• āļšāļ—āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§: āļŠāļ§āļīāļ•āđ€āļ‹āļ­āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ™āļ”āđŒāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™-āļ—āļĢāļąāļĄāļ›āđŒ āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļēāđ‚āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļŦāļ āļēāļžāļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ›āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļĒāļđāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ™ āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āđ€āļ”āđˆāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļ™āļĻāļļāļāļĢāđŒ, āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‘āđ• āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ™:
    .
    Press review: Switzerland open to hosting Putin-Trump talks as NATO and EU back Ukraine. Top stories from the Russian press on Friday, November 15th:
    https://tass.com/pressreview/1872655
    .
    5:52 PM · Nov 15, 2024 · 2,980 Views
    https://x.com/tassagency_en/status/1857375999140282387
    āļšāļ—āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§: āļŠāļ§āļīāļ•āđ€āļ‹āļ­āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ™āļ”āđŒāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™-āļ—āļĢāļąāļĄāļ›āđŒ āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļēāđ‚āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļŦāļ āļēāļžāļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ›āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļĒāļđāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ™ āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āđ€āļ”āđˆāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļ™āļĻāļļāļāļĢāđŒ, āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‘āđ• āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ™: . Press review: Switzerland open to hosting Putin-Trump talks as NATO and EU back Ukraine. Top stories from the Russian press on Friday, November 15th: https://tass.com/pressreview/1872655 . 5:52 PM · Nov 15, 2024 · 2,980 Views https://x.com/tassagency_en/status/1857375999140282387
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  • āļ„āļ“āļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āđ‚āļ”āļ™āļąāļĨāļ”āđŒ āļ—āļĢāļąāļĄāļ›āđŒ āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē, āļāļĨāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāļžāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ, āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĒāļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļ§āļĨāļēāļ”āļīāļĄāļĩāļĢāđŒ āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™ āļāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļāļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļēāļ”āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āđƒāļ™āļŦāļ™āļąāļ‡āļŠāļ·āļ­āļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ:

    āļšāļ—āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§: āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊāļˆāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđāļāđˆāļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļēāđ€āļ­āļĨ āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļšāļ­āļšāđ€āļ„āļĩāļĒāļŸāđ€āļœāļŠāļīāļāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ—āđ‰āļēāļ—āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­
    .
    US President-elect Donald Trump’s potential cabinet, the development strategy for the Russian Navy, and Vladimir Putin’s Direct Line with the country. These stories topped the headlines in newspapers across Russia:

    Press review: US to maintain aid to Israel while Kiev regime faces challenge to retain it
    https://tass.com/pressreview/1872115
    .
    5:22 PM · Nov 14, 2024 · 2,404 Views
    https://x.com/tassagency_en/status/1857006252603130161
    āļ„āļ“āļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āđ‚āļ”āļ™āļąāļĨāļ”āđŒ āļ—āļĢāļąāļĄāļ›āđŒ āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē, āļāļĨāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāļžāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ, āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĒāļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļ§āļĨāļēāļ”āļīāļĄāļĩāļĢāđŒ āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™ āļāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļāļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļēāļ”āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āđƒāļ™āļŦāļ™āļąāļ‡āļŠāļ·āļ­āļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ: āļšāļ—āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§: āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊāļˆāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āđāļāđˆāļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļēāđ€āļ­āļĨ āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļšāļ­āļšāđ€āļ„āļĩāļĒāļŸāđ€āļœāļŠāļīāļāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ—āđ‰āļēāļ—āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­ . US President-elect Donald Trump’s potential cabinet, the development strategy for the Russian Navy, and Vladimir Putin’s Direct Line with the country. These stories topped the headlines in newspapers across Russia: Press review: US to maintain aid to Israel while Kiev regime faces challenge to retain it https://tass.com/pressreview/1872115 . 5:22 PM · Nov 14, 2024 · 2,404 Views https://x.com/tassagency_en/status/1857006252603130161
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  • āļ‹āļĩāļ„āļ­āļ™āļŊ āļ—āļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ™āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āļŊ āļ›āđ‰āļēāļĒāļĢāļ–āđ€āļĄāļĨāđŒāļ•āļīāļ”āđāļ­āļĢāđŒ āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļŠāļ‡āļ­āļēāļ—āļīāļ•āļĒāđŒ - Ibusiness review
    āļ‹āļĩāļ„āļ­āļ™āļŊ āļ—āļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ™āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āļŊ āļ›āđ‰āļēāļĒāļĢāļ–āđ€āļĄāļĨāđŒāļ•āļīāļ”āđāļ­āļĢāđŒ āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļŠāļ‡āļ­āļēāļ—āļīāļ•āļĒāđŒ - Ibusiness review
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  • āļ āļēāļžāđāļĢāļ
    āļ‹āđ‰āļēāļĒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ
    āļ‚āļ§āļē āļĄāļĩ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ
    āđ‚āļĨāļāļ„āļ·āļ­āļĄāļēāļĒāļē #āļĨāļ§āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļ
    āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļŸāļąāļ™āļœāļļ ⁉ïļ
    āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļēāļ§āļ™āđŒāđ‚āļŦāļĨāļ”āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļąāļāļāļēāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ–āļķāļ‡ 32 āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļŸāļĢāļĩ āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļĩāđˆ
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491930/
    Source :
    https://youtu.be/KLsjwWo1F2I
    --------------------------------------------------
    āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› #āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŪāļēāđ„āļĨāļ”āđŒ (halide)āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļąāļ™ āļĄāļąāļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āđāļ‚āđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŪāļēāđ„āļĨāļ”āđŒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļąāļ§āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļˆāļąāļšāļāļąāļšāđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ™ āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļģ
    āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ§āđˆāļēāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­
    āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ–āļđāļāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĨāļĒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļēāļ„āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›
    āļˆāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ National Research Council of the National Academies āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ 2549
    āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ "āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­āđƒāļ™āđāļ‡āđˆāļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļāļ•āļī"
    āļŸāļąāļ‡āļāđŒāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āļžāļēāļĢāļēāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļžāđ€āļ™āļĩāļĒāļĨāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļŦāļĄāļ§āļāđ„āļ• āļ•āļąāļšāļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡
    āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“ āđāļĨāļ°āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāļœāļĨāļēāļāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļāļ•āļī āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāļœāļĨāļēāļāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ
    āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļŠāļ°āļ‡āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđāļ—āļšāļ—āļļāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­
    āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ• āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļ—āļĢāļāđāļ‹āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš Hyperthyroid
    āļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ›āļĩ 1970 āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĨāļ”āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāļœāļĨāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļāđ€āļāļīāļ™āđ„āļ› āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļē
    āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 2 - 3 āļĄāļīāļĨāļĨāļīāļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļēāļāļ™āļąāļ āļ–āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāđˆāļģāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āļāđ‡āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļĨāļ”āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰
    āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ 1800 āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ­āļžāļ­āļ āļāļēāļĢāļšāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ
    āđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĩ 2549 Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards, the National Research Council (NRC) āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļē
    "āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļšāļĢāļĢāļ—āļąāļ” āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ" āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē
    "āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ TSH āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ­āļžāļ­āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ T4 āđāļĨāļ° T3" āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒāļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™ T4 āđāļĨāļ° T3 āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡
    āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ NRC āļĒāļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļēāļĢāļēāđ„āļ˜āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ„āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ„āļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ‡āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĻ
    āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢ NRC āđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāļ§āđˆāļē "āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āđāļ‡āđˆāļĄāļļāļĄāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­ āļ„āļ§āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†
    āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āđ€āļžāļīāļāđ€āļ‰āļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒ
    āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđˆāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŦāļĨāļēāļ”āđƒāļˆ
    āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļģāļ–āļķāļ‡ 0.05 - 0.1 āļĄāļ. āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļīāđ‚āļĨāļāļĢāļąāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™ (āļĄāļ. / āļāļ. / āļ§āļąāļ™) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 0.03 āļĄāļ. / āļāļ. / āļ§āļąāļ™
    āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļ 70 āļāļīāđ‚āļĨāļāļĢāļąāļĄ (154 āļ›āļ­āļ™āļ”āđŒ) āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ 3.5 āļĄāļ. āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™ (āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ 0.7 āļĄāļ. āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļ”āđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ™) āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļī
    āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“āļāļēāļĢāļ§āđˆāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļŠāļēāļ§āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļš 3 āļĄāļīāļĨāļĨāļīāļāļĢāļąāļĄāļ—āļļāļāļ§āļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ™āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ§āļąāļ™āļĨāļ° 6 āļĄāļ. āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›
    āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļ 14 āļāļīāđ‚āļĨāļāļĢāļąāļĄ (30 āļ›āļ­āļ™āļ”āđŒ) āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 0.7 āļĄāļ. āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™ (āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 0.14 āļĄāļ. āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļŦāļēāļāļ‚āļēāļ”āđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ™) āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­
    āđāļĨāļ° EPA (2010) āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ (āļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 1- 3 āļ›āļĩ) āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 1.5 āļĄāļ. āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ§āļąāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 2 āđ€āļ—āđˆāļē āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĨāļķāļāļ‹āļķāđ‰āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ•āļīāļ›āļąāļāļāļē āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĻ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ
    āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āđˆāļ­āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļģāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ” IQ āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ āđāļĄāđ‰āđāļ•āđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē 1.0 āļĄāļ. / āļĨ. āļāđ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļāļąāļš IQ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ–āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ™
    āļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļˆāļąāļ‡ āļ§āđˆāļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļĒāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļ­āļšāļšāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļāđ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļļāļ“
    āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļĒāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ†
    āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ­āļēāļˆāļ‚āļąāļ”āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ‡ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļšāļšāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ (TSH)
    - āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒ G-proteins āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļĢāļąāļšāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“
    -āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“
    -āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒ DNA āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“
    -āļĢāļšāļāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™ (T4) āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™āđ„āļ›āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŸāļ­āļĢāđŒāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™ (T3)
    āļˆāļēāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ PubMed Health āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 50 āļ›āļĩ āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļŠāļđāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļģ āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļš 4% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē
    āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 11 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ™ āļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļāļīāļ™āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ 10% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› 21 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ™ āļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļāļĢāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ
    āđāļĄāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē āđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ hypothyroidism āļ—āļēāļĢāļāđāļĢāļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļš 75% āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡ 2āļ—āļĻāļ§āļĢāļĢāļĐāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļēāđƒāļ™āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ•āđˆāļ­ 1 āđƒāļ™āļ—āļļāļāđ† 2,370 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļĢāļāđāļĢāļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ• āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆ
    āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļĄāļēāđāļ•āđˆāļāļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ” āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĒāļēāļ§āļŠāļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĨāđˆāļēāļŠāđ‰āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ‡āļ­āļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļąāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļšāļāļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āļ­āļšāļŸāļąāļ™ āđāļĄāđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē
    āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡ āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđāļšāļšāļœāļāļœāļąāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļĢāļ āđŒāđāļĨāļ° IQ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ•āļĢāļŦāļĨāļēāļ™
    āļāļēāļĢāļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļ­āļ—āļīāļŠāļ•āļīāļ
    āļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĩāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢ
    āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāđāļšāļšāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡ / āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ°āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļˆāļ•āļ™āļē / āļāļēāļĢāļœāļŠāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™ / āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āļ­āļšāļŸāļąāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡
    āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļąāļĄāļœāļąāļŠāļāļąāļšāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĩāļ§āļ āļēāļž āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļģāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ”āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļŠāļĄāļąāļĒāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ
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    Biological Trace Element Research :
    https://www.researchgate.net/.../345973053_In_Vitro...
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    āđāļĨāļ°āļ–āđ‰āļēāđƒāļ„āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļīāļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļŸāļĨāļđāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŸāļąāļ™āđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļŸāļąāļ™āļœāļļ āđāļšāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļīāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļˆāļ™āļ„āļļāđ‰āļ™āļŦāļđāļ„āļļāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļēāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļ†āļĐāļ“āļēāļ—āļĩāļ§āļĩāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ†āļ„āļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļīāļ”āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļĄāļąāļ™āļāļĨāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļŸāļąāļ™āļ•āļāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē Dental Fluorosis āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ­āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļģāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļīāļ§āļŸāļąāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļĐāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļĒāļēāļ§ āđāļ–āļĄāļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļ™āļīāļ§āļ­āļīāļ‡āđāļĨāļ™āļ”āđŒ āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļēāļĢāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™ (Osteoporosis) āđāļ•āđˆāļœāļĨāļāļĨāļąāļšāļāļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ•āļ°āđ‚āļžāļāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ§āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ›āļāļ•āļī
    āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ 1993 āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļˆāļēāļāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļŸāļąāļ™āļœāļļ āļœāļĨāļ•āļĢāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄ āļāļĨāļąāļšāļĄāļĩāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđāļ™āđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļąāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļāđˆāļ­āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰ http://www.biowish.net/pages/med.htm
    āđ€āļ„āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļœāļŠāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđˆāļēāļĒāļāļąāļāļāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļ‹āđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ„āļ­āļĄāļĄāļīāļ§āļ™āļīāļŠāļ•āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļĩāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĒāļļāļ„āļ™āļēāļ‹āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĒāļ­āļĢāđŒāļĄāļąāļ™ āļĄāļĩāļˆāļļāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļˆāļ°āļ”āļđāļ§āđˆāļēāļ–āđ‰āļēāļ™āļąāļāđ‚āļ—āļĐāļœāļđāđ‰āđ‚āļŠāļ„āļĢāđ‰āļēāļĒāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļīāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļœāļŠāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ›āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļąāļāđ‚āļ—āļĐāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ‡
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    āļŸāļąāļ‡āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ”āļđāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āļˆāļ°āļ”āļĩāđƒāļŠāđˆāđ„āļŦāļĄāļ„āļ°.. āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļĄāļąāļ™āļ™āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļąāļ§āļ‹āļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļ§āđˆāļēāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļĄāļąāļ™āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ™āđˆāļ°āļŠāļī āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļąāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ›āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļžāļ™āļĩāļĨ (Pineal gland) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āļ§āļ‡āļ•āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆ 3 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļŪāđ‚āļ›āļ—āļēāļĢāļēāļĄāļąāļŠ (Hypothalamus) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™ āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļīāļ§ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļēāļĒ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĻ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ™āļēāļŽāļīāļāļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒ
    āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļ™āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒ āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ—āđ‰āļ­āđāļ—āđ‰ āļŦāļĄāļ”āđāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆ āļ‚āļēāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āļĢāļīāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļĨāļ”āđ„āļ­āļ„āļīāļ§ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļĨāļĒāļĄāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļļāļāļ§āļąāļ™ āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āđ‚āļ‡āđˆāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§ āđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļ­āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ™āļ”āđŒ āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ‚āļ”āļ™āļĄāļąāļ”āļĄāļ·āļ­āļŠāļāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļīāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļœāļŠāļĄāļĒāļēāļžāļīāļĐāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ—āļĩāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§
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    āđ€āļ„āļĒāļŠāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĒāļĄāļąāđ‰āļĒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļŠāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļģāđ€āļ•āļ·āļ­āļ™āđāļ›āļ°āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļŦāđ‰āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļ·āļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāđƒāļ„āļĢāđ€āļœāļĨāļ­āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļĩāļšāļžāļšāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ!! āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļĄāļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ›āļēāļ āļĄāļąāļ™āļ„āļ§āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­? āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļēāđ€āļ­āļēāđƒāļŠāđˆāļ›āļēāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĢāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļ—āļļāļāđ†āļ§āļąāļ™ āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļ„āļīāļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļ­āļĩāļ„āļ™āđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™āļ™āļĩāđˆāļ§āļīāļ•āļāļˆāļĢāļīāļ•āļŸāļļāđ‰āļ‡āļ‹āđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļāđ„āļ›āļ›āđˆāļ°? āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāđƒāļ„āļĢāđ€āļ„āđ‰āļēāđ‚āļ‡āđˆāļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ­āļ āđāļ„āđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāļ›āļēāļāđāļ›āļĢāļ‡āđ†āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļāđ‡āļšāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļ—āļīāđ‰āđˆāļ‡ āđ‚āļ­āđ€āļ„ āļāđ‡āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāđƒāļ„āļĢāļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļĄāļąāļ™āđāļšāļšāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆ āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļĩāđƒāļ„āļĢāđāļ™āđˆāđƒāļˆāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāļšāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĨāđˆāļ° āļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļąāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļ­āļšāļ•āļāļ„āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ•āļēāļĄāļ‹āļ­āļāļŸāļąāļ™āļ‹āļ­āļāđ€āļŦāļ‡āļ·āļ­āļāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļļāļ“āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļĨāļ‡āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ™ āļšāļ§āļāļāļąāļšāļ­āļĩāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļ•āļ­āļ™āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļē āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļĄāļąāļ™āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ›āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļ–āđ‰āļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļđāđāļĨ āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 200 āļĄāļīāļĨāļĨāļīāļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļšāļĩāļšāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ›āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ†āđˆāļēāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļĨāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ†āļēāļ•āļāļĢāļ•āļąāļ§āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļ·āļ­āļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ§āđ†āđ€āļĨāļĒāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ° āļˆāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĄāļēāļ„āļĄāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļžāļīāļĐāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļšāļ­āļāļ§āđˆāļē āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ 1994 āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ™āļ•āļēāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ! Fluoride Alert .Org
    āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļžāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āļ­āļšāļŸāļąāļ™ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļœāļļāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ­āļēāļˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ›āļĢāļīāļ—āļąāļ™āļ•āđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āļŠāļ—āļļāļāļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒ āļ™āđ‰āļģ āđāļĨāļ° āļ”āļīāļ™
    āđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ (Sodium Fluoride) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļ­āļ™āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āļĢāļĩāļ™ (Fluorine) āđƒāļ™āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļģāđ€āļ­āļēāđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ„āļ›āļœāļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļēāļšāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļ›āļēāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ
    āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āļĢāļĩāļ™ āļˆāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āļĢāļĩāļ™āđ„āļ§āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāļĨāļ°āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļšāļāļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŸāļąāļ™āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļąāļ™
    āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŸāļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļļāļ”āļŠāļĩāļ‚āļēāļ§āļ‚āļļāđˆāļ™āđ† āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđƒāļŠ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŸāļąāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļĢ āļŸāļąāļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āļĄāļąāļāļŠāļģāļĢāļļāļ”āđāļ•āļāļšāļīāđˆāļ™āļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāļ„āļ·āļ­ āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļˆāļ°āđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļĄāļēāļ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ‚āļē āļāļĢāļēāļĄ āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ‹āļĩāđˆāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡ āļ‚āļēāļāļĢāļ°āđ€āļœāļĨāļ āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļĨāļģāļšāļēāļ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāļĄāļēāļāđ€āļāļīāļ™āđ„āļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļīāļ™āļ›āļđāļ™āđ„āļ›āļˆāļąāļšāļāļąāļšāđ€āļ­āđ‡āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļē āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āļēāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļšāļšāļ–āļēāļ§āļĢ
    āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļ•āļēāļĄāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī
    1. āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†
    2. āļœāļĨāđ„āļĄāđ‰ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āđāļ­āļ›āđ€āļ›āļīāļĨ āļ­āļ‡āļļāđˆāļ™ āļĨāļđāļāđāļžāļĢāđŒ āļāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāļĩāđˆ
    3. āļœāļąāļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŦāļąāļ§āđāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ— āļāļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ āļŦāļąāļ§āļšāļĩāļ— āļœāļąāļāđƒāļšāđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ§ āļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļš āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§ āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āđ‚āļžāļ” āļŦāļąāļ§āđ„āļŠāđ€āļ—āđ‰āļē āļĄāļ°āđ€āļ‚āļ·āļ­ āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ­āļĄ āļĄāļąāļ™āļāļĢāļąāđˆāļ‡
    4. āđ€āļ™āļĒ āđ€āļ™āļĒāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āđ€āļ™āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§ āđ„āļ‚āđˆ
    5. āđ€āļĄāļĨāđ‡āļ”āļ—āļēāļ™āļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™
    6. āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨ āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļ›āļĨāļē āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ‡ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļœāļķāđ‰āļ‡ āļŠāļēāļ”āļģ āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨ
    #āļŠāļēāļĢāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡ āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ?
    ☠ïļâ˜ ïļ
    āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđƒāļ™āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ”āļąāļš 1 āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđ†āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ Charlotte Gerson āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ„āļ›āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ§āđˆāļē āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļēāļĒāļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĒāļĩāđˆāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļļāļāļ§āļąāļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡
    Charlotte āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĨāļĩāļ™āļīāļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ˜āļ­āļ—āļļāļāļ„āļ™āđ€āļĨāļīāļāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđ€āļ˜āļ­āļĒāļąāļ‡āļšāļ­āļāļ­āļĩāļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ›āļĨāļāđƒāļˆāđ€āļĨāļĒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđƒāļ™āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ āļœāļŠāļĄ āļŠāļēāļĢāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļĒāļąāļ‡āđƒāļŠāđˆāļĢāļŠāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ™āļĄāļŦāļ§āļēāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ†āļ•āļīāļ”āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļĒāļēāļāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āđāļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰
    🚑🚑
    āđ€āļ˜āļ­āļšāļ­āļāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļ–āđ‰āļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāđƒāļ„āļĢāļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāđ€āļĨāļĒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļœāļđāđ‰āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļĒāļēāļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļģāđ„āļĢāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļŦāļ™ āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ”āļđāļŠāļīāļ„āļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļšāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļĒāļēāļ™āļąāđˆāļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡ āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĄāļ­āļŸāļąāļ™āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ™āđ„āļ‚āđ‰āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļēāļšāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļ›āļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđāļĄāđ‰āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļļāļ”āļŸāļąāļ™āļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ™āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™
    🎗🎗
    āđƒāļ„āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāđ‡āļ”āļđāļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ­āļĒāļ™āļ°āļ„āļ°
    ⛑⛑
    (āļ›āļĩāļ™āļĩāđ‰ 2018 Charlotte Gerson āđ€āļ˜āļ­āļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 96 āļ›āļĩāļĒāļąāļ‡āđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļŠāļēāļĒāļŠāļąāļĄāļĄāļ™āļēāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡ āļ™āļąāļšāļ–āļ·āļ­āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđ†)
    āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļēāļ”āļĩ
    ...āđ‚āļ„āđ‰āļŠāļ™āļēāļ•āļēāļĨāļĩ
    âĪïļâĪïļ
    āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­...
    From the book: Never Fear Cancer again by Raymond Francis
    ..........
    Fluoride Fluoride both switches on and drives cancer. Federal health officials continue to call fluoridation one of the ten great public-health achievements of the twentieth century, while it has long been known as one of our greatest public-health blunders. The scientific evidence that fluoride causes cancer is overwhelming, and this has been known for decades, despite attempts to obscure it.
    💉💉
    For example, recorded in the Congressional Record of 21 July 1976, the chief chemist of the National Cancer Institute, Dr. Dean Burke, stated before Congress, “In point of fact, fluoride causes more cancer death, and causes it faster than any other chemical.”
    ☠ïļâ˜ ïļ
    Fluoride is a general cellular poison, doing catastrophic biological damage that is beyond the scope of this chapter to describe, yet many of us are now ingesting daily amounts that far exceed even the government’s inadequate safety standards. Hundreds of studies have found a connection between fluoride and cancer; cities that fluoridate their water have significantly more cancer deaths than cities that do not fluoridate.
    ☠ïļâ˜ ïļ
    ***Fluoride causes cancer by reacting with enzymes, changing their shape and disabling them.***
    ⭐ïļâ­ïļâ­ïļâ­ïļâ­ïļâ­ïļ

    āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĢāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™
    āđ€āļ§āļŠāļŦāļ™āļļāđˆāļĄ
    āļ āļēāļžāđāļĢāļ āļ‹āđ‰āļēāļĒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļ‚āļ§āļē āļĄāļĩ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđ‚āļĨāļāļ„āļ·āļ­āļĄāļēāļĒāļē #āļĨāļ§āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļŸāļąāļ™āļœāļļ ⁉ïļ āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļēāļ§āļ™āđŒāđ‚āļŦāļĨāļ”āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļąāļāļāļēāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ–āļķāļ‡ 32 āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļŸāļĢāļĩ āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļĩāđˆ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491930/ Source : https://youtu.be/KLsjwWo1F2I -------------------------------------------------- āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› #āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŪāļēāđ„āļĨāļ”āđŒ (halide)āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļąāļ™ āļĄāļąāļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āđāļ‚āđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŪāļēāđ„āļĨāļ”āđŒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļąāļ§āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļˆāļąāļšāļāļąāļšāđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ™ āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļģ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ§āđˆāļēāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­ āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ–āļđāļāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĨāļĒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļēāļ„āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āļˆāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ National Research Council of the National Academies āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ 2549 āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ "āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­āđƒāļ™āđāļ‡āđˆāļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļāļ•āļī" āļŸāļąāļ‡āļāđŒāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āļžāļēāļĢāļēāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļžāđ€āļ™āļĩāļĒāļĨāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļŦāļĄāļ§āļāđ„āļ• āļ•āļąāļšāļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡ āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“ āđāļĨāļ°āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāļœāļĨāļēāļāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļāļ•āļī āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāļœāļĨāļēāļāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļŠāļ°āļ‡āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđāļ—āļšāļ—āļļāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­ āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ• āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļ—āļĢāļāđāļ‹āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš Hyperthyroid āļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ›āļĩ 1970 āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĨāļ”āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāļœāļĨāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļāđ€āļāļīāļ™āđ„āļ› āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 2 - 3 āļĄāļīāļĨāļĨāļīāļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļēāļāļ™āļąāļ āļ–āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāđˆāļģāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āļāđ‡āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļĨāļ”āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ 1800 āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ­āļžāļ­āļ āļāļēāļĢāļšāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĩ 2549 Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards, the National Research Council (NRC) āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļē "āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļšāļĢāļĢāļ—āļąāļ” āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ" āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē "āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ TSH āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ­āļžāļ­āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ T4 āđāļĨāļ° T3" āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒāļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™ T4 āđāļĨāļ° T3 āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ NRC āļĒāļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļēāļĢāļēāđ„āļ˜āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ„āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ„āļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ‡āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĻ āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢ NRC āđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāļ§āđˆāļē "āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āđāļ‡āđˆāļĄāļļāļĄāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­ āļ„āļ§āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āđ€āļžāļīāļāđ€āļ‰āļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđˆāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŦāļĨāļēāļ”āđƒāļˆ āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļģāļ–āļķāļ‡ 0.05 - 0.1 āļĄāļ. āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļīāđ‚āļĨāļāļĢāļąāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™ (āļĄāļ. / āļāļ. / āļ§āļąāļ™) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 0.03 āļĄāļ. / āļāļ. / āļ§āļąāļ™ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļ 70 āļāļīāđ‚āļĨāļāļĢāļąāļĄ (154 āļ›āļ­āļ™āļ”āđŒ) āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ 3.5 āļĄāļ. āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™ (āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ 0.7 āļĄāļ. āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļ”āđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ™) āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļī āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“āļāļēāļĢāļ§āđˆāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļŠāļēāļ§āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļš 3 āļĄāļīāļĨāļĨāļīāļāļĢāļąāļĄāļ—āļļāļāļ§āļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ™āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ§āļąāļ™āļĨāļ° 6 āļĄāļ. āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ› āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļ 14 āļāļīāđ‚āļĨāļāļĢāļąāļĄ (30 āļ›āļ­āļ™āļ”āđŒ) āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 0.7 āļĄāļ. āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™ (āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 0.14 āļĄāļ. āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļŦāļēāļāļ‚āļēāļ”āđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ™) āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­ āđāļĨāļ° EPA (2010) āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ (āļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 1- 3 āļ›āļĩ) āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 1.5 āļĄāļ. āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ§āļąāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 2 āđ€āļ—āđˆāļē āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĨāļķāļāļ‹āļķāđ‰āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ•āđˆāļ­āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ•āļīāļ›āļąāļāļāļē āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĻ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āđˆāļ­āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļģāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ” IQ āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ āđāļĄāđ‰āđāļ•āđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē 1.0 āļĄāļ. / āļĨ. āļāđ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļāļąāļš IQ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ–āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ­āļ”āļĩāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļˆāļąāļ‡ āļ§āđˆāļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļĒāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļ­āļšāļšāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļāđ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļļāļ“ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļĒāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ­āļēāļˆāļ‚āļąāļ”āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ‡ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļšāļšāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ (TSH) - āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒ G-proteins āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļĢāļąāļšāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“ -āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“ -āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒ DNA āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“ -āļĢāļšāļāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™ (T4) āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™āđ„āļ›āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŸāļ­āļĢāđŒāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™ (T3) āļˆāļēāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ PubMed Health āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 50 āļ›āļĩ āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļŠāļđāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļģ āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļš 4% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 11 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ™ āļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļāļīāļ™āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ 10% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› 21 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ™ āļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļāļĢāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļĄāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē āđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ hypothyroidism āļ—āļēāļĢāļāđāļĢāļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļš 75% āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡ 2āļ—āļĻāļ§āļĢāļĢāļĐāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļēāđƒāļ™āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ•āđˆāļ­ 1 āđƒāļ™āļ—āļļāļāđ† 2,370 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļĢāļāđāļĢāļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ• āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆ āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļĄāļēāđāļ•āđˆāļāļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ” āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĒāļēāļ§āļŠāļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĨāđˆāļēāļŠāđ‰āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ‡āļ­āļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļąāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļšāļāļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āļ­āļšāļŸāļąāļ™ āđāļĄāđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡ āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđāļšāļšāļœāļāļœāļąāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļĢāļ āđŒāđāļĨāļ° IQ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ•āļĢāļŦāļĨāļēāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļ­āļ—āļīāļŠāļ•āļīāļ āļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĩāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāđāļšāļšāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡ / āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ°āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļˆāļ•āļ™āļē / āļāļēāļĢāļœāļŠāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™ / āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āļ­āļšāļŸāļąāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļąāļĄāļœāļąāļŠāļāļąāļšāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĩāļ§āļ āļēāļž āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļģāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ”āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļŠāļĄāļąāļĒāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ ----------------------------------- Andersson M, de Benoist B,Delange F, Zupan J. 2007.Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less Bharaktiya S, et al., 2010.Hypothyroidism. 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Biological Trace Element Research : https://www.researchgate.net/.../345973053_In_Vitro... âœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻ āļŸāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļīāļ›āļ„āļļāļ“āļŦāļĄāļ­ āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ 58 https://youtu.be/AYAJJSOmdJo âœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻ āļ›āļāļīāļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļāļąāļšāļ­.āļ›āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļž āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļ āļąāļĒāđ€āļ‡āļĩāļĒāļšāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™ https://youtu.be/741TFbVWJwQ https://youtu.be/s-ElDeuDl1I https://youtu.be/Y5Ad9L-B21c https://youtu.be/1KgS-_E05YE https://youtu.be/KLsjwWo1F2I âœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒ āļ­.āļŠāļąāļ™āļ•āļī āļĄāļēāļ™āļ°āļ”āļĩ https://www.facebook.com/10000435.../posts/1352913331530352/ âœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻâœĻ āļŠāļēāļĢāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ ( Fluoride ) Little Girl Healthy SHOP - āļŠāļīāļ™āļ„āđ‰āļēāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļāļĢāļēāļŸāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āļŠāļēāļĢāļŦāļ™āļđāđāļĨāļ°āļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļ„āđˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļīāļĐāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āđāļ‹āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš 4 āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļšāđ† 5 āļ™āļąāđˆāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļąāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļīāļĐāļĄāļēāļāļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡! āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ–āđ‰āļēāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđƒāļ„āļĢāļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļ†āđˆāļēāļŦāļ™āļđāđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļĨāļ‡āļŠāļēāļšāļĨāļ­āļ‡āļžāļĨāļīāļāļ”āļđāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļ„āļļāļ“āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāđ‡āļ­āļāļ•āļēāļ„āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĒāļēāđ€āļšāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļ™āļđāļ„āļ·āļ­āļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļģāļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļĢāļāđƒāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĒāļēāđ€āļšāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļ™āļđ āļ–āļēāļĄāļ§āđˆāļē.. āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāļĄāļąāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļĨāđˆāļ°? āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđ†āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŸāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļ—āđ‰āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļĄāļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­ “āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ “ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āđāļ•āđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļĄāļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­ "āđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ" āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļĐāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļ–āļđāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ–āđ‰āļēāđƒāļ„āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļīāļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļŸāļĨāļđāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŸāļąāļ™āđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļŸāļąāļ™āļœāļļ āđāļšāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļīāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļˆāļ™āļ„āļļāđ‰āļ™āļŦāļđāļ„āļļāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļēāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļ†āļĐāļ“āļēāļ—āļĩāļ§āļĩāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ†āļ„āļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļīāļ”āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļĄāļąāļ™āļāļĨāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļŸāļąāļ™āļ•āļāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē Dental Fluorosis āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ­āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļģāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļīāļ§āļŸāļąāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļĐāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļĒāļēāļ§ āđāļ–āļĄāļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļ™āļīāļ§āļ­āļīāļ‡āđāļĨāļ™āļ”āđŒ āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļēāļĢāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™ (Osteoporosis) āđāļ•āđˆāļœāļĨāļāļĨāļąāļšāļāļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ•āļ°āđ‚āļžāļāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ§āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ›āļāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ 1993 āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļˆāļēāļāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļŸāļąāļ™āļœāļļ āļœāļĨāļ•āļĢāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄ āļāļĨāļąāļšāļĄāļĩāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđāļ™āđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļąāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļāđˆāļ­āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰ http://www.biowish.net/pages/med.htm āđ€āļ„āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļœāļŠāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđˆāļēāļĒāļāļąāļāļāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļ‹āđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ„āļ­āļĄāļĄāļīāļ§āļ™āļīāļŠāļ•āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļĩāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĒāļļāļ„āļ™āļēāļ‹āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĒāļ­āļĢāđŒāļĄāļąāļ™ āļĄāļĩāļˆāļļāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļˆāļ°āļ”āļđāļ§āđˆāļēāļ–āđ‰āļēāļ™āļąāļāđ‚āļ—āļĐāļœāļđāđ‰āđ‚āļŠāļ„āļĢāđ‰āļēāļĒāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļīāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļœāļŠāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ›āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļąāļāđ‚āļ—āļĐāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ‡ āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļŽāļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļēāļĢāļĄāļ“āđŒāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļąāļāđ‚āļ—āļĐāļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŠāļąāļ” āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāļāđ‚āļ—āļĐāđ‚āļŦāļ”āđ†āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļĄāļ§āļŦāļ‡āđˆāļēāļ§āļ™āļąāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļ‡āļ­āļĒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļĒāđāļŠāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļ­āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ”āđ† āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĒāļāļžāļ§āļāļ•āļĩāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āļāđˆāļ­āļ™ āļŸāļąāļ‡āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ”āļđāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āļˆāļ°āļ”āļĩāđƒāļŠāđˆāđ„āļŦāļĄāļ„āļ°.. āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļĄāļąāļ™āļ™āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļąāļ§āļ‹āļ°āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļ§āđˆāļēāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļĄāļąāļ™āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ™āđˆāļ°āļŠāļī āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļąāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ›āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļžāļ™āļĩāļĨ (Pineal gland) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āļ§āļ‡āļ•āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆ 3 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļŪāđ‚āļ›āļ—āļēāļĢāļēāļĄāļąāļŠ (Hypothalamus) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļĢāđ‰āļ—āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™ āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļīāļ§ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļēāļĒ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĻ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ™āļēāļŽāļīāļāļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļ™āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒ āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ—āđ‰āļ­āđāļ—āđ‰ āļŦāļĄāļ”āđāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆ āļ‚āļēāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āļĢāļīāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļĨāļ”āđ„āļ­āļ„āļīāļ§ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļĨāļĒāļĄāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļļāļāļ§āļąāļ™ āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āđ‚āļ‡āđˆāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§ āđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļ­āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ™āļ”āđŒ āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ‚āļ”āļ™āļĄāļąāļ”āļĄāļ·āļ­āļŠāļāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļīāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļœāļŠāļĄāļĒāļēāļžāļīāļĐāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ—āļĩāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļœāļŠāļĄāļĄāļąāļ™āļĨāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ›āļēāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ° āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡āļ”āļĩāļ­āļĒāļēāļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŸāļąāļ™āļœāļļāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™ āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļŸāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļąāļ™ āļ›āļĢāļēāļāļŽāļ§āđˆāļēāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļŸāļąāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ†āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļģāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļĨāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģ āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļĒāļ°āđāļ­āļšāđāļāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļĨāļĒāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļ­āđƒāļˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđ†āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāđƒāļˆāļˆāļ°āđ‚āļ”āļ™āļ§āļēāļ‡āļĒāļēāļžāļīāļĐāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļāđŠāļ­āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ‚āļ‡āđˆāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„ āđāļ–āļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ­āļēāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ„āļ›āļ•āđ‰āļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ”āļāđ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļĒāļāđ€āļ§āđ‰āļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļĐāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļķāļ 7 āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ•āļąāļ§ āđ€āļ„āļĒāļŠāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĒāļĄāļąāđ‰āļĒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļŠāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļģāđ€āļ•āļ·āļ­āļ™āđāļ›āļ°āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļŦāđ‰āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļ·āļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāđƒāļ„āļĢāđ€āļœāļĨāļ­āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļĩāļšāļžāļšāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ!! āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļĄāļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ›āļēāļ āļĄāļąāļ™āļ„āļ§āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­? āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļēāđ€āļ­āļēāđƒāļŠāđˆāļ›āļēāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĢāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļ—āļļāļāđ†āļ§āļąāļ™ āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļ„āļīāļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļ­āļĩāļ„āļ™āđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™āļ™āļĩāđˆāļ§āļīāļ•āļāļˆāļĢāļīāļ•āļŸāļļāđ‰āļ‡āļ‹āđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļāđ„āļ›āļ›āđˆāļ°? āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāđƒāļ„āļĢāđ€āļ„āđ‰āļēāđ‚āļ‡āđˆāļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ­āļ āđāļ„āđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāļ›āļēāļāđāļ›āļĢāļ‡āđ†āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļāđ‡āļšāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļ—āļīāđ‰āđˆāļ‡ āđ‚āļ­āđ€āļ„ āļāđ‡āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāđƒāļ„āļĢāļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļĄāļąāļ™āđāļšāļšāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆ āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļĩāđƒāļ„āļĢāđāļ™āđˆāđƒāļˆāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāļšāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĨāđˆāļ° āļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļąāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļ­āļšāļ•āļāļ„āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ•āļēāļĄāļ‹āļ­āļāļŸāļąāļ™āļ‹āļ­āļāđ€āļŦāļ‡āļ·āļ­āļāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļļāļ“āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļĨāļ‡āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ™ āļšāļ§āļāļāļąāļšāļ­āļĩāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļ•āļ­āļ™āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļē āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āļĄāļąāļ™āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ›āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļ–āđ‰āļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļđāđāļĨ āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 200 āļĄāļīāļĨāļĨāļīāļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļšāļĩāļšāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ›āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ†āđˆāļēāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļĨāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ†āļēāļ•āļāļĢāļ•āļąāļ§āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļ·āļ­āļŸāļĨāļđāđ‚āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ§āđ†āđ€āļĨāļĒāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ° āļˆāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĄāļēāļ„āļĄāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļžāļīāļĐāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļšāļ­āļāļ§āđˆāļē āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ 1994 āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ™āļ•āļēāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ! Fluoride Alert .Org āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļžāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āļ­āļšāļŸāļąāļ™ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļœāļļāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ­āļēāļˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ›āļĢāļīāļ—āļąāļ™āļ•āđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļžāļĢāļļāļ™ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī āđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āļŠāļ—āļļāļāļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒ āļ™āđ‰āļģ āđāļĨāļ° āļ”āļīāļ™ āđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ (Sodium Fluoride) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļ­āļ™āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āļĢāļĩāļ™ (Fluorine) āđƒāļ™āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļģāđ€āļ­āļēāđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđ„āļ›āļœāļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļēāļšāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļ›āļēāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āļĢāļĩāļ™ āļˆāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āļĢāļĩāļ™āđ„āļ§āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāļĨāļ°āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļšāļāļžāļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŸāļąāļ™āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļąāļ™ āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŸāļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļļāļ”āļŠāļĩāļ‚āļēāļ§āļ‚āļļāđˆāļ™āđ† āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđƒāļŠ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŸāļąāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļĢ āļŸāļąāļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āļĄāļąāļāļŠāļģāļĢāļļāļ”āđāļ•āļāļšāļīāđˆāļ™āļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāļ„āļ·āļ­ āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļˆāļ°āđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļĄāļēāļ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ‚āļē āļāļĢāļēāļĄ āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļ‹āļĩāđˆāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡ āļ‚āļēāļāļĢāļ°āđ€āļœāļĨāļ āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļĨāļģāļšāļēāļ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāļĄāļēāļāđ€āļāļīāļ™āđ„āļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļđāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļīāļ™āļ›āļđāļ™āđ„āļ›āļˆāļąāļšāļāļąāļšāđ€āļ­āđ‡āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļē āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āļēāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļšāļšāļ–āļēāļ§āļĢ āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļ•āļēāļĄāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•āļī 1. āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† 2. āļœāļĨāđ„āļĄāđ‰ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āđāļ­āļ›āđ€āļ›āļīāļĨ āļ­āļ‡āļļāđˆāļ™ āļĨāļđāļāđāļžāļĢāđŒ āļāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāļĩāđˆ 3. āļœāļąāļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŦāļąāļ§āđāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ— āļāļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ āļŦāļąāļ§āļšāļĩāļ— āļœāļąāļāđƒāļšāđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ§ āļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļš āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§ āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āđ‚āļžāļ” āļŦāļąāļ§āđ„āļŠāđ€āļ—āđ‰āļē āļĄāļ°āđ€āļ‚āļ·āļ­ āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ­āļĄ āļĄāļąāļ™āļāļĢāļąāđˆāļ‡ 4. āđ€āļ™āļĒ āđ€āļ™āļĒāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āđ€āļ™āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§ āđ„āļ‚āđˆ 5. āđ€āļĄāļĨāđ‡āļ”āļ—āļēāļ™āļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™ 6. āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨ āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļ›āļĨāļē āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ‡ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļœāļķāđ‰āļ‡ āļŠāļēāļ”āļģ āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨ #āļŠāļēāļĢāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡ āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ? ☠ïļâ˜ ïļ āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđƒāļ™āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ”āļąāļš 1 āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđ†āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ Charlotte Gerson āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ„āļ›āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ§āđˆāļē āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļēāļĒāļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĒāļĩāđˆāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļļāļāļ§āļąāļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļŠāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡ Charlotte āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĨāļĩāļ™āļīāļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ˜āļ­āļ—āļļāļāļ„āļ™āđ€āļĨāļīāļāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđ€āļ˜āļ­āļĒāļąāļ‡āļšāļ­āļāļ­āļĩāļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ›āļĨāļāđƒāļˆāđ€āļĨāļĒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđƒāļ™āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ āļœāļŠāļĄ āļŠāļēāļĢāļŸāļĨāļđāļ­āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļĒāļąāļ‡āđƒāļŠāđˆāļĢāļŠāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ™āļĄāļŦāļ§āļēāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāđ†āļ•āļīāļ”āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļĒāļēāļāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āđāļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰ 🚑🚑 āđ€āļ˜āļ­āļšāļ­āļāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļ–āđ‰āļēāļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāđƒāļ„āļĢāļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāđ€āļĨāļĒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļœāļđāđ‰āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļĒāļēāļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļģāđ„āļĢāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļŦāļ™ āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ”āļđāļŠāļīāļ„āļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļšāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļĒāļēāļ™āļąāđˆāļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡ āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļĄāļ­āļŸāļąāļ™āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ™āđ„āļ‚āđ‰āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĒāļēāļšāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļ›āļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđāļĄāđ‰āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļļāļ”āļŸāļąāļ™āļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ™āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ 🎗🎗 āđƒāļ„āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāđ‡āļ”āļđāļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ­āļĒāļ™āļ°āļ„āļ° ⛑⛑ (āļ›āļĩāļ™āļĩāđ‰ 2018 Charlotte Gerson āđ€āļ˜āļ­āļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 96 āļ›āļĩāļĒāļąāļ‡āđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļŠāļēāļĒāļŠāļąāļĄāļĄāļ™āļēāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡ āļ™āļąāļšāļ–āļ·āļ­āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđ†) āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļēāļ”āļĩ ...āđ‚āļ„āđ‰āļŠāļ™āļēāļ•āļēāļĨāļĩ âĪïļâĪïļ āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­... From the book: Never Fear Cancer again by Raymond Francis .......... Fluoride Fluoride both switches on and drives cancer. Federal health officials continue to call fluoridation one of the ten great public-health achievements of the twentieth century, while it has long been known as one of our greatest public-health blunders. The scientific evidence that fluoride causes cancer is overwhelming, and this has been known for decades, despite attempts to obscure it. 💉💉 For example, recorded in the Congressional Record of 21 July 1976, the chief chemist of the National Cancer Institute, Dr. Dean Burke, stated before Congress, “In point of fact, fluoride causes more cancer death, and causes it faster than any other chemical.” ☠ïļâ˜ ïļ Fluoride is a general cellular poison, doing catastrophic biological damage that is beyond the scope of this chapter to describe, yet many of us are now ingesting daily amounts that far exceed even the government’s inadequate safety standards. Hundreds of studies have found a connection between fluoride and cancer; cities that fluoridate their water have significantly more cancer deaths than cities that do not fluoridate. ☠ïļâ˜ ïļ ***Fluoride causes cancer by reacting with enzymes, changing their shape and disabling them.*** ⭐ïļâ­ïļâ­ïļâ­ïļâ­ïļâ­ïļ āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĢāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļēāļŠāļĩāļŸāļąāļ™ āđ€āļ§āļŠāļŦāļ™āļļāđˆāļĄ
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  • “Disaster” Synonyms For When Things Don’t Go As Planned

