contexts, especially medical care. However, some people prefer identity-first language—notably many members of the blind, deaf, and autistic communities. Still, preferences around such approaches vary widely, even among people within the same community. The best approach is always to respect people’s choices about the language they use for themselves. First, a note about disabled and disability First and foremost, remember that in many cases it’s not relevant or necessary to discuss or point out a person’s disability at all. Regardless of what language preferences people have, every person wants to be treated as just that—a person (which is one of the motivating ideas behind person-first language). However, that doesn’t mean that disability is inherently negative, unmentionable, or something that must be politely ignored (which are some of the notions that identity-first language pushes back on). When discussion of a disability or other condition is pertinent, it is often preferable to name the person’s specific disability or condition, such as paraplegia or diabetes. However, when addressing an issue that affects a larger community of people—for example, when discussing accessibility in the workplace—disabled and disability are often the preferred terms. Our new usage notes within the entries for these terms reflect this. (Some people object to the terms disabled and disability in and of themselves, but that won’t be the focus of this article, nor will other, more specific terms that are now considered outdated and offensive.) What is person-first language? The term person-first language refers to wording that introduces a person first and then follows with a descriptor in relation to a disability, medical condition (including mental health conditions), or other physical or cognitive difference. Person-first language often literally uses the word person (or persons or people) as the first part of referring to someone, as in person with a disability or people with dwarfism. Of course, the term that refers to the person is often more specific, such as child, adult, patient, or a term specifying a person’s nationality. Such terms can also be used in identity-first language, which will be discussed in the next section. (Person-first language is not to be confused with the grammatical and literary term first person, which is the point of view in which a speaker or writer refers to themself: I, me, we, and us are first-person pronouns.) Person-first language is used in many different contexts, including disability, medical conditions and diseases, physical and cognitive differences, and addiction and substance use, among others. The intent of person-first language is often understood as being to acknowledge a person as a full, complex individual. This is done to avoid defining them solely by their disability, condition, or physical or mental attributes, which can have the effect of dehumanizing them, creating negative stigmas, or producing the false assumption that a disability or condition affects all people in the same way. Promotion of person-first language is often traced back to the People First Movement that began in the late 1960s. Person-first language became more widespread in the 1990s. Awareness and use of it is thought to have increased in part as a result of the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a landmark piece of federal legislation that, among many other changes, established such language as the preferred wording in many government documents and communications (a preference that continues today). Person-first language has largely become the preferred approach in medical contexts. Major health organizations, such as the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, use and state preferences for person-first language, as do the style guides of the American Medical Association and the American Psychological Association. However, many style guides also emphasize that a person’s personal preference should always come first. Still, many people strongly prefer identity-first language. What is identity-first language? The term identity-first language refers to wording about a person that leads with a description of them in the context of a disability, medical conditions (including mental health conditions), or other physical or cognitive difference. Examples include terms like deaf person, blind person, and autistic person. Such labels are sometimes considered offensive due to emphasizing a characteristic as if it’s all that matters about the person. However, some people prefer such terms because they consider the characteristic being referred to as an inseparable part of their identity—hence the use of the word identity in the term. By those who prefer it when referring to themselves, identity-first language is often considered a way to show pride in who they are and their membership in a community of like people. This is especially the case in the context of disability. In this context, identity-first language is often viewed as functioning to center a person’s disability, in contrast with the approach of person-first language, which is sometimes interpreted as minimizing such characteristics out of the assumption that they are inherently negative. Notably, significant portions of the deaf, blind, and autistic communities prefer identity-first language. However, not everyone shares this preference. Examples of person-first and identity-first language In this section, we’ll provide side-by-side examples of person-first language and identity-first language along with notes about use and preferences. This is a collection of common examples grouped by context, not a comprehensive list of all possible terms. Due to the nature of their construction, examples of person-first language are always multiple-word phrases, as in person with AIDS or individuals with disabilities. Identity-first language also often consists of phrases, but some terms that may be considered examples of identity-first language are single words. For example, some people who have had limbs amputated prefer to be called amputees. Many such examples (single-word nouns used to refer to people) are now usually considered inappropriate and offensive, especially those once used in the context of mental health. Some will be discussed below. Disability In the general discussion of people with disabilities, person-first language is the most widely preferred approach. However, this preference is not universal. person-first example: person with a disability identity-first example: disabled person person-first examples: person with paraplegia; person with quadriplegia identity-first examples: When used as nouns to refer to people, terms like paraplegic and quadriplegic are now widely avoided, though some people may prefer them when referring to themselves. person-first example: person with an intellectual disability; person with a cognitive disability identity-first example: intellectually disabled person; cognitively disabled person. Such terms are now less commonly used, but may be preferred by some. The autism spectrum In the context of autism, there is significant, strong, and growing preference for identity-first language, despite some advocacy organizations historically recommending person-first language. Among those who prefer identity-first language, one commonly stated reason is that they consider autism a major part of their identity and not something to be ashamed of or treated as something that needs to be “cured.” Still, some people prefer person-first language. person-first examples: a person with autism; an adult on the autism spectrum identity-first examples: autistic person; autistic individual. The use of autistic as a noun is preferred by many as a way to refer to themselves, but is considered offensive by others. Deafness Identity-first language has also been largely embraced by the Deaf community. (The word Deaf is often capitalized when it’s used in reference to things related to Deaf culture.) Identity-first language is promoted by many major organizations, such as the National Association of the Deaf, the National Deaf Center, and the World Federation of the Deaf. Still, some people prefer person-first language. person-first example: a person who is deaf identity-first examples: deaf person; deaf Americans; Deaf community Blindness Though preferences vary, identity-first language is widely preferred and promoted by individuals and organizations in the blind community, including the National Federation of the Blind, the Royal National Institute of Blind People, and various state commissions for the blind and visually impaired. person-first example: a person who is blind identity-first examples: blind person; blind adult Dwarfism and short stature Organizations centered around people with dwarfism often use both person-first and identity-first terms. Preferences among individuals, of course, can vary. person-first examples: a person who has dwarfism; people of short stature identity-first examples: dwarf; little person Additional medical and mental health contexts Person-first language is now widely preferred and promoted in the context of medicine by medical professionals, organizations, and advocacy groups. Such language is intended to avoid equating patients with their diseases or conditions (such as with now avoided phrasings like cancer patient or AIDS patient), which research has shown can lead to stigmatization, overgeneralization, and worse health outcomes. person-first examples: patient with AIDS; child with cancer; person with diabetes; person with epilepsy identity-first examples: When used as nouns to refer to people, terms like diabetic and epileptic are now widely avoided, though some people may prefer them when referring to themselves. Person-first language is now also widely preferred and promoted in the context of medical professionals who address mental health conditions. It is especially recommended to replace terms that use a condition as a noun to refer to someone (such as the noun uses of schizophrenic or bulimic) with person-first language. person-first examples: a person with schizophrenia; a patient with psychosis; people with eating disorders Other contexts As with the wider field of medical care, person-first language is widely preferred in the context of drug and substance addiction, in which such terms are recommended to replace stigmatizing words like addict and alcoholic. person-first examples: a person with alcohol use disorder; people with substance use disorders For similar reasons, person-first language is also commonly used by organizations and advocates focused on suicide prevention. Such language is thought to help destigmatize the issue and emphasize a person’s humanity, rather than treating them as a statistic. person-first examples: a person experiencing thoughts of suicide; people impacted by suicide Collective terms Collective terms for certain groups often fall under the classification of identity-first language. Examples include the blind, the deaf, and the disabled. While such terms are preferred by some (and used in the names of some major organizations), they are considered offensive by others who believe that such terms are a barrier to treating members of such groups as individuals. Should I use person-first or identity-first language? The answer to this question is that there is no single, permanent answer. Person-first and identity-first language continue to evolve, and preferences vary from person to person and differ among different communities and organizations. In the context of medicine and mental health, person-first language is widely preferred and recommended, especially due to evidence that it contributes to better health outcomes and reduces stigmatization. Still, identity-first language may be preferred in certain situations or among people who consider their condition as an inseparable part of their identity. Notably, many members of the blind, deaf, and autistic communities (among some others) now prefer and promote identity-first language, arguing that such characteristics are an integral part of their identities that should be proudly emphasized, not treated as negatives or limitations. Identity-first language is also sometimes favored due to emphasizing membership in a community. Generally speaking, some people are fine with others referring to them with either person-first or identify-first language or a combination of both, as long as it is used respectfully. But many other people have strong preferences for one or the other, with valid reasons for each. Many style guides recommend person-first language if you do not know someone’s preference, are unable to discover it, or are talking about a certain group generally. However, despite this recommendation, there is one consistent piece of advice that you will find among style guides and advocacy organizations: you should always respect the language that an individual personally uses. Notably, the style guide of the National Center on Disability and Journalism, which in the past recommended person-first language as the default choice, now recommends making choices about wording on a case-by-case basis, stating that “no two people are the same—either with regard to disabilities or language preferences.” You can always ask a person what type of phrasing they prefer. Remember that discussing a disability, condition, or other physical or intellectual difference is in many cases unnecessary. Most of the time, the first thing you should ask a person is their name. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

