• Add Professional Pizazz To Your Resume With These Adjectives

    When writing a resume, it is crucial to sell yourself as best you can and highlight all of your strongest qualities while focusing on your experiences and successes. That being said, your resume won’t turn heads with common, boring words like good, fine, and nice. No, you need to make your resume truly shine with some bold, magnificent words that will make you stand out.

    That is where adjectives come into play. Not just any adjectives, though, but powerful adjectives that vividly describe how impressive you and your past accomplishments are. By skillfully using adjectives, you can make it clear that you are exactly the right person for the job.

    What is an adjective?

    Adjectives: grammar definition

    To start, an adjective is a word that modifies and describes a noun, pronoun, or anything acting as a noun in a sentence. Descriptive words like funny, green, fast, and skittish are some simple examples of adjectives. If you are trying to identify whether or not a word is an adjective, just ask yourself if it is modifying a noun or pronoun and providing some info about it. If it is, you are more than likely looking at an adjective.

    Adjectives often come right before the nouns that they modify as in The happy children played with the silly puppies. However, adjectives can also be separated from their nouns if a sentence uses a linking verb like look or seem. For example, in the sentence That girl is smart the adjective smart is connected to the noun girl through the linking verb is.

    🖋Adjectives in resumes

    Adjectives are powerful, descriptive words that you can add to your resume to give more detail about who you are and what you have done. Adjectives can add some extra punch and pizzazz to really kick up your resume to the next level. Here are some examples:

    - Developed a good inventory system.
    - Developed a modern, efficient, and affordable inventory system.

    You can see that the first option is really lacking the oomph that the second example has. Additionally, the second option thoroughly describes how great the system you created was. After all, those impressive adjectives wouldn’t be there without you!

    Whether you’re writing a brand-new resume from scratch for the first time or are simply jazzing up your current one, here’s how to strategically make use of adjectives to really bring the heat.

    How to use powerful adjectives in resumes

    If you have any experience at all with resume writing, you already know that it is deceptively difficult. Because a resume’s purpose is to essentially “sell” yourself and your skillset to recruiters and hiring managers, each sentence needs to be carefully and thoughtfully crafted. You want to thoroughly describe your duties and responsibilities and your previous jobs while simultaneously telling the reader something about who you are as an employee—all while keeping it as brief as possible and trying not to be repetitive. That’s a tall order for just a few short bullet points!

    That’s exactly why adjectives are so crucial to good resume writing. By simply swapping out a few words here and there, you can more clearly showcase your skills, provide as much detail as possible, and lead with the most compelling words that will keep recruiters’ eyes on your resume for longer.

    Try sprinkling in some of the powerful adjectives below throughout your resume, including in your job descriptions, summary statement, and even in your cover letter. (Pro tip: you can also use them on your LinkedIn profile in the same way!)

    Solved a challenging problem

    If you helped your team come up with a viable solution for an ongoing issue, you could describe your process or solutions with:

    masterful
    skillful
    excellent
    strategic
    magnificent
    superb
    adept
    professional
    perceptive
    astute
    perspicacious
    clever
    savvy
    potent
    impressive
    cunning
    unconventional
    out-of-the-box
    original
    imaginative
    inventive

    Example: Streamlined the assembly process by developing an inventive, professional scheduling system that made clever adjustments to shift lengths in order to ensure workers make excellent progress during work hours.

    Supported internal stakeholders

    Internal stakeholders are people whose interest in a company is the result of a direct relationship, such as employment, ownership, or investment. Whether you interacted directly with company investors or simply managed the needs of a team of employees, elaborate on your specific experience with:

    cooperative
    coordinative
    coordinated
    collaborative
    synergetic
    synergistic
    harmonious
    unified
    agreeable
    open-minded
    receptive
    cordial
    persuasive
    diplomatic
    humble

    Example: Fostered a unified, cooperative environment in which shareholders knew that their questions and concerns would be handled by a diplomatic, open-minded representative.

    Found ways to save time or money

    Helping companies streamline their efforts and operate more efficiently or cost effectively is no small feat, which is why it’s such an impactful accomplishment in the eyes of recruiters. To really drive the point home on your resume, try describing your plans and solutions using:

    efficient
    effective
    capable
    affordable
    productive
    cost-effective
    dynamic
    streamlined
    long-lasting
    prudent
    durable
    reliable

    Example: Improved the customer service experience by organizing an efficient, cost-effective troubleshooting process that emphasized prudent, reliable solutions to the most common issues.

    Grew sales

    On the other hand, it’s equally as impressive if you’ve played a major role in making the company money. Sell your great solutions, strategies, and products you with:

    profitable
    economical
    valuable
    commercial
    beneficial
    successful
    fruitful
    enticing
    engaging
    captivating
    money-making
    lucrative
    remunerative
    rewarding

    Example: Constantly led the company to successful, lucrative quarters by ensuring customers saw our products as the most enticing and captivating items on the market.

    Launched a feature or project

    Did you lead the charge on an exciting new endeavor or help launch a company-wide initiative? Illustrate just how impactful your role was with:

    creative
    resourceful
    innovative
    cutting-edge
    avante-garde
    advanced
    sleek
    groundbreaking
    progressive
    revolutionary
    state-of-the-art
    unique
    futuristic
    ultramodern

    Example: Developed a sleek, cutting-edge marketing strategy that made it clear that the company was leading the way with revolutionary, groundbreaking products.