    Most of the time, we like to keep things positive around here and provide you with plenty of inspiring, motivational words to brighten up your day. This … this is not that list.

    Are you done setting intentions? Are you through repeating mantras into the mirror? Do you just need a perfectly wretched word to capture what’s not working right now? Then this is the list for you. We’ve traveled through hell and goat rodeos to bring you the words that will describe the snafus and fiascos of your life or the world around you.

    If your desperate times call for desperate words, here are 20 provocative synonyms for the word disaster and some example sentences to inspire use.

    apocalypse

    We begin our list with a disaster of Biblical proportions. The word apocalypse originally comes from the Greek apokálypsis, meaning “revelation.” Since at least the 1100s, the word apocalypse has been used to refer to the Book of Revelation in the Christian Bible, which tells how the world will be nearly destroyed when good finally defeats evil. Today, the word apocalypse is often used generally (and ominously) to refer to a doomsday-level scenario.

    Example: You’d think, by the mess in the kitchen, that we were witnessing a true apocalypse.

    bloodbath

    The word bloodbath is often used to describe violent slaughters or massacres. The word creates the mental image of a carnage so intense that someone could take a bath in the spilled blood. Figuratively, though, bloodbath is used to describe disastrous events or severe instances of bad fortune. While this word came to English in the 1800s, a similar term, blodbad (literally “bath in blood”), was recorded in the 1500s in Swedish.

    Example: If our star player can’t play, the opening game is going to be a bloodbath.

    cataclysm

    Cataclysm is a word so disastrous that it rocks the entire Earth to its core. The word cataclysm means “a violent upheaval” and is used in geography to refer to violent events that manage to alter the surface of Earth. This is the word you need if you want to literally or figuratively describe something as earth-shaking.

    Example: Barring an unforeseen cataclysm, this family is finally going on vacation this summer.

    fiasco

    The word fiasco means “a complete and ignominious failure” and has a bit of a strange history. Fiasco is an Italian word that literally translates to “bottle,” and it is related to the word flask. The English meaning of “failure” comes from the Italian idiom fare fiasco which means “to fail” (though it literally translates to “make a bottle”).

    Example: My spouse somehow managed to salvage the dessert fiasco I haphazardly concocted.

    bouleversement

    We go from a strange Italian word to an even stranger (or at least longer) French one. The word bouleversement means “an overturning” or “turmoil.” This is the one you want if you really need to bring out the twenty-dollar word.

    Example: The rebel leader said that the country would emerge from the bouleversement stronger than it had ever been.

    calamity

    Get the tissues ready, because our next word is calamity. Calamity is a synonym of disaster, but it indicates that a horrific event specifically caused misery and lots of tears—so, like a dentist appointment?

    Example: I’ve been beset with calamity after calamity since the pandemic started, and I’m losing it.

    catastrophe

    Catastrophe is a synonym that can highlight the destruction and loss brought about by a tremendous event. If nothing is left standing or a disaster will continue to cause pain and suffering for the foreseeable future, we might label it a catastrophe.

    Example: Did you see the bathroom after the pipe burst? What a catastrophe!

    pandemonium

    Things have gone to hell in a hand basket thanks to our next word: pandemonium. Pandemonium refers to a wild state of disorder, noise, and chaos. This disastrous word actually comes from Pandaemonium, the name that John Milton used for the capital of hell in Paradise Lost.

    Example: The muddy dogs tore through the living room, knocking over two lamps, and pandemonium ensued.

    debacle

    The word debacle is one of several that implies a failure was caused by failure or incompetence, especially ones that result from disorganization. Its original meaning in the 1800s, however, referred to a “breaking up of ice in a river” or rush of water “which breaks down opposing barriers, and carries before it blocks of stone and other debris.” That does sound like a mess.

    Example: With half the students out sick, the class performance devolved into a total debacle.

    blunder

    The word blunder is a synonym of the word mistake and is often used to describe an error resulting from severe incompetence or stupidity. Unlike most of the other words on this list, blunder can also be used as a verb (“to make a careless or stupid mistake”).

    Example: The clumsy waiter spilled wine on the mayor and was later fired for this horrible blunder.

    epic fail

    LOL! The slang term epic fail is used to describe particularly humiliating mistakes. Our disastrous list of words has been bad so far, but epic fail might just be the worst of the bunch. Why? Because this is the phrase to use when that embarrassing mistake has been broadcast on social media! (And once that happens, only an especially clever cat meme can save you.)

    Example: ROFL My brother just fell into the pool! #epicfail

    meltdown

    With our next word, our disaster has just gone nuclear. Meltdown is a word used to refer to severe nuclear reactor accidents. It’s figuratively used to describe sudden situations that quickly spiral out of control.

    Example: The guitarist’s meltdown surprised no one, given tensions have been high between band members.

    kick in the teeth

    Ouch! The idiom kick in the teeth refers to a sudden and humiliating setback. Why a kick? In the English language, slang phrases like kick in the head and kick in the pants rely on the image of a kick (instead of punches) to describe particularly humiliating blows.

    Example: The terrible reviews were a real kick in the teeth for the young Broadway star.

    goat rodeo

    Giddyup, cowboys and cowgirls, because it’s time to wrangle some … goats? Goat rodeo is an example of one of several goat-related slang terms for monumental screwups. A relatively new term from the 2000s, it creates a good mental image of a wild rodeo full of screaming goats. You may have heard the term goat-roping (used similarly) and other more obscene versions, but goat rodeo is considered the most extreme of all. We repeat, a goat rodeo is as disastrous as a situation can get.