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Ways to say better English
2024-09-12 14:15:14 -

Understand The Difference Between Ethos, Pathos, And Logos To Make Your Point

During an argument, people will often say whatever is necessary to win. If that is the case, they would certainly need to understand the three modes of persuasion, also commonly known as the three rhetorical appeals: ethos, pathos, and logos. In short, these three words refer to three main methods that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. As you’re about to find out, the modes of persuasion are important because a speaker who knows how to effectively use them will have a significant advantage over someone who doesn’t.

The terms ethos, pathos, and logos and the theory of their use can be traced back to ancient Greece to the philosophy of Aristotle. Aristotle used these three concepts in his explanations of rhetoric, or the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience. For Aristotle, the three modes of persuasion specifically referred to the three major parts of an argument: the speaker (ethos), the argument itself (logos), and the audience (pathos). In particular, Aristotle focused on the speaker’s character, the logic and reason presented by an argument, and the emotional impact the argument had on an audience.

While they have ancient roots, these modes of persuasion are alive and well today. Put simply, ethos refers to persuasion based on the credibility or authority of the speaker, pathos refers to persuasion based on emotion, and logos refers to persuasion based on logic or reason.

By effectively using the three modes of persuasion with a large supply of rhetorical devices, a speaker or writer can become a master of rhetoric and win nearly any argument or win over any audience. Before they can do that, though, they must know exactly what ethos, pathos, and logos mean. Fortunately, we are going to look closely at each of these three ideas and see if they are really as effective as they are said to be.

Quick summary

Ethos, pathos, and logos are the three classical modes of persuasion that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. Specifically:

ethos (character): known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” This is the method in which a person relies on their credibility or character when making an appeal or an argument.

pathos (emotions): known as “the appeal to emotion.” Pathos refers to the method of trying to persuade an audience by eliciting some kind of emotional reaction.

logos (logic): known as “the appeal to reason.” This method involves using facts and logical reasoning to support an argument and persuade an audience.

What is ethos?

The word ethos comes straight from Greek. In Greek, ethos literally translates to “habit,” “custom,” or “character.” Ethos is related to the words ethic and ethical, which are typically used to refer to behavior that is or isn’t acceptable for a particular person.

In rhetoric, the word ethos is used to refer to the character or reputation of the speaker. As a rhetorical appeal, ethos is known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” When it comes to ethos, one important consideration is how the speaker carries themself and how they present themselves to the audience: Does it seem like they know what they are talking about? Do they even believe the words they are saying? Are they an expert? Do they have some experience or skills that tell us we should listen to them?

Ethos is important in rhetoric because it often influences the opinion or mood of the audience. If a speaker seems unenthusiastic, unprepared, or inexperienced, the audience is more likely to discount the speaker’s argument regardless of what it even is. On the other hand, a knowledgeable, authoritative, confident speaker is much more likely to win an audience over.

Ethos often depends on more than just the argument itself. For example, a speaker’s word choice, grammar, and diction also contribute to ethos; an audience may react more favorably toward a professional speaker who has a good grasp of industry jargon and enunciates clearly versus a speaker who lacks the necessary vocabulary and fails to enunciate. Ethos can also be influenced by nonverbal factors as well, such as posture, body language, eye contact, and even the speaker’s choice of clothing. For example, a military officer proudly wearing their uniform bedecked with medals will go a long way to establishing ethos without them saying a single word.

Here as a simple example of ethos:

“As a former mayor of this city, I believe we can solve this crisis if we band together.”
The speaker uses ethos by alerting the audience of their credentials and experience. By doing so, they rely on their reputation to be more persuasive. This “as a…” method of establishing ethos is common, and you have probably seen it used in many persuasive advertisements and speeches.

What is pathos?

In Greek, pathos literally translates to “suffering, experience, or sensation.” The word pathos is related to the words pathetic, sympathy, and empathy, which all have to do with emotions or emotional connections. Aristotle used the word pathos to refer to the emotional impact that an argument had on an audience; this usage is still mainly how pathos is used in rhetoric today.

As a rhetorical appeal, pathos is referred to as “the appeal to emotion.” Generally speaking, an author or speaker is using pathos when they are trying to persuade an audience by causing some kind of emotional reaction. When it comes to pathos, any and all emotions are on the table: sadness, fear, hope, joy, anger, lust, pity, etc.

As you probably know from your own life, emotions are a powerful motivating factor. For this reason, relying on pathos is often a smart and effective strategy for persuading an audience. Both positive and negative emotions can heavily influence an audience: for example, an audience will want to support a speaker whose position will make them happy, a speaker who wants to end their sadness, or a speaker who is opposed to something that makes them angry.

Here is a simple example of pathos:

“Every day, the rainforests shrink and innocent animals are killed. We must do something about this calamitous trend before the planet we call our home is damaged beyond repair.”
Here, the author is trying to win over an audience by making them feel sad, concerned, or afraid. The author’s choice of words like “innocent” and “calamitous” enforce the fact that they are trying to rely on pathos.

What is logos?

In Greek, the word logos literally translates to “word, reason, or discourse.” The word logos is related to many different words that have to do with reason, discourse, or knowledge, such as logic, logical, and any words that end in the suffixes -logy or -logue.