    Example: This is no concert. It’s a goat rodeo of drunk performers and technical difficulties!

    dog’s breakfast

    This list has really gone to the dogs. The slang term dog’s breakfast, mainly used in Canada and the UK, describes a confused, disorderly mess. The phrase most likely refers to the fact that many dogs will eat pretty much anything you put in front of them. In any case, dog’s breakfast is a fun word to use when everything has gone to “Shih Tzu.”

    Example: The drive was an absolute dog’s breakfast. We arrived two hours late after being stuck in traffic and getting lost.

    disarray

    Disarray describes a situation that is especially chaotic, disorganized, or marred by confusion. Disarray is a word you can use when you’ve got a disorderly mess or a comedy of errors on your hands.

    Example: Hyped up on cake and sugar, the children left the room in a state of total disarray.

    turmoil

    Turmoil is another word to convey that you’re in the midst of great confusion or disorder. Fittingly, we are not actually sure where this verb-turned-noun originates from.

    Example: Without enough employees to cover the day’s shift, the company was thrown into turmoil.

    dumpster fire

    The slang term dumpster fire means something is so disastrously bad it is beyond all hope of saving. Often, the dumpster fire is result of terribly bad decisions or extraordinary levels of incompetence. It’s best to stay the heck away from a dumpster fire because, as its name implies, it is likely to just keep getting worse.

    Example: The movie was a complete dumpster fire that didn’t get a single positive review.

    shitshow

    The not-very-nice word shitshow is used to describe essentially the same situation as a dumpster fire: a mess that is completely unsalvageable. To go the extra mile, shitshow throws in a swear word to capture the magnitude of a truly unbelievable disaster.

    Example: Last year was a real shitshow but I’m hoping things turn around soon.

    snafu and fubar

    It might be time for reinforcements. Snafu and fubar are two abbreviations that can be traced back to military jargon and have some … colorful meanings. Snafu stands for “situation normal: all f–ed up” and fubar stands for “f–ed up beyond all reason.” Now fix the disaster, cadet, and then drop and give us twenty!

    Example: The trip started with a series of major snafus, like when the luggage arrived in the wrong city.

    Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
    “Disaster” Synonyms For When Things Don’t Go As Planned Most of the time, we like to keep things positive around here and provide you with plenty of inspiring, motivational words to brighten up your day. This … this is not that list. Are you done setting intentions? Are you through repeating mantras into the mirror? Do you just need a perfectly wretched word to capture what’s not working right now? Then this is the list for you. We’ve traveled through hell and goat rodeos to bring you the words that will describe the snafus and fiascos of your life or the world around you. If your desperate times call for desperate words, here are 20 provocative synonyms for the word disaster and some example sentences to inspire use. apocalypse We begin our list with a disaster of Biblical proportions. The word apocalypse originally comes from the Greek apokálypsis, meaning “revelation.” Since at least the 1100s, the word apocalypse has been used to refer to the Book of Revelation in the Christian Bible, which tells how the world will be nearly destroyed when good finally defeats evil. Today, the word apocalypse is often used generally (and ominously) to refer to a doomsday-level scenario. Example: You’d think, by the mess in the kitchen, that we were witnessing a true apocalypse. bloodbath The word bloodbath is often used to describe violent slaughters or massacres. The word creates the mental image of a carnage so intense that someone could take a bath in the spilled blood. Figuratively, though, bloodbath is used to describe disastrous events or severe instances of bad fortune. While this word came to English in the 1800s, a similar term, blodbad (literally “bath in blood”), was recorded in the 1500s in Swedish. Example: If our star player can’t play, the opening game is going to be a bloodbath. cataclysm Cataclysm is a word so disastrous that it rocks the entire Earth to its core. The word cataclysm means “a violent upheaval” and is used in geography to refer to violent events that manage to alter the surface of Earth. This is the word you need if you want to literally or figuratively describe something as earth-shaking. Example: Barring an unforeseen cataclysm, this family is finally going on vacation this summer. fiasco The word fiasco means “a complete and ignominious failure” and has a bit of a strange history. Fiasco is an Italian word that literally translates to “bottle,” and it is related to the word flask. The English meaning of “failure” comes from the Italian idiom fare fiasco which means “to fail” (though it literally translates to “make a bottle”). Example: My spouse somehow managed to salvage the dessert fiasco I haphazardly concocted. bouleversement We go from a strange Italian word to an even stranger (or at least longer) French one. The word bouleversement means “an overturning” or “turmoil.” This is the one you want if you really need to bring out the twenty-dollar word. Example: The rebel leader said that the country would emerge from the bouleversement stronger than it had ever been. calamity Get the tissues ready, because our next word is calamity. Calamity is a synonym of disaster, but it indicates that a horrific event specifically caused misery and lots of tears—so, like a dentist appointment? Example: I’ve been beset with calamity after calamity since the pandemic started, and I’m losing it. catastrophe Catastrophe is a synonym that can highlight the destruction and loss brought about by a tremendous event. If nothing is left standing or a disaster will continue to cause pain and suffering for the foreseeable future, we might label it a catastrophe. Example: Did you see the bathroom after the pipe burst? What a catastrophe! pandemonium Things have gone to hell in a hand basket thanks to our next word: pandemonium. Pandemonium refers to a wild state of disorder, noise, and chaos. This disastrous word actually comes from Pandaemonium, the name that John Milton used for the capital of hell in Paradise Lost. Example: The muddy dogs tore through the living room, knocking over two lamps, and pandemonium ensued. debacle The word debacle is one of several that implies a failure was caused by failure or incompetence, especially ones that result from disorganization. Its original meaning in the 1800s, however, referred to a “breaking up of ice in a river” or rush of water “which breaks down opposing barriers, and carries before it blocks of stone and other debris.” That does sound like a mess. Example: With half the students out sick, the class performance devolved into a total debacle. blunder The word blunder is a synonym of the word mistake and is often used to describe an error resulting from severe incompetence or stupidity. Unlike most of the other words on this list, blunder can also be used as a verb (“to make a careless or stupid mistake”). Example: The clumsy waiter spilled wine on the mayor and was later fired for this horrible blunder. epic fail LOL! The slang term epic fail is used to describe particularly humiliating mistakes. Our disastrous list of words has been bad so far, but epic fail might just be the worst of the bunch. Why? Because this is the phrase to use when that embarrassing mistake has been broadcast on social media! (And once that happens, only an especially clever cat meme can save you.) Example: ROFL My brother just fell into the pool! #epicfail meltdown With our next word, our disaster has just gone nuclear. Meltdown is a word used to refer to severe nuclear reactor accidents. It’s figuratively used to describe sudden situations that quickly spiral out of control. Example: The guitarist’s meltdown surprised no one, given tensions have been high between band members. kick in the teeth Ouch! The idiom kick in the teeth refers to a sudden and humiliating setback. Why a kick? In the English language, slang phrases like kick in the head and kick in the pants rely on the image of a kick (instead of punches) to describe particularly humiliating blows. Example: The terrible reviews were a real kick in the teeth for the young Broadway star. goat rodeo Giddyup, cowboys and cowgirls, because it’s time to wrangle some … goats? Goat rodeo is an example of one of several goat-related slang terms for monumental screwups. A relatively new term from the 2000s, it creates a good mental image of a wild rodeo full of screaming goats. You may have heard the term goat-roping (used similarly) and other more obscene versions, but goat rodeo is considered the most extreme of all. We repeat, a goat rodeo is as disastrous as a situation can get. Example: This is no concert. It’s a goat rodeo of drunk performers and technical difficulties! dog’s breakfast This list has really gone to the dogs. The slang term dog’s breakfast, mainly used in Canada and the UK, describes a confused, disorderly mess. The phrase most likely refers to the fact that many dogs will eat pretty much anything you put in front of them. In any case, dog’s breakfast is a fun word to use when everything has gone to “Shih Tzu.” Example: The drive was an absolute dog’s breakfast. We arrived two hours late after being stuck in traffic and getting lost. disarray Disarray describes a situation that is especially chaotic, disorganized, or marred by confusion. Disarray is a word you can use when you’ve got a disorderly mess or a comedy of errors on your hands. Example: Hyped up on cake and sugar, the children left the room in a state of total disarray. turmoil Turmoil is another word to convey that you’re in the midst of great confusion or disorder. Fittingly, we are not actually sure where this verb-turned-noun originates from. Example: Without enough employees to cover the day’s shift, the company was thrown into turmoil. dumpster fire The slang term dumpster fire means something is so disastrously bad it is beyond all hope of saving. Often, the dumpster fire is result of terribly bad decisions or extraordinary levels of incompetence. It’s best to stay the heck away from a dumpster fire because, as its name implies, it is likely to just keep getting worse. Example: The movie was a complete dumpster fire that didn’t get a single positive review. shitshow The not-very-nice word shitshow is used to describe essentially the same situation as a dumpster fire: a mess that is completely unsalvageable. To go the extra mile, shitshow throws in a swear word to capture the magnitude of a truly unbelievable disaster. Example: Last year was a real shitshow but I’m hoping things turn around soon. snafu and fubar It might be time for reinforcements. Snafu and fubar are two abbreviations that can be traced back to military jargon and have some … colorful meanings. Snafu stands for “situation normal: all f–ed up” and fubar stands for “f–ed up beyond all reason.” Now fix the disaster, cadet, and then drop and give us twenty! Example: The trip started with a series of major snafus, like when the luggage arrived in the wrong city. Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
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  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRAFnZ3PLak
    āļšāļ—āļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļāļąāļšāđ€āļĨāļ‚āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™
    (āļ„āļĨāļīāļāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļšāļ—āļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐāđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ—āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļģāļĻāļąāļžāļ—āđŒāļ™āđˆāļēāļĢāļđāđ‰)
    āđāļšāļšāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŸāļąāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐ āļˆāļēāļāļšāļ—āļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļāļąāļšāđ€āļĨāļ‚āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™
    āļĄāļĩāļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄ 5 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŸāļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāđ‡āļˆ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŸāļąāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“

    #conversations #listeningtest #secretary

    The conversations from the clip :

    Secretary: Hello, Mr. Johnson! I just wanted to confirm the details of the upcoming meeting with the client next week.
    Boss: Hi, Lisa. Good idea. It’s scheduled for Tuesday, right?
    Secretary: Yes, Tuesday at 10 a.m., in the main conference room.
    Boss: Perfect. And who will be joining from the client’s side?
    Secretary: They’ll be bringing their CEO, the project manager, and a few team members.
    Boss: Got it. Have you prepared the meeting agenda?
    Secretary: Yes, I have. I’ll send a copy to all participants and email one to you for review.
    Boss: Great. Make sure to include some time for questions at the end.
    Secretary: Absolutely. I’ve added a 15-minute Q&A session at the end.
    Boss: Good thinking. Do we need any special equipment for the presentation?
    Secretary: I’ve booked a projector and screen. Is there anything else you’d like?
    Boss: No, that should be enough. Will you have printed copies of the report ready?
    Secretary: Yes, I’ll prepare the handouts and place them in the conference room before the meeting.
    Boss: Excellent. Have you also arranged refreshments?
    Secretary: Yes, coffee and snacks will be delivered by 9:45 a.m.
    Boss: Perfect, Lisa. Thanks for handling everything.
    Secretary: You’re very welcome, Mr. Johnson. Let me know if anything changes.

    āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āļŠāļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļĩāļ„āđˆāļ° āļ„āļļāļ“āļˆāļ­āļŦāđŒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ™! āļ”āļīāļ‰āļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāļēāļāļˆāļ°āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļąāļšāļĨāļđāļāļ„āđ‰āļēāđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āđˆāļ°
    āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āļŠāļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļĩ āļĨāļīāļ‹āđˆāļē āļ”āļĩāđ€āļĨāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļąāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢ āđƒāļŠāđˆāđ„āļŦāļĄ?
    āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āđƒāļŠāđˆāļ„āđˆāļ° āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļąāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 10 āđ‚āļĄāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļē āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļ„āđˆāļ°
    āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđƒāļ„āļĢāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĨāļđāļāļ„āđ‰āļēāļšāđ‰āļēāļ‡?
    āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāļˆāļ°āļžāļē CEO āļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļāļ—āļĩāļĄāļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ™āļĄāļēāļ„āđˆāļ°
    āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļ„āļļāļ“āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĒāļąāļ‡?
    āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ„āđˆāļ° āļ”āļīāļ‰āļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļģāđ€āļ™āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ—āļļāļāļ„āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļĩāđ€āļĄāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļļāļ“āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ
    āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄāđ€āļĨāļĒ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļĨāļ·āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ™āļ°
    āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ™āļ„āđˆāļ° āļ”āļīāļ‰āļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ–āļēāļĄ-āļ•āļ­āļš 15 āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ„āđˆāļ°
    āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āļ„āļīāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļ āđ€āļĢāļēāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđ„āļŦāļĄ?
    āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āļ”āļīāļ‰āļąāļ™āļˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ€āļˆāđ‡āļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļāļąāļšāļˆāļ­āđ„āļ§āđ‰āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ„āđˆāļ° āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāđ„āļŦāļĄāļ„āļ°?
    āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ° āļ™āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļžāļ­āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļŠāļģāđ€āļ™āļēāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļˆāļāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĒāļąāļ‡?
    āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āđƒāļŠāđˆāļ„āđˆāļ° āļ”āļīāļ‰āļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļˆāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļ§āļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄ
    āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄ āļĨāļīāļ‹āđˆāļē āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ„āļŦāļĄ?
    āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ„āđˆāļ° āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāđāļŸāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ™āļĄāļ•āļ­āļ™ 9:45 āļ™.
    āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļ āļĨāļīāļ‹āđˆāļē āļ‚āļ­āļšāļ„āļļāļ“āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļļāļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒ
    āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āļĒāļīāļ™āļ”āļĩāļ„āđˆāļ° āļ„āļļāļ“āļˆāļ­āļŦāđŒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļˆāļ°āļĢāļĩāļšāđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļēāļšāļ„āđˆāļ°

    Vocabulary (āļ„āļģāļĻāļąāļžāļ—āđŒāļ™āđˆāļēāļĢāļđāđ‰)