As a mode of persuasion and rhetorical appeal, logos is often referred to as “the appeal to reason.” If a speaker or author is relying on logos, they are typically reciting facts or providing data and statistics that support their argument. In a manner of speaking, logos does away with all of the bells and whistles of ethos and pathos and cuts to the chase by trying to present a rational argument.

Logos can be effective in arguments because, in theory, it is impossible to argue against truth and facts. An audience is more likely to agree with a speaker who can provide strong, factual evidence that shows their position is correct. On the flip side, an audience is less likely to support an argument that is flawed or entirely wrong. Going further, a speaker that presents a lot of supporting evidence and data to the audience is likely to come across as knowledgeable and someone to be listened to, which earns bonus points in ethos as well.

While Aristotle clearly valued an argument based on reason very highly, we know that logos alone doesn’t always effectively persuade an audience. In your own life, you have likely seen a rational, correct speaker lose an argument to a charismatic, authoritative speaker who may not have the facts right.

Here is a simple example of logos:

“According to market research, sales of computer chips have increased by 300% in the last five years. Analysis of the industry tells us that the market share of computer chips is dominated by Asian manufacturers. It is clear that the Asian technology sector will continue to experience rapid growth for the foreseeable future.”
In this paragraph, the author is using data, statistics, and logical reasoning to make their argument. They clearly hope to use logos to try to convince an audience to agree with them.

Examples of ethos, pathos, and logos
Ethos, pathos, and logos can all be employed to deliver compelling and persuasive arguments or to win over an audience. Let’s look at a variety of examples to see how different speakers and authors have turned to these modes of persuasion over the years.

ethos

“Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral.
He was my friend, faithful and just to me […] You all did see that on the Lupercal
I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?”
—Marc Antony, Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare

In this scene, Marc Antony is trying to win over the Roman people, so Shakespeare has Antony rely on ethos. Antony is establishing himself as both a person of authority in Rome (having the power to offer Caesar a crown) and an expert on Caesar’s true character (Antony was Caesar’s close friend and advisor).

“During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world’s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance.”
—Steve Jobs, 2005

Here, Steve Jobs is providing his background–via humblebrag– of being a major figure in several different highly successful tech companies. Jobs is using ethos to provide substance to his words and make it clear to the audience that he knows what he is talking about and they should listen to him.

pathos

“Moreover, though you hate both him and his gifts with all your heart, yet pity the rest of the Achaeans who are being harassed in all their host; they will honour you as a god, and you will earn great glory at their hands. You might even kill Hector; he will come within your reach, for he is infatuated, and declares that not a Danaan whom the ships have brought can hold his own against him.”
—Ulysses to Achilles, The Iliad by Homer

In this plea, Ulysses is doing his best to pile on the pathos. In one paragraph, Ulysses is attempting to appeal to several of Achilles’s emotions: his hatred of Hector, his infamous stubborn pride, his sympathy for civilians, and his desire for vengeance.

“I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest—quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality.”
—Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 1963

In this excerpt from his “I Have A Dream” speech, King is using pathos to accomplish two goals at once. First, he is connecting with his audience by making it clear is aware of their plight and suffering. Second, he is citing these examples to cause sadness or outrage in the audience. Both of these effects will make an audience interested in what he has to say and more likely to support his position.

logos

“Let it be remembered how powerful the influence of a single introduced tree or mammal has been shown to be. But in the case of an island, or of a country partly surrounded by barriers, into which new and better adapted forms could not freely enter, we should then have places in the economy of nature which would assuredly be better filled up if some of the original inhabitants were in some manner modified; for, had the area been open to immigration, these same places would have been seized on by intruders. In such case, every slight modification, which in the course of ages chanced to arise, and which in any way favoured the individuals of any of the species, by better adapting them to their altered conditions, would tend to be preserved; and natural selection would have free scope for the work of improvement.”
—Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species, 1859

In this passage, Darwin is using logos by presenting a rational argument in support of natural selection. Darwin connects natural selection to established scientific knowledge to argue that it makes logical sense that animals would adapt to better survive in their environment.

“I often echo the point made by the climate scientist James Hansen: The accumulation of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases—some of which will envelop the planet for hundreds and possibly thousands of years—is now trapping as much extra energy daily as 500,000 Hiroshima-class atomic bombs would release every 24 hours. This is the crisis we face.”
—Al Gore, “The Climate Crisis Is the Battle of Our Time, and We Can Win,” 2019

In this call to action, Al Gore uses logos to attempt to convince his audience of the significance of climate change. In order to do this, Gore both cites an expert in the field and provides a scientifically accurate simile to explain the scale of the effect that greenhouse gases have on Earth’s atmosphere.

What are mythos and kairos?

Some modern scholars may also use terms mythos and kairos when discussing modes of persuasion or rhetoric in general.

Aristotle used the term mythos to refer to the plot or story structure of Greek tragedies, i.e., how a playwright ordered the events of the story to affect the audience. Today, mythos is most often discussed as a literary or poetic term rather than a rhetorical one. However, mythos may rarely be referred to as the “appeal to culture” or the “appeal to myth” if it is treated as an additional mode of persuasion. According to this viewpoint, a speaker/writer is using mythos if they try to persuade an audience using shared cultural customs or societal values.

A commonly cited example of mythos is King’s “I Have a Dream” speech quoted earlier. King says:

“When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men—yes, black men as well as white men—would be guaranteed the ‘unalienable rights’ of ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.’ ”

Throughout the speech, King repeatedly uses American symbols and American history (mythos) to argue that all Americans should be outraged that Black Americans have been denied freedom and civil rights.

Some modern scholars may also consider kairos as an additional mode of persuasion. Kairos is usually defined as referring to the specific time and place that a speaker chooses to deliver their speech. For written rhetoric, the “place” instead refers to the specific medium or publication in which a piece of writing appears.

Unlike the other modes of persuasion, kairos relates to the context of a speech and how the appropriateness (or not) of a setting affects how effective a speaker is. Once again, King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is a great example of the use of kairos. This speech was delivered at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Clearly, King intended to use kairos to enhance the importance and timeliness of this landmark speech.

Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

Understand The Difference Between Ethos, Pathos, And Logos To Make Your Point During an argument, people will often say whatever is necessary to win. If that is the case, they would certainly need to understand the three modes of persuasion, also commonly known as the three rhetorical appeals: ethos, pathos, and logos. In short, these three words refer to three main methods that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. As you’re about to find out, the modes of persuasion are important because a speaker who knows how to effectively use them will have a significant advantage over someone who doesn’t. The terms ethos, pathos, and logos and the theory of their use can be traced back to ancient Greece to the philosophy of Aristotle. Aristotle used these three concepts in his explanations of rhetoric, or the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience. For Aristotle, the three modes of persuasion specifically referred to the three major parts of an argument: the speaker (ethos), the argument itself (logos), and the audience (pathos). In particular, Aristotle focused on the speaker’s character, the logic and reason presented by an argument, and the emotional impact the argument had on an audience. While they have ancient roots, these modes of persuasion are alive and well today. Put simply, ethos refers to persuasion based on the credibility or authority of the speaker, pathos refers to persuasion based on emotion, and logos refers to persuasion based on logic or reason. By effectively using the three modes of persuasion with a large supply of rhetorical devices, a speaker or writer can become a master of rhetoric and win nearly any argument or win over any audience. Before they can do that, though, they must know exactly what ethos, pathos, and logos mean. Fortunately, we are going to look closely at each of these three ideas and see if they are really as effective as they are said to be. Quick summary Ethos, pathos, and logos are the three classical modes of persuasion that a person can use to speak or write persuasively. Specifically: ethos (character): known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” This is the method in which a person relies on their credibility or character when making an appeal or an argument. pathos (emotions): known as “the appeal to emotion.” Pathos refers to the method of trying to persuade an audience by eliciting some kind of emotional reaction. logos (logic): known as “the appeal to reason.” This method involves using facts and logical reasoning to support an argument and persuade an audience. What is ethos? The word ethos comes straight from Greek. In Greek, ethos literally translates to “habit,” “custom,” or “character.” Ethos is related to the words ethic and ethical, which are typically used to refer to behavior that is or isn’t acceptable for a particular person. In rhetoric, the word ethos is used to refer to the character or reputation of the speaker. As a rhetorical appeal, ethos is known as “the appeal to authority” or “the appeal to credibility.” When it comes to ethos, one important consideration is how the speaker carries themself and how they present themselves to the audience: Does it seem like they know what they are talking about? Do they even believe the words they are saying? Are they an expert? Do they have some experience or skills that tell us we should listen to them? Ethos is important in rhetoric because it often influences the opinion or mood of the audience. If a speaker seems unenthusiastic, unprepared, or inexperienced, the audience is more likely to discount the speaker’s argument regardless of what it even is. On the other hand, a knowledgeable, authoritative, confident speaker is much more likely to win an audience over. Ethos often depends on more than just the argument itself. For example, a speaker’s word choice, grammar, and diction also contribute to ethos; an audience may react more favorably toward a professional speaker who has a good grasp of industry jargon and enunciates clearly versus a speaker who lacks the necessary vocabulary and fails to enunciate. Ethos can also be influenced by nonverbal factors as well, such as posture, body language, eye contact, and even the speaker’s choice of clothing. For example, a military officer proudly wearing their uniform bedecked with medals will go a long way to establishing ethos without them saying a single word. Here as a simple example of ethos: “As a former mayor of this city, I believe we can solve this crisis if we band together.” The speaker uses ethos by alerting the audience of their credentials and experience. By doing so, they rely on their reputation to be more persuasive. This “as a…” method of establishing ethos is common, and you have probably seen it used in many persuasive advertisements and speeches. What is pathos? In Greek, pathos literally translates to “suffering, experience, or sensation.” The word pathos is related to the words pathetic, sympathy, and empathy, which all have to do with emotions or emotional connections. Aristotle used the word pathos to refer to the emotional impact that an argument had on an audience; this usage is still mainly how pathos is used in rhetoric today. As a rhetorical appeal, pathos is referred to as “the appeal to emotion.” Generally speaking, an author or speaker is using pathos when they are trying to persuade an audience by causing some kind of emotional reaction. When it comes to pathos, any and all emotions are on the table: sadness, fear, hope, joy, anger, lust, pity, etc. As you probably know from your own life, emotions are a powerful motivating factor. For this reason, relying on pathos is often a smart and effective strategy for persuading an audience. Both positive and negative emotions can heavily influence an audience: for example, an audience will want to support a speaker whose position will make them happy, a speaker who wants to end their sadness, or a speaker who is opposed to something that makes them angry. Here is a simple example of pathos: “Every day, the rainforests shrink and innocent animals are killed. We must do something about this calamitous trend before the planet we call our home is damaged beyond repair.” Here, the author is trying to win over an audience by making them feel sad, concerned, or afraid. The author’s choice of words like “innocent” and “calamitous” enforce the fact that they are trying to rely on pathos. What is logos? In Greek, the word logos literally translates to “word, reason, or discourse.” The word logos is related to many different words that have to do with reason, discourse, or knowledge, such as logic, logical, and any words that end in the suffixes -logy or -logue. As a mode of persuasion and rhetorical appeal, logos is often referred to as “the appeal to reason.” If a speaker or author is relying on logos, they are typically reciting facts or providing data and statistics that support their argument. In a manner of speaking, logos does away with all of the bells and whistles of ethos and pathos and cuts to the chase by trying to present a rational argument. Logos can be effective in arguments because, in theory, it is impossible to argue against truth and facts. An audience is more likely to agree with a speaker who can provide strong, factual evidence that shows their position is correct. On the flip side, an audience is less likely to support an argument that is flawed or entirely wrong. Going further, a speaker that presents a lot of supporting evidence and data to the audience is likely to come across as knowledgeable and someone to be listened to, which earns bonus points in ethos as well. While Aristotle clearly valued an argument based on reason very highly, we know that logos alone doesn’t always effectively persuade an audience. In your own life, you have likely seen a rational, correct speaker lose an argument to a charismatic, authoritative speaker who may not have the facts right. Here is a simple example of logos: “According to market research, sales of computer chips have increased by 300% in the last five years. Analysis of the industry tells us that the market share of computer chips is dominated by Asian manufacturers. It is clear that the Asian technology sector will continue to experience rapid growth for the foreseeable future.” In this paragraph, the author is using data, statistics, and logical reasoning to make their argument. They clearly hope to use logos to try to convince an audience to agree with them. Examples of ethos, pathos, and logos Ethos, pathos, and logos can all be employed to deliver compelling and persuasive arguments or to win over an audience. Let’s look at a variety of examples to see how different speakers and authors have turned to these modes of persuasion over the years. ethos “Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me […] You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?” —Marc Antony, Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare In this scene, Marc Antony is trying to win over the Roman people, so Shakespeare has Antony rely on ethos. Antony is establishing himself as both a person of authority in Rome (having the power to offer Caesar a crown) and an expert on Caesar’s true character (Antony was Caesar’s close friend and advisor). “During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world’s first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple’s current renaissance.” —Steve Jobs, 2005 Here, Steve Jobs is providing his background–via humblebrag– of being a major figure in several different highly successful tech companies. Jobs is using ethos to provide substance to his words and make it clear to the audience that he knows what he is talking about and they should listen to him. pathos “Moreover, though you hate both him and his gifts with all your heart, yet pity the rest of the Achaeans who are being harassed in all their host; they will honour you as a god, and you will earn great glory at their hands. You might even kill Hector; he will come within your reach, for he is infatuated, and declares that not a Danaan whom the ships have brought can hold his own against him.” —Ulysses to Achilles, The Iliad by Homer In this plea, Ulysses is doing his best to pile on the pathos. In one paragraph, Ulysses is attempting to appeal to several of Achilles’s emotions: his hatred of Hector, his infamous stubborn pride, his sympathy for civilians, and his desire for vengeance. “I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest—quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality.” —Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., 1963 In this excerpt from his “I Have A Dream” speech, King is using pathos to accomplish two goals at once. First, he is connecting with his audience by making it clear is aware of their plight and suffering. Second, he is citing these examples to cause sadness or outrage in the audience. Both of these effects will make an audience interested in what he has to say and more likely to support his position. logos “Let it be remembered how powerful the influence of a single introduced tree or mammal has been shown to be. But in the case of an island, or of a country partly surrounded by barriers, into which new and better adapted forms could not freely enter, we should then have places in the economy of nature which would assuredly be better filled up if some of the original inhabitants were in some manner modified; for, had the area been open to immigration, these same places would have been seized on by intruders. In such case, every slight modification, which in the course of ages chanced to arise, and which in any way favoured the individuals of any of the species, by better adapting them to their altered conditions, would tend to be preserved; and natural selection would have free scope for the work of improvement.” —Charles Darwin, On the Origin of the Species, 1859 In this passage, Darwin is using logos by presenting a rational argument in support of natural selection. Darwin connects natural selection to established scientific knowledge to argue that it makes logical sense that animals would adapt to better survive in their environment. “I often echo the point made by the climate scientist James Hansen: The accumulation of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases—some of which will envelop the planet for hundreds and possibly thousands of years—is now trapping as much extra energy daily as 500,000 Hiroshima-class atomic bombs would release every 24 hours. This is the crisis we face.” —Al Gore, “The Climate Crisis Is the Battle of Our Time, and We Can Win,” 2019 In this call to action, Al Gore uses logos to attempt to convince his audience of the significance of climate change. In order to do this, Gore both cites an expert in the field and provides a scientifically accurate simile to explain the scale of the effect that greenhouse gases have on Earth’s atmosphere. What are mythos and kairos? Some modern scholars may also use terms mythos and kairos when discussing modes of persuasion or rhetoric in general. Aristotle used the term mythos to refer to the plot or story structure of Greek tragedies, i.e., how a playwright ordered the events of the story to affect the audience. Today, mythos is most often discussed as a literary or poetic term rather than a rhetorical one. However, mythos may rarely be referred to as the “appeal to culture” or the “appeal to myth” if it is treated as an additional mode of persuasion. According to this viewpoint, a speaker/writer is using mythos if they try to persuade an audience using shared cultural customs or societal values. A commonly cited example of mythos is King’s “I Have a Dream” speech quoted earlier. King says: “When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men—yes, black men as well as white men—would be guaranteed the ‘unalienable rights’ of ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.’ ” Throughout the speech, King repeatedly uses American symbols and American history (mythos) to argue that all Americans should be outraged that Black Americans have been denied freedom and civil rights. Some modern scholars may also consider kairos as an additional mode of persuasion. Kairos is usually defined as referring to the specific time and place that a speaker chooses to deliver their speech. For written rhetoric, the “place” instead refers to the specific medium or publication in which a piece of writing appears. Unlike the other modes of persuasion, kairos relates to the context of a speech and how the appropriateness (or not) of a setting affects how effective a speaker is. Once again, King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is a great example of the use of kairos. This speech was delivered at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the 100th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Clearly, King intended to use kairos to enhance the importance and timeliness of this landmark speech. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.

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"ดร.ศาสตร์ธนิก จุลมณี / ตุ๊ ครับผม"
นสพ.ไทยรัฐ ฉบับวันพุธที่ 8 มกราคม 2563
“ราชาโฟล์กซองคำเมือง” คืออมตะตำนานนิรันดร์กาลของคนร้องเพลงชีวิตเพียงหนึ่งเดียวในดินแดนล้านนา นาม “จรัล มโนเพ็ชร” หรือ “อ้ายจรัล” ผู้ลับลาลมหายใจสุดท้าย
ทุกเพลงของอ้ายจรัลให้ทั้งความรักรื่นรมย์ สมานสมัครสามัคคี ความสนุกสนานเบิกบานบันเทิง และคติธรรมนำทางชีวิตที่งดงามและง่ายงาม ก็ได้รับความไว้วางใจจาก “คุณจำรักษ์ เอื้ออารีนุสรณ์” แห่งค่ายเพลง อาร์เอ็มเอส (RMS) ผู้ดูแลลิขสิทธิ์เพลงทั้งหมดของจรัล มโนเพ็ชร ให้เชอร์รี่ดั๊กได้นำเพลง 11 เพลงของจรัลมาร้อยรังสรรค์เรียบเรียงดนตรีใหม่-ร้องใหม่ในสไตล์ “อัลเทอร์เนทีฟ ป๊อป ร็อก” (Alternative Pop Rock)
อันประกอบด้วย รางวัลแด่คนช่างฝัน, มิดะ, บ้านบนดอย, สาวมอเตอร์ไซค์, พี่สาวครับ, ลมเหนือ, ฟ้าใสใส, แด่หนุ่มสาว ผู้ร้าวราน, ลูกข้าวนึ่ง, อุ๊ยคำ และล่องแม่ปิง
เชอร์รี่ดั๊กสวมจิตวิญญาณขับขานงานเพลง “มโนเพ็ชร” ออกมาในอีกมิติหนึ่งได้อย่างไพเราะร่วมสมัย น่าทึ่ง ชวนอภิรมย์ใจไหวหวาน ควรค่าแก่กาลเวลา 30 ปีที่ดีเจชอว์คนนี้ ได้สั่งสมชั่วโมงบินดนตรีมาอย่างเชี่ยวชาญ ได้พลิกทุกอารมณ์เพลงของ “อ้ายจรัล” ให้สดใสสว่างสวยด้วยมิติประหลาด
ขอจงก้าวกล้าไปให้งดงามในทุกพลัง “เพลงเพชร” ของ “จรัล มโนเพ็ชร” ผู้กำลังส่องรอยยิ้มกว้างสว่างไสว อยู่กลางฟากฟ้าไกลเสมอกาล.
“ดร.ศาสตร์ธนิก จุลมณี”
"แจ๋วริมจอ"
กราบขอบพระคุณ พี่ตุ๊ ครับผม
11บทเพลงอันทรงคุณค่าของศิลปินในดวงใจผม จรัล มโเพ็ชร ราชาโฟล์คซองคำเมือง
Tribute ในแบบฉบับ Sherry Duck Style
"ชอว์ เชอร์รี่ดั๊ก ฮ้องเพลงฮัก อ้ายจรัล"
เพลง ปี้สาวครับ อารมณ์ Alter. Pop Rock
#พี่สาวครับ https://youtu.be/0sTJKYo5xRw
เพลง สาวมอเตอร์ไซค์ อารมณ์ Alter. Pop Rock
#สาวมอเตอร์ไซค์ https://youtu.be/RspIjEIx72E
เพลง บ้านบนดอย อารมณ์ Reggae
#บ้านบนดอย https://youtu.be/9RhxHKQlhvE
เพลง มิดะ อารมณ์ Pop Funk
#มิดะ https://youtu.be/sPBNPpVRy-A
เพลง รางวัลแด่คนช่างฝัน อารมณ์ Cha Cha Cha
#รางวัลแด่คนช่างฝัน https://youtu.be/KLqRDnuu_yU
เพลง ลมเหนือ อารมณ์ Alternative Pop Rock
#ลมเหนือ https://youtu.be/Ijx-UeBsyEg
เพลง ฟ้าใสใส อารมณ์ Alternative Rock
#ฟ้าใสใส https://youtu.be/Ojbm9RsBwDs
เพลง แด่หนุ่มสาวผู้ร้าวราน อารมณ์ Alternative Rock
#แด่หนุ่มสาวผู้ร้าวราน https://youtu.be/43Mwqsp6iAc
เพลง ลูกข้าวนึ่ง อารมณ์ Ska Reggae
#ลูกข้าวนึ่ง
เพลง ล่องแม่ปิง อารมณ์ Thai Derm R&B Style
#ล่องแม่ปิง
เพลง อุ๊ยคำ อารมณ์ Heavy Rock
#อุ๊ยคำ
ติดต่องาน 0970462989
ติดต่อใช้ลิขสิทธิ์ โทร 02 891 2400 RMS Studio
#จรัลรำลึก #ศิลปินในดวงใจ
#ข่าวศิลปะบันเทิง #Sherryduck #shawhserryduck #เพื่อชีวิต #เชอร์รี่ดั๊ก #ศิลปินนักร้องอัลเทอร์ยุค90 #ชอว์พิชิต #เพลงฮักอ้ายจรัล #indieArtist #อินดี้โคตรๆ #cover #tribute #Alternative #อัลเทอร์เนทีฟ #จรัลมโนเพ็ชร