    Schedule (āļŠāđ€āļ„āļ”-āļ”āļđāļĨ) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ•āļēāļĢāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē
    Conference (āļ„āļ­āļ™-āđ€āļŸāļ­-āđ€āļĢāļīāļ™āļ‹) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄ
    Client (āđ„āļ„āļĨ-āđ€āļ­āļīāļ™āļ—) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļĨāļđāļāļ„āđ‰āļē
    Assistant (āļ­āļ°-āļ‹āļīāļŠ-āđāļ—āļ™āļ—) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒ
    Equipment (āļ­āļīāļ„-āļ§āļīāļž-āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ—) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒ
    Projector (āđ‚āļžāļĢ-āđ€āļˆāļ„-āđ€āļ—āļ­āļ°) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‰āļēāļĒ
    Refreshments (āļĢāļĩ-āđ€āļŸāļĢāļŠ-āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ‹) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡/āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄ
    Q&A (āļ„āļīāļ§-āđāļ­āļ™āļ”āđŒ-āđ€āļ­) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļģāļ•āļ­āļš
    Meeting (āļĄāļĩāļ—-āļ—āļīāļ‡) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄ
    Confirm (āļ„āļ­āļ™-āđ€āļŸāļīāļĢāđŒāļĄ) v. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™
    Discuss (āļ”āļīāļŠ-āļ„āļąāļŠ) v. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļ āļīāļ›āļĢāļēāļĒ
    Time slot (āđ„āļ—āļĄāđŒ-āļŠāļĨāļ­āļ—) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē
    Agenda (āļ­āļ°-āđ€āļˆāļ™-āļ”āļ°) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄ
    Team (āļ—āļĩāļĄ) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ—āļĩāļĄ
    Presentation (āđ€āļžāļĢ-āđ€āļ‹āļ™-āđ€āļ—-āđ€āļŠāļīāļ™) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRAFnZ3PLak āļšāļ—āļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļāļąāļšāđ€āļĨāļ‚āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™ (āļ„āļĨāļīāļāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āļšāļ—āļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāļ āļēāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐāđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ—āļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļģāļĻāļąāļžāļ—āđŒāļ™āđˆāļēāļĢāļđāđ‰) āđāļšāļšāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŸāļąāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐ āļˆāļēāļāļšāļ—āļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļāļąāļšāđ€āļĨāļ‚āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™ āļĄāļĩāļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄ 5 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŸāļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāđ‡āļˆ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŸāļąāļ‡āļ āļēāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“ #conversations #listeningtest #secretary The conversations from the clip : Secretary: Hello, Mr. Johnson! I just wanted to confirm the details of the upcoming meeting with the client next week. Boss: Hi, Lisa. Good idea. It’s scheduled for Tuesday, right? Secretary: Yes, Tuesday at 10 a.m., in the main conference room. Boss: Perfect. And who will be joining from the client’s side? Secretary: They’ll be bringing their CEO, the project manager, and a few team members. Boss: Got it. Have you prepared the meeting agenda? Secretary: Yes, I have. I’ll send a copy to all participants and email one to you for review. Boss: Great. Make sure to include some time for questions at the end. Secretary: Absolutely. I’ve added a 15-minute Q&A session at the end. Boss: Good thinking. Do we need any special equipment for the presentation? Secretary: I’ve booked a projector and screen. Is there anything else you’d like? Boss: No, that should be enough. Will you have printed copies of the report ready? Secretary: Yes, I’ll prepare the handouts and place them in the conference room before the meeting. Boss: Excellent. Have you also arranged refreshments? Secretary: Yes, coffee and snacks will be delivered by 9:45 a.m. Boss: Perfect, Lisa. Thanks for handling everything. Secretary: You’re very welcome, Mr. Johnson. Let me know if anything changes. āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āļŠāļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļĩāļ„āđˆāļ° āļ„āļļāļ“āļˆāļ­āļŦāđŒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ™! āļ”āļīāļ‰āļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāļēāļāļˆāļ°āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļąāļšāļĨāļđāļāļ„āđ‰āļēāđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āđˆāļ° āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āļŠāļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļĩ āļĨāļīāļ‹āđˆāļē āļ”āļĩāđ€āļĨāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļąāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢ āđƒāļŠāđˆāđ„āļŦāļĄ? āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āđƒāļŠāđˆāļ„āđˆāļ° āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļąāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 10 āđ‚āļĄāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļē āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļ„āđˆāļ° āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđƒāļ„āļĢāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĨāļđāļāļ„āđ‰āļēāļšāđ‰āļēāļ‡? āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāļˆāļ°āļžāļē CEO āļœāļđāđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļāļ—āļĩāļĄāļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ™āļĄāļēāļ„āđˆāļ° āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļ„āļļāļ“āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĒāļąāļ‡? āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ„āđˆāļ° āļ”āļīāļ‰āļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļģāđ€āļ™āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ—āļļāļāļ„āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļĩāđ€āļĄāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļļāļ“āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄāđ€āļĨāļĒ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļĨāļ·āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ™āļ° āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ™āļ„āđˆāļ° āļ”āļīāļ‰āļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ–āļēāļĄ-āļ•āļ­āļš 15 āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ„āđˆāļ° āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āļ„āļīāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļ āđ€āļĢāļēāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđ„āļŦāļĄ? āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āļ”āļīāļ‰āļąāļ™āļˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ€āļˆāđ‡āļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļāļąāļšāļˆāļ­āđ„āļ§āđ‰āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ„āđˆāļ° āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāđ„āļŦāļĄāļ„āļ°? āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĨāđˆāļ° āļ™āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļžāļ­āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļŠāļģāđ€āļ™āļēāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļˆāļāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĒāļąāļ‡? āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āđƒāļŠāđˆāļ„āđˆāļ° āļ”āļīāļ‰āļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļˆāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļ§āļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄ āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄ āļĨāļīāļ‹āđˆāļē āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ„āļŦāļĄ? āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ„āđˆāļ° āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāđāļŸāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ™āļĄāļ•āļ­āļ™ 9:45 āļ™. āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒ: āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļ āļĨāļīāļ‹āđˆāļē āļ‚āļ­āļšāļ„āļļāļ“āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļļāļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒ āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļē: āļĒāļīāļ™āļ”āļĩāļ„āđˆāļ° āļ„āļļāļ“āļˆāļ­āļŦāđŒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļˆāļ°āļĢāļĩāļšāđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļēāļšāļ„āđˆāļ° Vocabulary (āļ„āļģāļĻāļąāļžāļ—āđŒāļ™āđˆāļēāļĢāļđāđ‰) Schedule (āļŠāđ€āļ„āļ”-āļ”āļđāļĨ) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ•āļēāļĢāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē Conference (āļ„āļ­āļ™-āđ€āļŸāļ­-āđ€āļĢāļīāļ™āļ‹) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄ Client (āđ„āļ„āļĨ-āđ€āļ­āļīāļ™āļ—) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļĨāļđāļāļ„āđ‰āļē Assistant (āļ­āļ°-āļ‹āļīāļŠ-āđāļ—āļ™āļ—) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒ Equipment (āļ­āļīāļ„-āļ§āļīāļž-āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ—) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒ Projector (āđ‚āļžāļĢ-āđ€āļˆāļ„-āđ€āļ—āļ­āļ°) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‰āļēāļĒ Refreshments (āļĢāļĩ-āđ€āļŸāļĢāļŠ-āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ‹) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡/āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄ Q&A (āļ„āļīāļ§-āđāļ­āļ™āļ”āđŒ-āđ€āļ­) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļģāļ•āļ­āļš Meeting (āļĄāļĩāļ—-āļ—āļīāļ‡) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄ Confirm (āļ„āļ­āļ™-āđ€āļŸāļīāļĢāđŒāļĄ) v. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™ Discuss (āļ”āļīāļŠ-āļ„āļąāļŠ) v. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļ āļīāļ›āļĢāļēāļĒ Time slot (āđ„āļ—āļĄāđŒ-āļŠāļĨāļ­āļ—) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē Agenda (āļ­āļ°-āđ€āļˆāļ™-āļ”āļ°) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄ Team (āļ—āļĩāļĄ) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ—āļĩāļĄ Presentation (āđ€āļžāļĢ-āđ€āļ‹āļ™-āđ€āļ—-āđ€āļŠāļīāļ™) n. āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­
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  • āļŠ.āļŠ.āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ āļąāļĒāļ„āļļāļāļ„āļēāļĄāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™

    28 āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ 2567-āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļĢāļ­āļĒāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļāļĢāļąāļāļŠāļ āļēāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 2 āļžāļĢāļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāđŒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ āļąāļĒāļ„āļļāļāļ„āļēāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļĢāđˆāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāđ„āļ”āđ‰

    āđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāđāļŠāļ‡āđāļ—āļ™āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ“āđ„āļŸāļŸāđ‰āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļĒāđ‰āļēāļĒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļīāļ›āļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ·āđˆāļ™āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™ āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŠāļīāļ› AI āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļģ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ Nvidia (NVDA.O)āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ— Advanced Micro Devices (AMD.O)āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļœāļĒāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļœāļŠāļēāļ™āđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāļŠāļīāļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™ āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆ Lightmatter āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŠāļ•āļēāļĢāđŒāļ—āļ­āļąāļžāđƒāļ™āļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™āļ§āļąāļĨāđ€āļĨāļĒāđŒāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ”āļĄāļ—āļļāļ™ 400 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ”āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™ āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡ 4.4 āļžāļąāļ™āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ”āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒ

    āļˆāļĩāļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āļĄāļ“āļ‘āļĨāļāļ§āļēāļ‡āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ”āļĄāļ—āļļāļ™āļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļīāļ›āđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāđƒāļ™āļˆāļĩāļ™ āļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļ
    āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļˆāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāđŒ āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļēāļ˜āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļœāļđāđ‰āđāļ—āļ™āļĢāļēāļĐāļŽāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāđŒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ„āļļāļāļ„āļēāļĄāđƒāļ”āļšāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļĢāđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āļāļŽāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĒāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ

    “āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē” āļŠ.āļŠ. āļˆāļ­āļŦāđŒāļ™ āļĄāļđāđ€āļĨāļ™āļ™āļēāļĢāđŒ āļˆāļēāļāļžāļĢāļĢāļ„āļĢāļĩāļžāļąāļšāļĨāļīāļāļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļē āļāļĪāļĐāļ“āļĄāļđāļĢāļ•āļī āļˆāļēāļāļžāļĢāļĢāļ„āđ€āļ”āđ‚āļĄāđāļ„āļĢāļ• āđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļ™āļˆāļ”āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļē

    Sunny Cheung āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļĩāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ Jamestown Foundation āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĒāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļāļąāļš Reuters āļ§āđˆāļē "āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļąāļāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŦāļāļīāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ”āļĄāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒ"

    āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļē https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-lawmakers-urge-review-china-threat-photonics-technology-2024-10-28

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    āļŠ.āļŠ.āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ āļąāļĒāļ„āļļāļāļ„āļēāļĄāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ 28 āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ 2567-āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļĢāļ­āļĒāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļāļĢāļąāļāļŠāļ āļēāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 2 āļžāļĢāļĢāļ„āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāđŒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ āļąāļĒāļ„āļļāļāļ„āļēāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļĢāđˆāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāđāļŠāļ‡āđāļ—āļ™āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ“āđ„āļŸāļŸāđ‰āļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļĒāđ‰āļēāļĒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļīāļ›āļ„āļ­āļĄāļžāļīāļ§āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ·āđˆāļ™āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™ āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŠāļīāļ› AI āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļģ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ Nvidia (NVDA.O)āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ— Advanced Micro Devices (AMD.O)āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļœāļĒāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļœāļŠāļēāļ™āđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāļŠāļīāļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™ āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆ Lightmatter āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŠāļ•āļēāļĢāđŒāļ—āļ­āļąāļžāđƒāļ™āļ‹āļīāļĨāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™āļ§āļąāļĨāđ€āļĨāļĒāđŒāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ”āļĄāļ—āļļāļ™ 400 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ”āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™ āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡ 4.4 āļžāļąāļ™āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ”āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒ āļˆāļĩāļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āļĄāļ“āļ‘āļĨāļāļ§āļēāļ‡āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ”āļĄāļ—āļļāļ™āļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļīāļ›āđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāđƒāļ™āļˆāļĩāļ™ āļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļˆāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāđŒ āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļēāļ˜āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļœāļđāđ‰āđāļ—āļ™āļĢāļēāļĐāļŽāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļžāļēāļ“āļīāļŠāļĒāđŒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ„āļļāļāļ„āļēāļĄāđƒāļ”āļšāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļĢāđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āļāļŽāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĒāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ “āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē” āļŠ.āļŠ. āļˆāļ­āļŦāđŒāļ™ āļĄāļđāđ€āļĨāļ™āļ™āļēāļĢāđŒ āļˆāļēāļāļžāļĢāļĢāļ„āļĢāļĩāļžāļąāļšāļĨāļīāļāļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļē āļāļĪāļĐāļ“āļĄāļđāļĢāļ•āļī āļˆāļēāļāļžāļĢāļĢāļ„āđ€āļ”āđ‚āļĄāđāļ„āļĢāļ• āđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļ™āļˆāļ”āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļē Sunny Cheung āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļˆāļĩāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ Jamestown Foundation āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĒāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļāļąāļš Reuters āļ§āđˆāļē "āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļąāļāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļŦāļāļīāļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ”āļĄāļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđ‚āļŸāđ‚āļ•āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒ" āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļē https://www.reuters.com/technology/us-lawmakers-urge-review-china-threat-photonics-technology-2024-10-28 #Thaitimes
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    āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢ āļ­āļēāļ—āļī āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™ āļˆāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļē āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē peer reviewed journal āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰
    āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™ āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļˆāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļąāļš āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļš āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‚ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĨāđ‡āļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ
    āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ§āļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›

    āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ āđ„āļ›āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™
    āļœāļđāđ‰āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāđƒāļ”āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢ āļāļąāļš āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āļĒāļē āļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ„āđˆāļēāļ•āļ­āļšāđāļ—āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđƒāļ” āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļē āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļ­āļšāđāļ—āļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļąāļ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđ„āļ›āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ† āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™

    āđāļ•āđˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļē āļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđāļˆāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļąāļ”āđāļĒāđ‰āļ‡ āļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļģāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļģāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ•āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰

    āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāļēāļ„āļĄāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļąāļ™ (journal of American Medical Association JAMA) āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 10 āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ 2024 āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ (reviewers) āļ§āđˆāļē āđāļ—āđ‰āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āđ€āļāļīāļ™āļ„āļĢāļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļˆāļēāļāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĢāļ‡āļĄāļēāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāļĒāļąāļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ

    āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡ integrity āđāļĨāļ° āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāļ”āļŠāļīāļ™ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļąāļš āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļē

    āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ€āļœāļĒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™ āđƒāļ™āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ› āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āđƒāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļ§āļīāļ”
    āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĨāļ‡āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒ āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļšāļēāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļœāļĨāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ†āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļ–āļđāļ āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāđˆāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđ„āļ›āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđāļ•āđˆāļšāļĢāļĢāļ“āļēāļ˜āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ–āļ­āļ”āļ­āļ­āļ āđāļĨāļ° āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļžāļīāļāļēāļĢ
    āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ–āļđāļāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ€āļœāļĒāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļģ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ British Medical journal Lancet New England journal āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™
    āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 1,000,000,000 āđ€āļŦāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļ

    āļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļđāļ” āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™ āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāļ§āļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ§āđˆāļē āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĨāļ‡āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ”āļĩ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđ„āļ›āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđāļ•āđˆāļšāļĢāļĢāļ“āļēāļ˜āļīāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāđˆāļ‡āļ–āļ­āļ”āļ­āļ­āļāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰

    āđāļĄāđ‰āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāđˆāļ‡ āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒāļ§āļąāļ§āļšāđ‰āļēāđƒāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļ§āļīāļ”āđ„āļ›āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāđ‰āļēāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ āļˆāļēāļāļ„āļ“āļ° āļŠāļ­āļ‡Prof Luc Montagnier āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļš āļĢāļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĨ āđ‚āļ™āđ€āļšāļĨ āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđ„āļ§āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ­āļ”āļŠāđŒ āļ–āļđāļāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢ āļˆāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāđƒāļ™āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļ™āđˆāļēāļ•āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāļšāđƒāļˆāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒāļ§āļąāļ§āļšāđ‰āļēāđƒāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒāļāļąāļšāļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™

    https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2824834?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email

    āļĻ āļ™āļž āļ˜āļĩāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āđŒ āđ€āļŦāļĄāļ°āļˆāļļāļ‘āļē
    āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļ­āļ
    āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĢāļąāļ‡āļŠāļīāļ•

    āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­? “āļŦāļĄāļ­āļ˜āļĩāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āđŒ” āđ€āļœāļĒāļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ›āļĨāđˆāļ­āļĒ āļāļ.āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļˆāļēāļāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļĒāļē https://mgronline.com/qol/detail/9670000100753





    Two years ago, we discussed the lack of evidence supporting the idea that peer review improves the quality of scientific research. 
    Peer review is meant to guarantee the publication of high-quality research and enhance the quality of published manuscripts. The process should involve independent experts evaluating and assessing research for its quality and reliability.
    However, a recent JAMA publication questions the integrity and independence of peer review. The research letter addresses the Payments by Drug and Medical Device Manufacturers to US Peer Reviewers of Major Medical Journals.
    The authors identified peer reviewers for The BMJ, JAMA, The Lancet, and The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) using each journal’s 2022 reviewer list. They then used a US Open payments database to identify whether reviewers had received industry payments.
    What did they find?
    Between 2020 and 2022, 1155/1962 peer reviewers (59%) received at least one industry payment. More than half (54%) accepted general payments, while 32% received research payments.
    Between 2020 and 2022, reviewers received over $1.2 billion in industry payments, including $1 billion to individuals or their institutions. Over the three years, the median general payment was $7,614.  
    What does this mean?
    Journals such as the BMJ pride themselves on their competing interest policy. Readers should know the author's competing interests if they publish an article. They ask reviewers to provide a fair, honest, and unbiased assessment of the manuscript's strengths and weaknesses. But how is that possible if you're on the payroll of pharma?
    Furthermore, no one can identify who is being paid as there is no central database like the US where you can look up who is paying who. The voluntary nature of the system means companies can often conceal payments. For example, the drug industry’s self-regulatory body reprimanded  Novo Nordisk for failing to disclose approximately 500 payments worth £7.8m to over 150 recipients between 2020 and 2022.
    This latest publication further enhances the status of peer review: it is broken.
    A system that dates back over 200 years persists because no one can be bothered to address its shortcomings, and too many journals make hefty profits out of its inadequacies to affect the status quo.
    THE JAMA authors consider that ‘additional research and transparency regarding industry payments in the peer review process are needed.” We think this will be another smokescreen to permit the current system to limp on. 
    Editorial peer reviews are largely untested; their effects are uncertain and tainted by industry influence. The system needs a radical overhaul which starts with abandoning the current journal system that sucks in vast amounts of cash and distorts the research agenda.
    The main reasons for the survival of a broken system are tied to the biomedical publication industry. For editors, peer review is a Kevlar shield, a sloping shoulders device - “it ain’t me guv” cop-out clause. For academic authors who have to climb the greasy pole, it’s a system that works both ways; for industry and all those who have to sell something, it’s a cheap advert chance. You only need to read our Antivirals series to understand how the system works and how the public was sold and continues to sell dummies. Rotten decision-makers only have to point to ghost-written trials in mega journals to justify their decisions.
    You only have to look at our recent Zum Zum posts to see the devastating effects of this broken system. Or look up the Comirnaty series, which was written without data published in journals—it was regulatory data, the closest we are ever going to get to reality.
    This post was written by two old geezers who have been peer-viewed and have peer-reviewed countless times.
    Consider becoming a paid subscriber to receive new posts and support our work.