3 กันยายน จรัลรำลึก คือความฝันที่มีมานาน จวบจนเมื่อมีโอกาสดี ได้ทำสำเร็จสมหวังอย่างใจฝัน กราบขอบพระคุณ เฮียจำรักษ์ RMS.ที่ให้โอกาส กราบศิลปินในดวงใจ อ้ายจรัล มโนเพ็ชร "เพลงเพชร" https://www.thairath.co.th/entertain/news/1742145 ขอบพระคุณ TV บันเทิง : แจ๋วริมจอ "ดร.ศาสตร์ธนิก จุลมณี / ตุ๊ ครับผม" นสพ.ไทยรัฐ ฉบับวันพุธที่ 8 มกราคม 2563 “ราชาโฟล์กซองคำเมือง” คืออมตะตำนานนิรันดร์กาลของคนร้องเพลงชีวิตเพียงหนึ่งเดียวในดินแดนล้านนา นาม “จรัล มโนเพ็ชร” หรือ “อ้ายจรัล” ผู้ลับลาลมหายใจสุดท้าย ทุกเพลงของอ้ายจรัลให้ทั้งความรักรื่นรมย์ สมานสมัครสามัคคี ความสนุกสนานเบิกบานบันเทิง และคติธรรมนำทางชีวิตที่งดงามและง่ายงาม ก็ได้รับความไว้วางใจจาก “คุณจำรักษ์ เอื้ออารีนุสรณ์” แห่งค่ายเพลง อาร์เอ็มเอส (RMS) ผู้ดูแลลิขสิทธิ์เพลงทั้งหมดของจรัล มโนเพ็ชร ให้เชอร์รี่ดั๊กได้นำเพลง 11 เพลงของจรัลมาร้อยรังสรรค์เรียบเรียงดนตรีใหม่-ร้องใหม่ในสไตล์ “อัลเทอร์เนทีฟ ป๊อป ร็อก” (Alternative Pop Rock) อันประกอบด้วย รางวัลแด่คนช่างฝัน, มิดะ, บ้านบนดอย, สาวมอเตอร์ไซค์, พี่สาวครับ, ลมเหนือ, ฟ้าใสใส, แด่หนุ่มสาว ผู้ร้าวราน, ลูกข้าวนึ่ง, อุ๊ยคำ และล่องแม่ปิง เชอร์รี่ดั๊กสวมจิตวิญญาณขับขานงานเพลง “มโนเพ็ชร” ออกมาในอีกมิติหนึ่งได้อย่างไพเราะร่วมสมัย น่าทึ่ง ชวนอภิรมย์ใจไหวหวาน ควรค่าแก่กาลเวลา 30 ปีที่ดีเจชอว์คนนี้ ได้สั่งสมชั่วโมงบินดนตรีมาอย่างเชี่ยวชาญ ได้พลิกทุกอารมณ์เพลงของ “อ้ายจรัล” ให้สดใสสว่างสวยด้วยมิติประหลาด ขอจงก้าวกล้าไปให้งดงามในทุกพลัง “เพลงเพชร” ของ “จรัล มโนเพ็ชร” ผู้กำลังส่องรอยยิ้มกว้างสว่างไสว อยู่กลางฟากฟ้าไกลเสมอกาล. “ดร.ศาสตร์ธนิก จุลมณี” "แจ๋วริมจอ" กราบขอบพระคุณ พี่ตุ๊ ครับผม 11บทเพลงอันทรงคุณค่าของศิลปินในดวงใจผม จรัล มโเพ็ชร ราชาโฟล์คซองคำเมือง Tribute ในแบบฉบับ Sherry Duck Style "ชอว์ เชอร์รี่ดั๊ก ฮ้องเพลงฮัก อ้ายจรัล" เพลง ปี้สาวครับ อารมณ์ Alter. Pop Rock #พี่สาวครับ https://youtu.be/0sTJKYo5xRw เพลง สาวมอเตอร์ไซค์ อารมณ์ Alter. Pop Rock #สาวมอเตอร์ไซค์ https://youtu.be/RspIjEIx72E เพลง บ้านบนดอย อารมณ์ Reggae #บ้านบนดอย https://youtu.be/9RhxHKQlhvE เพลง มิดะ อารมณ์ Pop Funk #มิดะ https://youtu.be/sPBNPpVRy-A เพลง รางวัลแด่คนช่างฝัน อารมณ์ Cha Cha Cha #รางวัลแด่คนช่างฝัน https://youtu.be/KLqRDnuu_yU เพลง ลมเหนือ อารมณ์ Alternative Pop Rock #ลมเหนือ https://youtu.be/Ijx-UeBsyEg เพลง ฟ้าใสใส อารมณ์ Alternative Rock #ฟ้าใสใส https://youtu.be/Ojbm9RsBwDs เพลง แด่หนุ่มสาวผู้ร้าวราน อารมณ์ Alternative Rock #แด่หนุ่มสาวผู้ร้าวราน https://youtu.be/43Mwqsp6iAc เพลง ลูกข้าวนึ่ง อารมณ์ Ska Reggae #ลูกข้าวนึ่ง เพลง ล่องแม่ปิง อารมณ์ Thai Derm R&B Style #ล่องแม่ปิง เพลง อุ๊ยคำ อารมณ์ Heavy Rock #อุ๊ยคำ ติดต่องาน 0970462989 ติดต่อใช้ลิขสิทธิ์ โทร 02 891 2400 RMS Studio #จรัลรำลึก #ศิลปินในดวงใจ #ข่าวศิลปะบันเทิง #Sherryduck #shawhserryduck #เพื่อชีวิต #เชอร์รี่ดั๊ก #ศิลปินนักร้องอัลเทอร์ยุค90 #ชอว์พิชิต #เพลงฮักอ้ายจรัล #indieArtist #อินดี้โคตรๆ #cover #tribute #Alternative #อัลเทอร์เนทีฟ #จรัลมโนเพ็ชร