    October 10, 2024
    Payments by Drug and Medical Device Manufacturers to US Peer Reviewers of Major Medical Journals
    David-Dan Nguyen, MDCM, MPH1,2; Anju Muramaya3,4; Anna-Lisa Nguyen, BHSc5; et al
    āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļ–āļđāļāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ? āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢ āļ­āļēāļ—āļī āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™ āļˆāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļē āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē peer reviewed journal āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āđˆāļēāļ™ āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļˆāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļąāļš āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļš āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ‡āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‚ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđāļāđ‰āđ„āļ‚āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļĨāđ‡āļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ§āļ‡āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ āđ„āļ›āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāđƒāļ”āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢ āļāļąāļš āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āļĒāļē āļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ„āđˆāļēāļ•āļ­āļšāđāļ—āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āđƒāļ” āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļē āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļ­āļšāđāļ—āļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļąāļ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđ„āļ›āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ† āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™ āđāļ•āđˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļē āļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđāļˆāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ§āđˆāļē āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļąāļ”āđāļĒāđ‰āļ‡ āļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļģāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļģāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ•āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāļēāļ„āļĄāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļąāļ™ (journal of American Medical Association JAMA) āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 10 āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ 2024 āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ (reviewers) āļ§āđˆāļē āđāļ—āđ‰āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āđ€āļāļīāļ™āļ„āļĢāļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļˆāļēāļāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĢāļ‡āļĄāļēāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāļĒāļąāļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ„āļģāļ–āļēāļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡ integrity āđāļĨāļ° āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļĩāļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāļ”āļŠāļīāļ™ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļąāļš āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļšāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ€āļœāļĒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™ āđƒāļ™āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ› āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ”āđƒāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļ§āļīāļ” āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĨāļ‡āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒ āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļšāļēāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļœāļĨāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ†āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļ–āļđāļ āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāđˆāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđ„āļ›āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđāļ•āđˆāļšāļĢāļĢāļ“āļēāļ˜āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ–āļ­āļ”āļ­āļ­āļ āđāļĨāļ° āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļžāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ–āļđāļāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ€āļœāļĒāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļģ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ British Medical journal Lancet New England journal āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļīāļ™āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē 1,000,000,000 āđ€āļŦāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļ āļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļđāļ” āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™ āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāļ§āļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ§āđˆāļē āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĨāļ‡āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ”āļĩ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđ„āļ›āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđāļ•āđˆāļšāļĢāļĢāļ“āļēāļ˜āļīāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāđˆāļ‡āļ–āļ­āļ”āļ­āļ­āļāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđāļĄāđ‰āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāđˆāļ‡ āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒāļ§āļąāļ§āļšāđ‰āļēāđƒāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļ§āļīāļ”āđ„āļ›āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāđ‰āļēāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ āļˆāļēāļāļ„āļ“āļ° āļŠāļ­āļ‡Prof Luc Montagnier āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļš āļĢāļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĨ āđ‚āļ™āđ€āļšāļĨ āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđ„āļ§āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ­āļ”āļŠāđŒ āļ–āļđāļāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢ āļˆāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĩāļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāđƒāļ™āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļ™āđˆāļēāļ•āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāļšāđƒāļˆāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒāļ§āļąāļ§āļšāđ‰āļēāđƒāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒāļāļąāļšāļ§āļąāļ„āļ‹āļĩāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2824834?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email āļĻ āļ™āļž āļ˜āļĩāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āđŒ āđ€āļŦāļĄāļ°āļˆāļļāļ‘āļē āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļœāļ™āļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļ­āļ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĢāļąāļ‡āļŠāļīāļ• āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­? “āļŦāļĄāļ­āļ˜āļĩāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āđŒ” āđ€āļœāļĒāļ§āļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ›āļĨāđˆāļ­āļĒ āļāļ.āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļˆāļēāļāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļĒāļē https://mgronline.com/qol/detail/9670000100753 Two years ago, we discussed the lack of evidence supporting the idea that peer review improves the quality of scientific research.  Peer review is meant to guarantee the publication of high-quality research and enhance the quality of published manuscripts. The process should involve independent experts evaluating and assessing research for its quality and reliability. However, a recent JAMA publication questions the integrity and independence of peer review. The research letter addresses the Payments by Drug and Medical Device Manufacturers to US Peer Reviewers of Major Medical Journals. The authors identified peer reviewers for The BMJ, JAMA, The Lancet, and The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) using each journal’s 2022 reviewer list. They then used a US Open payments database to identify whether reviewers had received industry payments. What did they find? Between 2020 and 2022, 1155/1962 peer reviewers (59%) received at least one industry payment. More than half (54%) accepted general payments, while 32% received research payments. Between 2020 and 2022, reviewers received over $1.2 billion in industry payments, including $1 billion to individuals or their institutions. Over the three years, the median general payment was $7,614.   What does this mean? Journals such as the BMJ pride themselves on their competing interest policy. Readers should know the author's competing interests if they publish an article. They ask reviewers to provide a fair, honest, and unbiased assessment of the manuscript's strengths and weaknesses. But how is that possible if you're on the payroll of pharma? Furthermore, no one can identify who is being paid as there is no central database like the US where you can look up who is paying who. The voluntary nature of the system means companies can often conceal payments. For example, the drug industry’s self-regulatory body reprimanded  Novo Nordisk for failing to disclose approximately 500 payments worth £7.8m to over 150 recipients between 2020 and 2022. This latest publication further enhances the status of peer review: it is broken. A system that dates back over 200 years persists because no one can be bothered to address its shortcomings, and too many journals make hefty profits out of its inadequacies to affect the status quo. THE JAMA authors consider that ‘additional research and transparency regarding industry payments in the peer review process are needed.” We think this will be another smokescreen to permit the current system to limp on.  Editorial peer reviews are largely untested; their effects are uncertain and tainted by industry influence. The system needs a radical overhaul which starts with abandoning the current journal system that sucks in vast amounts of cash and distorts the research agenda. The main reasons for the survival of a broken system are tied to the biomedical publication industry. For editors, peer review is a Kevlar shield, a sloping shoulders device - “it ain’t me guv” cop-out clause. For academic authors who have to climb the greasy pole, it’s a system that works both ways; for industry and all those who have to sell something, it’s a cheap advert chance. You only need to read our Antivirals series to understand how the system works and how the public was sold and continues to sell dummies. Rotten decision-makers only have to point to ghost-written trials in mega journals to justify their decisions. You only have to look at our recent Zum Zum posts to see the devastating effects of this broken system. Or look up the Comirnaty series, which was written without data published in journals—it was regulatory data, the closest we are ever going to get to reality. This post was written by two old geezers who have been peer-viewed and have peer-reviewed countless times. Consider becoming a paid subscriber to receive new posts and support our work. October 10, 2024 Payments by Drug and Medical Device Manufacturers to US Peer Reviewers of Major Medical Journals David-Dan Nguyen, MDCM, MPH1,2; Anju Muramaya3,4; Anna-Lisa Nguyen, BHSc5; et al
    JAMANETWORK.COM
    Payments by Drug and Medical Device Manufacturers to US Peer Reviewers of Major Medical Journals
    This study characterizes payments by drug and medical device manufacturers to US peer reviewers of major medical journals.
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    āļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”

    1. āļ­āļļāļ”āļĄāđ„āļ›āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™

    āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­ 1 āļāļĢāļąāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ•āļąāļ§ 1 āļāļīāđ‚āļĨāļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĄāļąāļ‡āļŠāļ§āļīāļĢāļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļ§āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļ”āđāļ—āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļˆāļēāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āđ€āļ•āđ‰āļēāļŦāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“ 84 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 6 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡ 15 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĄāļąāļ‡āļŠāļ§āļīāļĢāļąāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļĄāļ§āļĨāļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļĄāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāđ„āļ›āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļˆāļēāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ”āļ­āļ°āļĄāļīāđ‚āļ™āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļˆāļēāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļšāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 9 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļŪāļīāļŠāļ•āļīāļ”āļĩāļ™ āļĨāļīāļ§āļ‹āļĩāļ™ āđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļĨāļīāļ§āļ‹āļĩāļ™ āļ§āļēāļĨāļĩāļ™ āļ—āļĢāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļ™āļĩāļ™ āđ„āļĨāļ‹āļĩāļ™ āđ€āļĄāđ„āļ—āđ‚āļ­āļ™āļĩāļ™ āļŸāļĩāļ™āļīāļĨāļ­āļ°āļĨāļēāļ™āļĩāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļĢāļīāļ›āđ‚āļ•āđ€āļŸāļ™ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ˜āļąāļāļžāļ·āļŠāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĢāļ”āļ­āļ°āļĄāļīāđ‚āļ™āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļĢāļš

    2. āļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļ

    āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ 1 āļ–āđ‰āļ§āļĒ (166 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ) āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™ 18 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ­āļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āļ”āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āļ­āļąāļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĨāļ”āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ­āđ€āļĨāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļ­āļĨāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ”āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ 1 āļ–āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāđ‚āļšāđ„āļŪāđ€āļ”āļĢāļ•āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 13 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāļđāđ‰āļŠāļķāļāļ­āļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļŠāļķāļāļ­āļĒāļēāļāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ­āļĩāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ

    3. āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĢāđˆāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ

    āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļģāļžāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĢāđˆāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 2 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļœāļīāļ§āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“ āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 3 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡ āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļīāļ§āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 12 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđāļ”āļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļšāļĄāļēāļāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļĄ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĄāļąāļ‡āļŠāļ§āļīāļĢāļąāļ•āļī āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļđāļ‡āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ™āļĄāļ§āļąāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđāļĢāđˆāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļ°āļŠāļĩ āļ—āļ­āļ‡āđāļ”āļ‡ āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļ āđāļĄāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļĩāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āļŸāļ­āļŠāļŸāļ­āļĢāļąāļŠ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ

    4. āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™

    āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļšāļĄāļēāļāđƒāļ™āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļˆāļēāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļāļ•āļīāļšāļ™āļŦāđˆāļ­āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļˆāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆ 40-50 āļāļĢāļąāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­ 1 āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ­āđ€āļĨāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļ­āļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āļ„āļ­āđ€āļĨāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļ­āļĨāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ”āļĩ (low density lipoprotein āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ LDL) āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ•āļĢāļāļĨāļĩāđ€āļ‹āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ” āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ”āļĩāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ€āļ­āļŠāđ‚āļ•āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āļŠ (phytoestrogen) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ§āļđāļšāļ§āļēāļš āļĨāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļš āļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļˆāļēāļāļ­āļ™āļļāļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļ° āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļēāļˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄ āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļĨāļđāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™

    5. āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ‚āļąāļšāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ

    āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļ˜āļąāļāļžāļ·āļŠāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđāļāđŠāļŠāđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ·āļ” āđāļ•āđˆāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļĄāļąāļāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĨāļģāđ„āļŠāđ‰āđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĄāļąāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āļāļąāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļē āļˆāļķāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļžāļĢāđ„āļšāđ‚āļ­āļ•āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļĩāđ„āļšāđ‚āļ­āļ•āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđƒāļĒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļžāļĢāđ„āļšāđ‚āļ­āļ•āļīāļāļŠāđŒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ 85 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļĄāļĩāđƒāļĒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡ 7 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļˆāļķāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļąāļšāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļāļ•āļī

    6. āļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—

    āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ‹āļīāļ•āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ— āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āđƒāļ™āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­ acetylcholine āļŦāļēāļāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļĨāļ‹āļīāļ•āļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļāđ‡āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āļšāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āđ„āļ”āđ‰

    7. āļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļ•āļąāļš āļĨāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ™āļīāđˆāļ§āđƒāļ™āļ–āļļāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļĩ

    āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ‹āļīāļ•āļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļ•āļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļĢāļ”āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­āļŸāļ­āļŠāđ€āļŸāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ„āļĨāļĩāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĨāļĩāļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļ•āļąāļšāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāļœāļĨāļēāļāđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļāļ•āļī āļĨāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āļžāļ­āļāļ•āļąāļš āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļąāļšāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļąāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļĨāļ‹āļīāļ•āļīāļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļĩ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļĩāđ„āļĄāđˆāļˆāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļˆāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ™āļīāđˆāļ§ āļĨāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ™āļīāđˆāļ§āđƒāļ™āļ–āļļāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļĩāđ„āļ”āđ‰

    8. āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļāļ•āļī

    āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 12 āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļĒāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āļĒāļēāļāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļ āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 12 āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ— āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩ āļĨāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™āđāļĢāļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļāļ•āļīāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 12 āļˆāļ°āļžāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđāļ•āđˆāļŦāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ›āļāđ‡āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļąāļ™

    āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰
    āļ„āļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļšāļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļ§āļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ (1) āđāļžāđ‰āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ„āļ·āļ­āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļžāđ‰āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāļ™ āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļœāļ·āđˆāļ™āļĨāļĄāļžāļīāļĐ āđƒāļšāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļģāļ„āļ­āļšāļ§āļĄ āļŦāļēāļĒāđƒāļˆāļĨāļģāļšāļēāļ āļŦāļēāļĒāđƒāļˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļĩāļ” āļ›āļ§āļ”āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡ āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āđ„āļŠāđ‰ āļ­āļēāđ€āļˆāļĩāļĒāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ• (2) āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļ­āļĒāđ‚āļ•āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™ (goitrogen) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļ‹āļķāļĄāļĒāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ

    āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡/āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļē
    U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2023. FoodData Central: Foundation foods (April).
    Teoh SQ, Chin NL, Chong CW, Ripen AM, How S, Lim JJL. A review on health benefits and processing of tempeh with outlines on its functional microbes. Future Foods. 2024; 9: 100330.
    Pobpad. āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒ.
    #tempeh #āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ #āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™
    #āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āļŠ
    āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļ āļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļĒāđŒ āļ”āļĢ.āļ āļ.āļˆāļīāļĢāļēāļžāļĢ āđ€āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļœāļĨāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāļŠāļąāļĒ āļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ„āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ” 1. āļ­āļļāļ”āļĄāđ„āļ›āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™ āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­ 1 āļāļĢāļąāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ•āļąāļ§ 1 āļāļīāđ‚āļĨāļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĄāļąāļ‡āļŠāļ§āļīāļĢāļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļ§āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļ”āđāļ—āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļˆāļēāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āđ€āļ•āđ‰āļēāļŦāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“ 84 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 6 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡ 15 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĄāļąāļ‡āļŠāļ§āļīāļĢāļąāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļĄāļ§āļĨāļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļĄāđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāđ„āļ›āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļˆāļēāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ”āļ­āļ°āļĄāļīāđ‚āļ™āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļˆāļēāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļĢāļšāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 9 āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļŪāļīāļŠāļ•āļīāļ”āļĩāļ™ āļĨāļīāļ§āļ‹āļĩāļ™ āđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļĨāļīāļ§āļ‹āļĩāļ™ āļ§āļēāļĨāļĩāļ™ āļ—āļĢāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļ™āļĩāļ™ āđ„āļĨāļ‹āļĩāļ™ āđ€āļĄāđ„āļ—āđ‚āļ­āļ™āļĩāļ™ āļŸāļĩāļ™āļīāļĨāļ­āļ°āļĨāļēāļ™āļĩāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļĢāļīāļ›āđ‚āļ•āđ€āļŸāļ™ āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ˜āļąāļāļžāļ·āļŠāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĢāļ”āļ­āļ°āļĄāļīāđ‚āļ™āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļĢāļš 2. āļ”āļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļ āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ 1 āļ–āđ‰āļ§āļĒ (166 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ) āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™ 18 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ­āļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āļ”āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āļ­āļąāļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĨāļ”āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ­āđ€āļĨāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļ­āļĨāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ”āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ 1 āļ–āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļēāļĢāđŒāđ‚āļšāđ„āļŪāđ€āļ”āļĢāļ•āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 13 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāļđāđ‰āļŠāļķāļāļ­āļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļŠāļķāļāļ­āļĒāļēāļāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ­āļĩāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ 3. āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĢāđˆāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļˆāļģāļžāļ§āļāļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĢāđˆāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 2 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļœāļīāļ§āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“ āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 3 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡ āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļīāļ§āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 12 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđāļ”āļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļšāļĄāļēāļāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļĄ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļĄāļąāļ‡āļŠāļ§āļīāļĢāļąāļ•āļī āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļŠāļđāļ‡āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ™āļĄāļ§āļąāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđāļĢāđˆāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļ°āļŠāļĩ āļ—āļ­āļ‡āđāļ”āļ‡ āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļ āđāļĄāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļĩāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āļŸāļ­āļŠāļŸāļ­āļĢāļąāļŠ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ 4. āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™ āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļšāļĄāļēāļāđƒāļ™āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļˆāļēāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļāļ•āļīāļšāļ™āļŦāđˆāļ­āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļˆāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆ 40-50 āļāļĢāļąāļĄāļ•āđˆāļ­ 1 āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ­āđ€āļĨāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļ­āļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āļ„āļ­āđ€āļĨāļŠāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāļ­āļĨāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ”āļĩ (low density lipoprotein āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ LDL) āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ•āļĢāļāļĨāļĩāđ€āļ‹āļ­āđ„āļĢāļ”āđŒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ” āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ”āļĩāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ„āļ­āđ‚āļ‹āļŸāļĨāļēāđ‚āļ§āļ™āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđ€āļ­āļŠāđ‚āļ•āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āļŠ (phytoestrogen) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļšāļĢāļĢāđ€āļ—āļēāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ§āļđāļšāļ§āļēāļš āļĨāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļĒāļ—āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŦāļāļīāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĒāļŦāļĄāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļš āļŠāļ°āļĨāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļˆāļēāļāļ­āļ™āļļāļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļ° āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļēāļˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄ āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļĨāļđāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™ 5. āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ‚āļąāļšāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļ˜āļąāļāļžāļ·āļŠāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđāļāđŠāļŠāđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āđ€āļžāļēāļ°āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ·āļ” āđāļ•āđˆāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļĄāļąāļāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļĨāļģāđ„āļŠāđ‰āđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĄāļąāļāļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āļāļąāļšāđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļē āļˆāļķāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļžāļĢāđ„āļšāđ‚āļ­āļ•āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļļāļĨāļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļĩāđ„āļšāđ‚āļ­āļ•āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđƒāļĒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļžāļĢāđ„āļšāđ‚āļ­āļ•āļīāļāļŠāđŒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ 85 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļĄāļĩāđƒāļĒāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡ 7 āļāļĢāļąāļĄ āļˆāļķāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļąāļšāļ–āđˆāļēāļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļāļ•āļī 6. āļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ— āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ‹āļīāļ•āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ— āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āđƒāļ™āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­ acetylcholine āļŦāļēāļāļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļĨāļ‹āļīāļ•āļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļāđ‡āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ—āļšāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āđ„āļ”āđ‰ 7. āļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļ•āļąāļš āļĨāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ™āļīāđˆāļ§āđƒāļ™āļ–āļļāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļĩ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ‹āļīāļ•āļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļ•āļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļĢāļ”āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­āļŸāļ­āļŠāđ€āļŸāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ„āļĨāļĩāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĨāļĩāļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ‹āļĨāļĨāđŒāļ•āļąāļšāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļēāļœāļĨāļēāļāđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļāļ•āļī āļĨāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ„āļ‚āļĄāļąāļ™āļžāļ­āļāļ•āļąāļš āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ•āļąāļšāļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļąāļšāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļĨāļ‹āļīāļ•āļīāļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļŠāļĄāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļĩ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļĩāđ„āļĄāđˆāļˆāļąāļšāļ•āļąāļ§āļˆāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ™āļīāđˆāļ§ āļĨāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ™āļīāđˆāļ§āđƒāļ™āļ–āļļāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļĩāđ„āļ”āđ‰ 8. āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļīāļāđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļāļ•āļī āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 12 āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļĒāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āļĒāļēāļāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļ āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ­āļēāļĒāļļāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 12 āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļāļ•āļī āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļšāļģāļĢāļļāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ— āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļĩ āļĨāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ­āđˆāļ­āļ™āđāļĢāļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļāļ•āļīāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļšāļĩ 12 āļˆāļ°āļžāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđāļ•āđˆāļŦāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ›āļāđ‡āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ§āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļīāļ™āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļąāļ™ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ āļ„āļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āđāļ•āđˆāļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļšāļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļ§āļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ (1) āđāļžāđ‰āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ„āļ·āļ­āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļžāđ‰āļ–āļąāđˆāļ§āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļąāļ™ āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļœāļ·āđˆāļ™āļĨāļĄāļžāļīāļĐ āđƒāļšāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļģāļ„āļ­āļšāļ§āļĄ āļŦāļēāļĒāđƒāļˆāļĨāļģāļšāļēāļ āļŦāļēāļĒāđƒāļˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļĩāļ” āļ›āļ§āļ”āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡ āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āđ„āļŠāđ‰ āļ­āļēāđ€āļˆāļĩāļĒāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ• (2) āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļœāļīāļ”āļ›āļāļ•āļīāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļ­āļĒāđ‚āļ•āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™ (goitrogen) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāļĒāļąāļšāļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒāļŪāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĄāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļĨāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļ‹āļķāļĄāļĒāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ„āļ—āļĢāļ­āļĒāļ”āđŒ āđāļŦāļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡/āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļē U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2023. FoodData Central: Foundation foods (April). Teoh SQ, Chin NL, Chong CW, Ripen AM, How S, Lim JJL. A review on health benefits and processing of tempeh with outlines on its functional microbes. Future Foods. 2024; 9: 100330. Pobpad. āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒ. #tempeh #āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰ #āđ€āļ—āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™ #āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āļŠ
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  • Are you or someone you love suffering from sleepless nights?