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#การสหกรณ์

อธิบายการสหกรณ์อย่างง่าย ๆ กรณีผู้ใหญ่ 3 คน รวมเงินกันเพื่อจะไปเที่ยวปีใหม่ ที่ชายทะเล หรือภูเขา หรือน้ำตก ก็ได้ เก็บเงินคนละ 1000 บาท ด้วยความสมัครใจ แล้วทั้งสามคนก็ไปเที่ยวชายทะเล ภูเขา หรือน้ำตก ตามที่ต้องการ ไปเที่ยวแล้วได้ความสุข จ่ายค่ารถ ค่าอาหาร ค่าที่พัก และค่าใช้จ่ายอื่น ๆ เมื่อกลับมาแล้วพบว่า โอกาสที่จะเกิดเหตุการณ์สหกรณ์ได้ 3 กรณี

1. กรณีพอดี กรณีค่าใช้จ่าย ค่ารถ ค่าอาหาร ค่าที่พักและค่าใช้จ่ายอื่น ๆ พอดีกับเงินที่เก็บไป ทุกคนที่ไปเที่ยวร่วมกัน ได้ความสุข การสหกรณ์ครั้งนี้ก็จบลง

2. กรณีมีส่วนเกิน (surplus) ศัพท์คำนี้มีในหลักการสหกรณ์สากลที่ 3 จ่ายค่ารถ ค่าอาหาร ค่าที่พัก ค่าใช้จ่ายอื่น ๆ แล้วเงินที่เก็บยังเหลืออยู่ใช้ไม่หมด สมมุติว่าเหลืออยู่ 300 บาท ทุกคนที่ไปได้รับความสุขจากการไปเที่ยวครั้งนี้ ก็นำเงินที่เก็บมาเกินเฉลี่ยคืนคนละ 100 บาท การสหกรณ์ครั้งนี้ก็จบลง

3. กรณีมีส่วนขาด (deficit) จ่ายค่าอาหาร ค่าที่พัก ค่าใช้จ่ายอื่น แล้ว ปรากฏว่า เงินที่เก็บมาไม่พอขาดไป 900 บาท ทุกคนได้รับความสุขจากการมาเที่ยวครั้งนี้ และลงมติว่า จะเก็บเงินเพิ่มอีกคนละ 300 บาท เพื่อจ่ายเป็นค่าใช้จ่าย เนื่องจากประมาณการค่าใช้จ่ายผิด การสหกรณ์ครั้งนี้ก็จบลง

ดังนั้นจะเห็นได้ว่า ทั้งสามกรณี ผู้ที่มาร่วมทุน ร่วมแรง ร่วมใจกัน (สมาชิก) ได้รับความสุข จากการบริการของการมาร่วมกัน (การสหกรณ์) อย่างง่าย ๆ

หากมีคนใจร้าย มาบอกว่า เงิน 300 บาท สำหรับกรณีที่เป็นส่วนเกิน (Surplus) เป็น กำไร (Profit) ซึ่งต้องมุ่งให้เกิดกำไรสูง ๆ จนถึงสูงสุด ก็เกิดปัญหา ไม่ได้รับความสุขจากการแบ่งปันเท่าที่ควร อาจเกิดการขัดแย้ง

หากมีคนใจร้าย บอกว่า เงิน 900 บาท สำหรับกรณีส่วนขาด (deficit) เป็นขาดทุน (Loss) โดยมุ่งจะไม่ให้เกิดขาดทุน ก็จะไม่ได้รับความสุขจากการร่วมมือกัน

ความเป็นจริง คือ เงินที่เก็บมาจากความสมัครใจ เพื่อต้องการบริการคือความสุขจากการรวมกันไปเที่ยว สหกรณ์นั้นสมาชิกเป็นเจ้าของและผู้ใช้บริการ เป็นคน ๆ เดียวกัน ไม่มีกำไร ไม่มีขาดทุน มีส่วนเกิน (Surplus) เฉลี่ยคืน มีส่วนขาด (deficit) ก็เก็บเพิ่ม เพื่อความสุขจากการร่วมมือกัน แบ่งปันกัน และจะมีการประหยัดเนื่องจากระดับขนาดของการรวมกัน (Economies of scale) เช่น ใช้รถคันเดียวแทนที่จะต้องใช้ถึง 3 คัน ในกิจกรรมที่เกิดขึ้น

สหกรณ์จึงมุ่งที่จะบริการสมาชิก member service ให้เกิดความสุขร่วมกันจากการรวมกัน ด้วยน้ำใจไมตรี

ตามหลักการสหกรณ์สากลที่สากลโลกใช้อยู่ในปัจจุบัน จะไม่ใช้คำว่า "profit" หรือ "กำไร" กับสหกรณ์แต่จะใช้คำว่า "surplus" หรือ "ประโยชน์ส่วนเกิน" กับสหกรณ์ จะเห็นได้ชัดเจนจากหลักการสหกรณ์สากล ข้อที่ 3 ด้านล่างนี้

3rd Principle : Member Economic Participation

Members contribute equitably to, and democratically control, the capital of their co-operative. At least part of that capital is usually the common property of the co-operative. Members usually receive limited compensation, if any, on capital subscribed as a condition of membership. Members allocate surpluses for any or all of the following purposes: developing their co-operative, possibly by setting up reserves, part of which at least would be indivisible; benefiting members in proportion to their transactions with the co-operative; and supporting other activities approved by the membership.

หลักการที่ 3 : การมีส่วนร่วมทางเศรษฐกิจโดยสมาชิก

สมาชิกสหกรณ์พึงมีความเที่ยงธรรมในการให้ และควบคุมการใช้เงินทุนในสหกรณ์ตามแนวทางประชาธิปไตย ทุนของสหกรณ์อย่างน้อยส่วนหนึ่งต้องเป็นทรัพย์สินส่วนร่วมของสหกรณ์ สมาชิกจะได้รับผลตอบแทนสำหรับเงินทุนตามเงื่อนไขแห่งสมาชิกภาพในอัตราที่จำกัด (ถ้ามี) มวลสมาชิกเป็นผู้จัดสรรผลประโยชน์ ส่วนเกินเพื่อจุดมุ่งหมายประการใดประการหนึ่ง หรือทั้งหมดจากดังต่อไปนี้ คือ เพื่อการพัฒนาสหกรณ์ของตนโดยจัดให้เป็นทุนของสหกรณ์ ซึ่งส่วนหนึ่งของทุนนี้ต้องนำมาแบ่งปันกัน เพื่อเป็นผลประโยชน์แก่สมาชิกตามส่วนของปริมาณธุรกิจที่ทำกับสหกรณ์ และเพื่อสนับสนุนกิจกรรมอื่นใดที่มวลสมาชิกเห็นชอบ