    Have you ever stayed up all night watching someone you love struggle to sleep? I have, and this is how I cared for my daughter without relying on medication...


    Whether it’s your child, partner, parent, or a dear friend, watching someone you care about struggle with insomnia is heartbreaking. I’ve been there too, as a father caring for my daughter. I’ve shared my journey and the knowledge I gained in The Secret of Insomnia. If you’re seeking hope or guidance, I encourage you to read this personal review. Sometimes, understanding and sharing experiences can make all the difference.

    If you're interested in learning more, please read A Personal Review of "The Secret of Insomnia" below:

    A Personal Review of "The Secret of Insomnia"

    As the author of this book, I feel a deep responsibility to write this review—not for my own benefit, but to help others who may be struggling with a loved one suffering from insomnia.

    I used the knowledge in this book to care for my 8-year-old daughter, who had difficulty sleeping at night. I deeply understand the pain of watching someone you love, especially your own child, experience sleeplessness. My daughter began to have trouble sleeping after her mother—my beloved wife—passed away when she was just 6 years old.

    At first, she managed to sleep well enough. But after about a year, she began to experience issues. She found it difficult to fall asleep and often stayed awake until the early morning. Sometimes, she would wake up at 1 or 2 a.m., and it would take her hours—sometimes between 2 to 6 hours—to fall back asleep. Over time, she developed what I call "unconscious bedtime anxiety," a dangerous stage in insomnia. If someone begins to fear sleep without realizing it, the situation can quickly spiral out of control.

    Knowing this, I felt an immense sense of responsibility to prevent her from reaching that stage. I committed myself to understanding and creating knowledge to help her before things worsened. This sense of duty led me to write "The Secret of Insomnia," a book I describe as "Truth from Phenomena," shaped by my direct observations and experiences with my daughter's sleeplessness. Every method, every process detailed in this book stems from the responsibility I felt in addressing my daughter's insomnia.

    Today, although my daughter’s condition has improved significantly, there are still moments when new emotional challenges arise. When she carries heavy emotional burdens, it affects her ability to sleep, and the insomnia returns. During these times, I guide her back to the knowledge within this book. Together, we reflect and apply the lessons, helping her to navigate through the insomnia. Throughout this journey, I have never relied on medication—only the methods developed in this book.

    Although I am the author, I use the knowledge in this book as a reader as well. That’s why I’m writing this review—not to promote the book, but to give hope to those suffering from insomnia, whether it’s yourself or someone you love. I hope this knowledge can guide you or your loved ones through this suffering.

    Lastly, I want to thank every reader who has taken the time to understand this book, even though it’s not always easy. It contains complexities, including scientific insights from Future Frontier Science, but for those willing to persevere, the knowledge within can be transformative.

    I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the person who rated this book 4 stars last night. I had been anxiously waiting, wondering if anyone would find value in the book. Your review gave me the courage to write this—not just as the author, but as a father who uses this knowledge to care for his daughter, who is the heart of my love and my late wife’s legacy.

    With Conscientious Responsibility,
    Ekarach Chandon


    If you’d like to purchase the book, you can click the link here: The Secret of Insomnia.

    https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CRKSVV3H
    Are you or someone you love suffering from sleepless nights? Have you ever stayed up all night watching someone you love struggle to sleep? I have, and this is how I cared for my daughter without relying on medication... Whether it’s your child, partner, parent, or a dear friend, watching someone you care about struggle with insomnia is heartbreaking. I’ve been there too, as a father caring for my daughter. I’ve shared my journey and the knowledge I gained in The Secret of Insomnia. If you’re seeking hope or guidance, I encourage you to read this personal review. Sometimes, understanding and sharing experiences can make all the difference. If you're interested in learning more, please read A Personal Review of "The Secret of Insomnia" below: A Personal Review of "The Secret of Insomnia" As the author of this book, I feel a deep responsibility to write this review—not for my own benefit, but to help others who may be struggling with a loved one suffering from insomnia. I used the knowledge in this book to care for my 8-year-old daughter, who had difficulty sleeping at night. I deeply understand the pain of watching someone you love, especially your own child, experience sleeplessness. My daughter began to have trouble sleeping after her mother—my beloved wife—passed away when she was just 6 years old. At first, she managed to sleep well enough. But after about a year, she began to experience issues. She found it difficult to fall asleep and often stayed awake until the early morning. Sometimes, she would wake up at 1 or 2 a.m., and it would take her hours—sometimes between 2 to 6 hours—to fall back asleep. Over time, she developed what I call "unconscious bedtime anxiety," a dangerous stage in insomnia. If someone begins to fear sleep without realizing it, the situation can quickly spiral out of control. Knowing this, I felt an immense sense of responsibility to prevent her from reaching that stage. I committed myself to understanding and creating knowledge to help her before things worsened. This sense of duty led me to write "The Secret of Insomnia," a book I describe as "Truth from Phenomena," shaped by my direct observations and experiences with my daughter's sleeplessness. Every method, every process detailed in this book stems from the responsibility I felt in addressing my daughter's insomnia. Today, although my daughter’s condition has improved significantly, there are still moments when new emotional challenges arise. When she carries heavy emotional burdens, it affects her ability to sleep, and the insomnia returns. During these times, I guide her back to the knowledge within this book. Together, we reflect and apply the lessons, helping her to navigate through the insomnia. Throughout this journey, I have never relied on medication—only the methods developed in this book. Although I am the author, I use the knowledge in this book as a reader as well. That’s why I’m writing this review—not to promote the book, but to give hope to those suffering from insomnia, whether it’s yourself or someone you love. I hope this knowledge can guide you or your loved ones through this suffering. Lastly, I want to thank every reader who has taken the time to understand this book, even though it’s not always easy. It contains complexities, including scientific insights from Future Frontier Science, but for those willing to persevere, the knowledge within can be transformative. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the person who rated this book 4 stars last night. I had been anxiously waiting, wondering if anyone would find value in the book. Your review gave me the courage to write this—not just as the author, but as a father who uses this knowledge to care for his daughter, who is the heart of my love and my late wife’s legacy. With Conscientious Responsibility, Ekarach Chandon If you’d like to purchase the book, you can click the link here: The Secret of Insomnia. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CRKSVV3H
    The Secrets of Insomnia: Self-Training for Healing,: Guided Strategies for Overcoming Sleeplessness (Derivative Knowledge Applied Truth from New ... Guide for Everyday Life Solutions.) [Chandon, Ekarach, Chandon Mooksombud, Mesa] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The Secrets of Insomnia: Self-Training for Healing,: Guided Strategies for Overcoming Sleeplessness (Derivative Knowledge Applied Truth from New ... Guide for Everyday Life Solutions.)
    0 Comments 0 Shares 66 Views 0 Reviews
  • #āļĢāļĩāļ§āļīāļ§āļ—āļąāļ§āļĢāđŒ #āļ—āļąāļ§āļĢāđŒāļ”āļđāđ„āļš āļ„āļļāļ“āļˆāļīāļ™āļ•āļŠāļē 2āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™ āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡ 27āļ.āļĒ.-1āļ•.āļ„.67 āļ‚āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļ™āļļāļ āļ™āļ°āļˆāđ‰āļ°
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    #āļŠāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ™āđˆāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #hotel #āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āđ€āļĢāļĄāļŠāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ™āđˆ #āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļąāļāđƒāļ™āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄāļ”āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄ #āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļąāļāļ™āļīāļĄāļĄāļēāļ™ #āļ™āļąāļāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆ #āļ—āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§ #āļ„āļđāđˆāļĢāļąāļ #āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§ #āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļ #āļĢāļĩāļ§āļīāļ§āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #reviewchiangmai #sanaehotel #sanae #nimman #tripchiangmai #āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #āļŠāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ™āđˆāđ‚āļŪāđ€āļ—āđ‡āļĨ #āļĪāļ”āļđāļŦāļ™āļēāļ§ #āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ—āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§
    Sanae' Hotel Nimman
    āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄāļŠāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ™āđˆ āļ™āļīāļĄāļĄāļēāļ™ āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļžāļąāļāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 1 āļĄāļĩāļ™āļēāļ„āļĄ - āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ 2567 (āļĒāļāđ€āļ§āđ‰āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ™āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļĒāļēāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļēāļĨ) ⭐ āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡ Suite room King bed & Twin beds āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 2,700 āļšāļēāļ— āđāļžāđ‡āļ„āđ€āļāļˆ 3 āļ„āļ·āļ™ 6,999 āļšāļēāļ— (āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 2,333 āļšāļēāļ—) ⭐ āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡ Executive Suite room King bed āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 3,900 āļšāļēāļ— āđāļžāđ‡āļ„āđ€āļāļˆ 3 āļ„āļ·āļ™ 9,999 āļšāļēāļ— (āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 3,333 āļšāļēāļ—) ⭐ āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡ Sanae' Signature Suite King bed āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 5,100 āļšāļēāļ— āđāļžāđ‡āļ„āđ€āļāļˆ 3 āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 13,350 āļšāļēāļ— (āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 4,450 āļšāļēāļ—) ⭐ āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡ Ground floor Suite room King bed & Twin beds āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 2,400 āļšāļēāļ— āđāļžāđ‡āļ„āđ€āļāļˆ 3 āļ„āļ·āļ™ 6,000 āļšāļēāļ— (āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 2,000 āļšāļēāļ—) ⭐ āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡ Townhouse **āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļ : āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđāļĒāļāļˆāļēāļāļ­āļēāļ„āļēāļĢāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄ āđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™** āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 2,200 āļšāļēāļ— āđāļžāđ‡āļ„āđ€āļāļˆ 3 āļ„āļ·āļ™ 5,550 āļšāļēāļ— (āļ„āļ·āļ™āļĨāļ° 1,850 āļšāļēāļ—) #āļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ—āļļāļāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļ­āļ‡āđāļ–āļĄāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ—āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļĄāļ™āļđ 💛💛āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄāļŠāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ™āđˆ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ SHA💛💛 👉 āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļģāļ™āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ°āļ”āļ§āļ ✅āļŸāļĢāļĩ Internet Wifi ✅āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻ 2 āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ ✅āļ—āļĩāļ§āļĩ 2 āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ” 40-50 āļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§ ✅āļ•āļđāđ‰āđ€āļĒāđ‡āļ™ ✅āļ™āđ‰āļģāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄ 4 āļ‚āļ§āļ”āđƒāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļ ✅āļ•āļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‹āļŸ ✅āđ„āļ”āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ›āđˆāļēāļœāļĄ ✅āļŠāļĢāļ°āļ§āđˆāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ ✅āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ­āļ”āļĢāļ–āđƒāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļēāļ„āļēāļĢ ☎ïļāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļ : 053-222-299 🌍 Line : sanaehotel ðŸĄ Website : www.sanaehotel.comâĪâĪ #āļŠāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ™āđˆāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #hotel #āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ€āđ€āļĢāļĄāļŠāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ™āđˆ #āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļąāļāđƒāļ™āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄāļ”āļąāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄ #āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļąāļāļ™āļīāļĄāļĄāļēāļ™ #āļ™āļąāļāļ˜āļļāļĢāļāļīāļˆ #āļ—āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§ #āļ„āļđāđˆāļĢāļąāļ #āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§ #āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļąāļ #āļĢāļĩāļ§āļīāļ§āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #reviewchiangmai #sanaehotel #sanae #nimman #tripchiangmai #āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ #āļŠāļ°āđ€āļŦāļ™āđˆāđ‚āļŪāđ€āļ—āđ‡āļĨ #āļĪāļ”āļđāļŦāļ™āļēāļ§ #āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ—āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§ Sanae' Hotel Nimman
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  • āđ€āļāļĄāļˆāļšāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē!

    āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļĩāļ™āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāļŦāļīāļ™ DUV āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļ­āļ‡; āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ·āđˆāļ™āļˆāļ”āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļšāļąāļ•āļĢāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš EUV āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§

    āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰, āļĄāļĩāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļœāļĨāļīāļ• EUV āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ™āļąāđˆāļ™āļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­ — āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ— ASML āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ™āđ€āļ˜āļ­āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ™āļ”āđŒ

    āđƒāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰, āļˆāļĩāļ™āļˆāļ°āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļŠāļīāļ›āļ—āļļāļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āđ„āļ”āđ‰

    Nvidia, Apple, Qualcomm… āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļīāļ›āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāļˆāļ°āļŦāļēāļĒāđ„āļ› āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ!
    .
    āļ™āđˆāļēāļ•āļāđƒāļˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļĢāļąāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ

    ðŸĪĢāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļˆāļĩāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĨāđ‰āļĄāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāļšāđ€āļĒāļīāļ™ðŸĪĢ

    āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ āđ’āđāđ‘āđ™, āļ—āļĢāļąāļĄāļ›āđŒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰ ASML āļ‚āļēāļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ EUV āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļˆāļĩāļ™

    āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļē, āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļŠāļīāļ›āđ€āļ‹āļĄāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™āļ”āļąāļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļāđ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āđˆāļģāļšāļēāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ
    .
    āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰, āļˆāļĩāļ™āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāļāļąāļšāļŠāļīāļ›āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļāļąāļšāļŠāļĄāļēāļĢāđŒāļ—āđ‚āļŸāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ–āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđ„āļŸāļŸāđ‰āļē

    📌āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļĨāļ, āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļĢāđ‰āļēāļĒāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ📌
    .
    It’s game over for USA!

    China now has its own DUV lithography machines; and a patent has been filed for EUV.

    Right now, there’s only ONE company that can make EUV — Dutch firm ASML.

    Soon, China will make every chip that the US can.

    Nvidia, Apple, Qualcomm… all their chip advantages will vanish. Also with their share prices!
    .
    Economic and geopolitical shocker.

    America’s China containment policy failed miserably.

    In 2019, Trump prevented ASML from selling an EUV machine to China.

    Since then, all the Chinese semiconductor chip firms have been under US sanctions.
    .
    Now, China will do to chips what it did to smartphones and EV.

    It’s good for the world, but terrible news for the US.
    .
    Source: Chinese chip making shows progress with new EUV patent from domestic lithography champion

    The patent from Shanghai Micro Electronics Equipment is still under review, but producing EUV tools in China would break a monopoly held by ASML

    https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3278235/chinese-chip-making-shows-progress-new-euv-patent-domestic-lithography-champion
    .
    4:03 AM · Sep 17, 2024 · 380.3K Views
    https://x.com/Kanthan2030/status/1835786533921788137
    āđ€āļāļĄāļˆāļšāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē! āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļĩāļ™āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒāļŦāļīāļ™ DUV āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļ­āļ‡; āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ·āđˆāļ™āļˆāļ”āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļšāļąāļ•āļĢāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš EUV āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰, āļĄāļĩāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļœāļĨāļīāļ• EUV āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ™āļąāđˆāļ™āļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­ — āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ— ASML āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ™āđ€āļ˜āļ­āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ™āļ”āđŒ āđƒāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰, āļˆāļĩāļ™āļˆāļ°āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļŠāļīāļ›āļ—āļļāļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āđ„āļ”āđ‰ Nvidia, Apple, Qualcomm… āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļīāļ›āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāļˆāļ°āļŦāļēāļĒāđ„āļ› āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļŦāļļāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ! . āļ™āđˆāļēāļ•āļāđƒāļˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļĢāļąāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ ðŸĪĢāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļˆāļĩāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĨāđ‰āļĄāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāļšāđ€āļĒāļīāļ™ðŸĪĢ āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ āđ’āđāđ‘āđ™, āļ—āļĢāļąāļĄāļ›āđŒāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰ ASML āļ‚āļēāļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ EUV āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļē, āļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļŠāļīāļ›āđ€āļ‹āļĄāļīāļ„āļ­āļ™āļ”āļąāļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļāđ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āđˆāļģāļšāļēāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ . āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰, āļˆāļĩāļ™āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāļāļąāļšāļŠāļīāļ›āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļāļąāļšāļŠāļĄāļēāļĢāđŒāļ—āđ‚āļŸāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ–āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđ„āļŸāļŸāđ‰āļē 📌āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļĨāļ, āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļĢāđ‰āļēāļĒāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ📌 . It’s game over for USA! China now has its own DUV lithography machines; and a patent has been filed for EUV. Right now, there’s only ONE company that can make EUV — Dutch firm ASML. Soon, China will make every chip that the US can. Nvidia, Apple, Qualcomm… all their chip advantages will vanish. Also with their share prices! . Economic and geopolitical shocker. America’s China containment policy failed miserably. In 2019, Trump prevented ASML from selling an EUV machine to China. Since then, all the Chinese semiconductor chip firms have been under US sanctions. . Now, China will do to chips what it did to smartphones and EV. It’s good for the world, but terrible news for the US. . Source: Chinese chip making shows progress with new EUV patent from domestic lithography champion The patent from Shanghai Micro Electronics Equipment is still under review, but producing EUV tools in China would break a monopoly held by ASML https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3278235/chinese-chip-making-shows-progress-new-euv-patent-domestic-lithography-champion . 4:03 AM · Sep 17, 2024 · 380.3K Views https://x.com/Kanthan2030/status/1835786533921788137
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  • #āļāļąāļšāļ”āļąāļāļ„āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļ #
    āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļŠāļ™ āļ‚āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļžāļąāļ™.. āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‰āļēāļ āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļāđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļēāđ‚āļĒāđ‰ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢ Pre review āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ™āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ..Live āļŠāļ” .. āļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āļĒāļēāļ āļ”āļđāļ•āļģāļŦāļ™āļīāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ—āļąāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ­āļ..āļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ”āļĩ āļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ āļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™ āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ—āđ‰ ..āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ‰āļąāļ­āđ‚āļāļ‡āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļĢāļš..
    #āļ„āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļ āļāđ‡āđ‚āļ”āļ™āđ„āļ›# āļĄāļĩāđ€āļĒāļ­āļ°āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ™āļ°āđ€āļžāļˆāđāļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰.
    #āļāļąāļšāļ”āļąāļāļ„āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļ # āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļŠāļ™ āļ‚āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļžāļąāļ™.. āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‰āļēāļ āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļāđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļēāđ‚āļĒāđ‰ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢ Pre review āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ™āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ..Live āļŠāļ” .. āļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ­āļĒāļēāļ āļ”āļđāļ•āļģāļŦāļ™āļīāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ—āļąāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ­āļ..āļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ”āļĩ āļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ āļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™ āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļ„āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ—āđ‰ ..āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ‰āļąāļ­āđ‚āļāļ‡āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ„āļĢāļš.. #āļ„āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļ āļāđ‡āđ‚āļ”āļ™āđ„āļ›# āļĄāļĩāđ€āļĒāļ­āļ°āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ™āļ°āđ€āļžāļˆāđāļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰.
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  • āđ‚āļ„āđ‰āļ x Oreo āļŠāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļĢāļ™āļ”āđŒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāļ™āļŠāđŒāļšāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļīāļ” #iBusinessReview
    āđ‚āļ„āđ‰āļ x Oreo āļŠāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļĢāļ™āļ”āđŒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāļ™āļŠāđŒāļšāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļīāļ” #iBusinessReview
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  • āđ‚āļāļĨāđ€āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļ‹āļĩ āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļīāļ™

    #HuaHin #āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļīāļ™ #āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄāļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļīāļ™ #āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļąāļāļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļīāļ™

    https://www.agoda.com/th-th/golden-sea-pool-villa-hua-hin/hotel/hua-hin-cha-am-th.html?finalPriceView=1&isShowMobileAppPrice=false&cid=1913812&numberOfBedrooms=&familyMode=false&adults=2&children=0&rooms=1&maxRooms=0&checkIn=2024-09-6&isCalendarCallout=false&childAges=&numberOfGuest=0&missingChildAges=false&travellerType=1&showReviewSubmissionEntry=false&currencyCode=THB&isFreeOccSearch=false&tspTypes=9&los=1&searchrequestid=aebffe76-5b2b-449c-9510-a17cb7239328&ds=mB%2F5sdLBT%2FInDR7U



    āđ‚āļāļĨāđ€āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļ‹āļĩ āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļīāļ™ #HuaHin #āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļīāļ™ #āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄāļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļīāļ™ #āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļąāļāļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļīāļ™ https://www.agoda.com/th-th/golden-sea-pool-villa-hua-hin/hotel/hua-hin-cha-am-th.html?finalPriceView=1&isShowMobileAppPrice=false&cid=1913812&numberOfBedrooms=&familyMode=false&adults=2&children=0&rooms=1&maxRooms=0&checkIn=2024-09-6&isCalendarCallout=false&childAges=&numberOfGuest=0&missingChildAges=false&travellerType=1&showReviewSubmissionEntry=false&currencyCode=THB&isFreeOccSearch=false&tspTypes=9&los=1&searchrequestid=aebffe76-5b2b-449c-9510-a17cb7239328&ds=mB%2F5sdLBT%2FInDR7U
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  • What Are Open-Ended Questions? Learn How To Use Them Effectively

    We ask a lot of important questions: What is love? What time does the bus get here? Doesn’t the Golden Snitch make the whole rest of the game pointless and unnecessary? All of the questions that we ask fall into two major categories: open-ended questions and closed-ended questions. What do these names really mean? What is the difference between the types of questions? We are going to answer those questions and explore how the type of question you ask often impacts the type of answer you’ll get.

    What is an open-ended question?

    An open-ended question is any question that can’t be answered with a single word or doesn’t have a specific correct answer. Typically, a person will need to stop and think about how to answer an open-ended question. Open-ended questions can and often do have long answers and may also ask a person to answer with an opinion or personal interpretation rather than ask them to recite a fact.

    Examples of open-ended questions

    The following questions are examples of open-ended questions; they can’t be answered with a single word and/or don’t have a single correct answer.

    - Why do you like pop music?
    - What were you doing on the night of March 5?
    - What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on society?
    - Who was the best player to play for the Denver Broncos and why?
    - What is your most precious childhood memory?


    What is a closed-ended question?

    A closed-ended or closed question is, simply put, any question that isn’t an open-ended question. A closed-ended question either has a person choose from a selection of answers, can be answered with a single word, or has a fixed correct answer. Often, closed-ended questions are referred to using terms that specifically describe what kind of question it is. For example, you have probably heard closed-ended questions referred to by names such as “multiple-choice questions,” “yes or no questions,” “true-false questions,” or “fixed-choice questions.”

    Closed-ended questions often have short answers that a person may only need a second to figure out. Closed-ended questions often require facts as answers and often only have a single correct answer. They may ask a person’s opinion, but rarely ask a person to explain their opinion or to elaborate further on it.

    Examples of close-ended questions

    The following questions are examples of close-ended questions. They either have a fixed answer, can be answered with a single word or short phrase, or ask a person to select from a choice of specific answers.

    - Is an apple a fruit? (The only logical answers are “Yes” or “No.” The question also has a single correct answer: Yes.)
    - True or False? Penguins can swim. (A person is asked to choose between two answers. The question also has a fixed answer: True.)
    - Who was America’s first president? (This question has a fixed, short answer: George Washington.)
    - What time is it? (This question has a single correct answer.)
    - Which country do you live in? (Although this question has many possible answers, a person can and probably will answer it with a single word or phrase.)


    What is a leading question?

    A leading question is a question that is worded in a way so as to lead to an answer that the asker wants. A leading question could be either an open-ended or closed-ended question.

    An example of a leading question would be We all know that Colonel Mustard is the culprit, right? By the way that this question is worded, the asker clearly expects the answer to be “Yes.” By framing the question this way, the asker is trying to lead someone to an answer they want: that Colonel Mustard is the guilty person.

    Here are two more examples of leading questions:

    - Closed-ended: Should we really continue to listen to this obvious liar? (The asker of this question clearly wants someone to answer “No.”)
    - Open-ended: What do you think about the abominable act of declawing cats? (The asker of this question has used biased language to make it clear that they expect the answer to be a negative opinion of something they personally dislike.)

    When to use open-ended vs. closed-ended questions

    Generally speaking, the choice of whether to ask an open-ended or closed-ended question will depend entirely on what the point of the question is. If a person wants a quick, simple answer they will probably ask a closed-ended question. On the other hand, if they want to know every detail of a person’s thoughts, they are much more likely to ask an open-ended question. Often, an asker will use both open-ended and closed-ended questions to test someone or to try and find the answers they are looking for. Let’s look at some specific situations where different types of questions might be used.


    Surveys

    Often, the point of surveys is to try and learn people’s opinions or feelings about something. Depending on how much detail is wanted, a survey constructor may decide to use either open-ended or closed-ended questions.

    For example, national surveys are often interested in gathering information or opinions of very large groups of people. Because they may not have the time or resources to review thousands or millions of lengthy responses, these surveys will often only have multiple choice questions (closed-ended) with short answers such as What is your age? or Who do you plan to vote for in the election? Because the answers are short, the survey taker can quickly and accurately review them and discover the information they were after. Even when using closed-ended questions, though, a survey maker may first use a data collection survey that uses open-ended questions to try and figure out what the answer choices for closed-ended questions should be.

    However, a survey maker might instead want long, detailed opinions. For example, a company might survey its customers to get feedback on their products or services. In this case, the company specifically needs detailed answers so they can learn exactly what people like and don’t like. For a survey like this, they will probably ask open-ended questions such as What is your least favorite ride in the amusement park and why? or How can we better address the needs of our younger audience members?

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    What Are Open-Ended Questions? Learn How To Use Them Effectively We ask a lot of important questions: What is love? What time does the bus get here? Doesn’t the Golden Snitch make the whole rest of the game pointless and unnecessary? All of the questions that we ask fall into two major categories: open-ended questions and closed-ended questions. What do these names really mean? What is the difference between the types of questions? We are going to answer those questions and explore how the type of question you ask often impacts the type of answer you’ll get. What is an open-ended question? An open-ended question is any question that can’t be answered with a single word or doesn’t have a specific correct answer. Typically, a person will need to stop and think about how to answer an open-ended question. Open-ended questions can and often do have long answers and may also ask a person to answer with an opinion or personal interpretation rather than ask them to recite a fact. Examples of open-ended questions The following questions are examples of open-ended questions; they can’t be answered with a single word and/or don’t have a single correct answer. - Why do you like pop music? - What were you doing on the night of March 5? - What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on society? - Who was the best player to play for the Denver Broncos and why? - What is your most precious childhood memory? What is a closed-ended question? A closed-ended or closed question is, simply put, any question that isn’t an open-ended question. A closed-ended question either has a person choose from a selection of answers, can be answered with a single word, or has a fixed correct answer. Often, closed-ended questions are referred to using terms that specifically describe what kind of question it is. For example, you have probably heard closed-ended questions referred to by names such as “multiple-choice questions,” “yes or no questions,” “true-false questions,” or “fixed-choice questions.” Closed-ended questions often have short answers that a person may only need a second to figure out. Closed-ended questions often require facts as answers and often only have a single correct answer. They may ask a person’s opinion, but rarely ask a person to explain their opinion or to elaborate further on it. Examples of close-ended questions The following questions are examples of close-ended questions. They either have a fixed answer, can be answered with a single word or short phrase, or ask a person to select from a choice of specific answers. - Is an apple a fruit? (The only logical answers are “Yes” or “No.” The question also has a single correct answer: Yes.) - True or False? Penguins can swim. (A person is asked to choose between two answers. The question also has a fixed answer: True.) - Who was America’s first president? (This question has a fixed, short answer: George Washington.) - What time is it? (This question has a single correct answer.) - Which country do you live in? (Although this question has many possible answers, a person can and probably will answer it with a single word or phrase.) What is a leading question? A leading question is a question that is worded in a way so as to lead to an answer that the asker wants. A leading question could be either an open-ended or closed-ended question. An example of a leading question would be We all know that Colonel Mustard is the culprit, right? By the way that this question is worded, the asker clearly expects the answer to be “Yes.” By framing the question this way, the asker is trying to lead someone to an answer they want: that Colonel Mustard is the guilty person. Here are two more examples of leading questions: - Closed-ended: Should we really continue to listen to this obvious liar? (The asker of this question clearly wants someone to answer “No.”) - Open-ended: What do you think about the abominable act of declawing cats? (The asker of this question has used biased language to make it clear that they expect the answer to be a negative opinion of something they personally dislike.) When to use open-ended vs. closed-ended questions Generally speaking, the choice of whether to ask an open-ended or closed-ended question will depend entirely on what the point of the question is. If a person wants a quick, simple answer they will probably ask a closed-ended question. On the other hand, if they want to know every detail of a person’s thoughts, they are much more likely to ask an open-ended question. Often, an asker will use both open-ended and closed-ended questions to test someone or to try and find the answers they are looking for. Let’s look at some specific situations where different types of questions might be used. Surveys Often, the point of surveys is to try and learn people’s opinions or feelings about something. Depending on how much detail is wanted, a survey constructor may decide to use either open-ended or closed-ended questions. For example, national surveys are often interested in gathering information or opinions of very large groups of people. Because they may not have the time or resources to review thousands or millions of lengthy responses, these surveys will often only have multiple choice questions (closed-ended) with short answers such as What is your age? or Who do you plan to vote for in the election? Because the answers are short, the survey taker can quickly and accurately review them and discover the information they were after. Even when using closed-ended questions, though, a survey maker may first use a data collection survey that uses open-ended questions to try and figure out what the answer choices for closed-ended questions should be. However, a survey maker might instead want long, detailed opinions. For example, a company might survey its customers to get feedback on their products or services. In this case, the company specifically needs detailed answers so they can learn exactly what people like and don’t like. For a survey like this, they will probably ask open-ended questions such as What is your least favorite ride in the amusement park and why? or How can we better address the needs of our younger audience members? Copyright 2024, XAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
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  • Review The Mobile Suit Hangar
    MODEL TITLE: Gundvolva Firestorm Paladin
    MODFICATION TYPE: kitbash, 3D Printed Detailing, Magnets
    KITS USED: HG 1/144 Gundvolva, HG 1/144 Shia Quant, HG 1/144 00 Raiser, 30 Minutes Missions Option Parts

    "Transforming a Grunt Drone Bit into an OP Mobile Suit!!"
    Review The Mobile Suit Hangar MODEL TITLE: Gundvolva Firestorm Paladin MODFICATION TYPE: kitbash, 3D Printed Detailing, Magnets KITS USED: HG 1/144 Gundvolva, HG 1/144 Shia Quant, HG 1/144 00 Raiser, 30 Minutes Missions Option Parts "Transforming a Grunt Drone Bit into an OP Mobile Suit!!"
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  • Review The Mobile Suit Hangar
    MODEL TITLE: Gundvolva Firestorm Paladin
    MODFICATION TYPE: kitbash, 3D Printed Detailing, Magnets
    KITS USED: HG 1/144 Gundvolva, HG 1/144 Shia Quant, HG 1/144 00 Raiser, 30 Minutes Missions Option Parts

    "Transforming a Grunt Drone Bit into an OP Mobile Suit!!"
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fI7C-WRuByY
    Review The Mobile Suit Hangar MODEL TITLE: Gundvolva Firestorm Paladin MODFICATION TYPE: kitbash, 3D Printed Detailing, Magnets KITS USED: HG 1/144 Gundvolva, HG 1/144 Shia Quant, HG 1/144 00 Raiser, 30 Minutes Missions Option Parts "Transforming a Grunt Drone Bit into an OP Mobile Suit!!" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fI7C-WRuByY
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  • Review Topic Gunpla
    Review Topic Gunpla
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