บทความ : พีระพงศ์ วาระเสน เมื่อวันที่ 1 มกราคม 2556 ชุมชนออนไลน์ GotoKnow ชุมชนออนไลน์เพื่อจัดการความรู้

https://www.gotoknow.org/posts/514689

ภาพประกอบ : facebook แบบโปร์ไฟล์ ชื่อบัญชี Kanharith Khieu

#การสหกรณ์ อธิบายการสหกรณ์อย่างง่าย ๆ กรณีผู้ใหญ่ 3 คน รวมเงินกันเพื่อจะไปเที่ยวปีใหม่ ที่ชายทะเล หรือภูเขา หรือน้ำตก ก็ได้ เก็บเงินคนละ 1000 บาท ด้วยความสมัครใจ แล้วทั้งสามคนก็ไปเที่ยวชายทะเล ภูเขา หรือน้ำตก ตามที่ต้องการ ไปเที่ยวแล้วได้ความสุข จ่ายค่ารถ ค่าอาหาร ค่าที่พัก และค่าใช้จ่ายอื่น ๆ เมื่อกลับมาแล้วพบว่า โอกาสที่จะเกิดเหตุการณ์สหกรณ์ได้ 3 กรณี 1. กรณีพอดี กรณีค่าใช้จ่าย ค่ารถ ค่าอาหาร ค่าที่พักและค่าใช้จ่ายอื่น ๆ พอดีกับเงินที่เก็บไป ทุกคนที่ไปเที่ยวร่วมกัน ได้ความสุข การสหกรณ์ครั้งนี้ก็จบลง 2. กรณีมีส่วนเกิน (surplus) ศัพท์คำนี้มีในหลักการสหกรณ์สากลที่ 3 จ่ายค่ารถ ค่าอาหาร ค่าที่พัก ค่าใช้จ่ายอื่น ๆ แล้วเงินที่เก็บยังเหลืออยู่ใช้ไม่หมด สมมุติว่าเหลืออยู่ 300 บาท ทุกคนที่ไปได้รับความสุขจากการไปเที่ยวครั้งนี้ ก็นำเงินที่เก็บมาเกินเฉลี่ยคืนคนละ 100 บาท การสหกรณ์ครั้งนี้ก็จบลง 3. กรณีมีส่วนขาด (deficit) จ่ายค่าอาหาร ค่าที่พัก ค่าใช้จ่ายอื่น แล้ว ปรากฏว่า เงินที่เก็บมาไม่พอขาดไป 900 บาท ทุกคนได้รับความสุขจากการมาเที่ยวครั้งนี้ และลงมติว่า จะเก็บเงินเพิ่มอีกคนละ 300 บาท เพื่อจ่ายเป็นค่าใช้จ่าย เนื่องจากประมาณการค่าใช้จ่ายผิด การสหกรณ์ครั้งนี้ก็จบลง ดังนั้นจะเห็นได้ว่า ทั้งสามกรณี ผู้ที่มาร่วมทุน ร่วมแรง ร่วมใจกัน (สมาชิก) ได้รับความสุข จากการบริการของการมาร่วมกัน (การสหกรณ์) อย่างง่าย ๆ หากมีคนใจร้าย มาบอกว่า เงิน 300 บาท สำหรับกรณีที่เป็นส่วนเกิน (Surplus) เป็น กำไร (Profit) ซึ่งต้องมุ่งให้เกิดกำไรสูง ๆ จนถึงสูงสุด ก็เกิดปัญหา ไม่ได้รับความสุขจากการแบ่งปันเท่าที่ควร อาจเกิดการขัดแย้ง หากมีคนใจร้าย บอกว่า เงิน 900 บาท สำหรับกรณีส่วนขาด (deficit) เป็นขาดทุน (Loss) โดยมุ่งจะไม่ให้เกิดขาดทุน ก็จะไม่ได้รับความสุขจากการร่วมมือกัน ความเป็นจริง คือ เงินที่เก็บมาจากความสมัครใจ เพื่อต้องการบริการคือความสุขจากการรวมกันไปเที่ยว สหกรณ์นั้นสมาชิกเป็นเจ้าของและผู้ใช้บริการ เป็นคน ๆ เดียวกัน ไม่มีกำไร ไม่มีขาดทุน มีส่วนเกิน (Surplus) เฉลี่ยคืน มีส่วนขาด (deficit) ก็เก็บเพิ่ม เพื่อความสุขจากการร่วมมือกัน แบ่งปันกัน และจะมีการประหยัดเนื่องจากระดับขนาดของการรวมกัน (Economies of scale) เช่น ใช้รถคันเดียวแทนที่จะต้องใช้ถึง 3 คัน ในกิจกรรมที่เกิดขึ้น สหกรณ์จึงมุ่งที่จะบริการสมาชิก member service ให้เกิดความสุขร่วมกันจากการรวมกัน ด้วยน้ำใจไมตรี ตามหลักการสหกรณ์สากลที่สากลโลกใช้อยู่ในปัจจุบัน จะไม่ใช้คำว่า "profit" หรือ "กำไร" กับสหกรณ์แต่จะใช้คำว่า "surplus" หรือ "ประโยชน์ส่วนเกิน" กับสหกรณ์ จะเห็นได้ชัดเจนจากหลักการสหกรณ์สากล ข้อที่ 3 ด้านล่างนี้ 3rd Principle : Member Economic Participation Members contribute equitably to, and democratically control, the capital of their co-operative. At least part of that capital is usually the common property of the co-operative. Members usually receive limited compensation, if any, on capital subscribed as a condition of membership. Members allocate surpluses for any or all of the following purposes: developing their co-operative, possibly by setting up reserves, part of which at least would be indivisible; benefiting members in proportion to their transactions with the co-operative; and supporting other activities approved by the membership. หลักการที่ 3 : การมีส่วนร่วมทางเศรษฐกิจโดยสมาชิก สมาชิกสหกรณ์พึงมีความเที่ยงธรรมในการให้ และควบคุมการใช้เงินทุนในสหกรณ์ตามแนวทางประชาธิปไตย ทุนของสหกรณ์อย่างน้อยส่วนหนึ่งต้องเป็นทรัพย์สินส่วนร่วมของสหกรณ์ สมาชิกจะได้รับผลตอบแทนสำหรับเงินทุนตามเงื่อนไขแห่งสมาชิกภาพในอัตราที่จำกัด (ถ้ามี) มวลสมาชิกเป็นผู้จัดสรรผลประโยชน์ ส่วนเกินเพื่อจุดมุ่งหมายประการใดประการหนึ่ง หรือทั้งหมดจากดังต่อไปนี้ คือ เพื่อการพัฒนาสหกรณ์ของตนโดยจัดให้เป็นทุนของสหกรณ์ ซึ่งส่วนหนึ่งของทุนนี้ต้องนำมาแบ่งปันกัน เพื่อเป็นผลประโยชน์แก่สมาชิกตามส่วนของปริมาณธุรกิจที่ทำกับสหกรณ์ และเพื่อสนับสนุนกิจกรรมอื่นใดที่มวลสมาชิกเห็นชอบ บทความ : พีระพงศ์ วาระเสน เมื่อวันที่ 1 มกราคม 2556 ชุมชนออนไลน์ GotoKnow ชุมชนออนไลน์เพื่อจัดการความรู้ https://www.gotoknow.org/posts/514689 ภาพประกอบ : facebook แบบโปร์ไฟล์ ชื่อบัญชี Kanharith Khieu

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