    Led a team

    Strong management and leadership skills are highly valuable for job-seekers in any industry. Set yours apart from the rest by using:

    authoritative
    responsible
    assertive
    decisive
    compelling
    commanding
    organized
    resolved
    driven
    bold
    confident
    inspiring
    inspirational
    motivating
    fearless
    brave
    resolute

    Example: Provided inspirational, resolute leadership to a team of ten graphic artists. Acted as a bold, resolute manager while remaining decisive and confident during times of crisis.

    Showed technical proficiency

    Demonstrate your skill set and showcase the amount of hands-on experience you have in your industry with:

    focused
    determined
    dedicated
    practical
    reasonable
    logical
    judicious
    thorough
    rational
    observant
    attentive
    cognizant
    aware
    knowledgeable
    mindful

    Example: Remained focused and attentive when reviewing datasheets. Kept mindful of company standards and made judicious use of resources when compiling thorough error reports.

    Get descriptive with adjectives

    When picking the right adjectives for your resume, you really want to make yourself sound special. Don’t be afraid to kick things up a notch and use eye-catching adjectives that’ll make your resume memorable.

    Words To Describe Problem-Solving On A Resume

    inventive
    adjective. apt at inventing or thinking up new machines or devices, methods, solutions, etc., or at improvising from what is at hand

    imaginative
    adjective. characterized by or bearing evidence of imagination

    original
    adjective. belonging or pertaining to the origin or beginning of something, or to a thing at its beginning

    unconventional
    adjective. not conventional

    cunning
    noun. skill employed in a shrewd or sly manner, as in deceiving

    impressive
    adjective. having the ability to impress the mind

    potent
    adjective. powerful

    savvy
    adjective. experienced, knowledgable, and well-informed

    clever
    adjective. mentally bright

    perspicacious
    adjective. having keen mental perception and understanding

    astute
    adjective. keenly perceptive or discerning

    perceptive
    adjective. having or showing keenness of insight, understanding, or intuition

    professional
    adjective. following an occupation as a means of livelihood or for gain

    adept
    adjective. very skilled

    superb
    adjective. admirably fine or excellent

    magnificent
    adjective. making a splendid appearance or show

    strategic
    adjective. pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of strategy

    excellent
    adjective. possessing outstanding quality or superior merit

    skillful
    adjective. having or exercising skill

    masterful
    adjective. dominating


    Words To Describe A Team Player On A Resume

    humble
    adjective. not proud or arrogant

    diplomatic
    adjective. of, relating to, or engaged in diplomacy

    persuasive
    adjective. able, fitted, or intended to persuade

    cordial
    adjective. courteous and gracious

    receptive
    adjective. having the quality of receiving, taking in, or admitting.

    open-minded
    adjective. having or showing a mind receptive to new ideas or arguments.

    agreeable
    adjective. to one's liking

    harmonious
    adjective. marked by agreement in feeling, attitude, or action

    synergistic
    adjective. pertaining to, characteristic of, or resembling synergy

    synergetic
    adjective. working together

    collaborative
    adjective. characterized or accomplished by collaboration

    cooperative
    adjective. working or acting together willingly for a common purpose or benefit.


    Words To Describe Saving Time Or Money On A Resume

    reliable
    adjective. that may be relied on or trusted

    durable
    adjective. able to resist wear, decay, etc., well

    prudent
    adjective. wise or judicious in practical affairs

    long-lasting
    adjective. enduring or existing for a long period of time

    streamlined
    adjective. having a contour designed to offer the least possible resistance to a current of air, water, etc.

    dynamic
    adjective. pertaining to or characterized by energy or effective action

    cost-effective
    adjective. producing optimum results for the expenditure.

    productive
    adjective. having the power of producing

    affordable
    adjective. that can be afforded

    capable
    adjective. having power and ability

    effective
    adjective. adequate to accomplish a purpose

    efficient
    adjective. performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort


    Words To Describe Growing Sales On A Resume

    rewarding
    adjective. affording satisfaction, valuable experience, or the like

    remunerative
    adjective. affording remuneration

    lucrative
    adjective. profitable

    engaging
    adjective. winning

    enticing
    adjective. attractive

    fruitful
    adjective. producing good results

    successful
    adjective. achieving or having achieved success.

    beneficial
    adjective. conferring benefit

    commercial
    adjective. of, relating to, or characteristic of commerce.

    valuable
    adjective. having considerable monetary worth

    economical
    adjective. avoiding waste or extravagance

    profitable
    adjective. yielding profit


    Words To Describe Leadership Skills On A Resume

    resolute
    adjective. firmly resolved or determined

    brave
    adjective. possessing or exhibiting courage or courageous endurance.

    fearless
    adjective. without fear

    inspirational
    adjective. imparting inspiration.

    confident
    adjective. having strong belief or full assurance

    bold
    adjective. not hesitating or fearful in the face of actual or possible danger or rebuff

    driven
    verb. past participle of drive.

    resolved
    adjective. firm in purpose or intent

    organized
    adjective. affiliated in an organization, especially a union

    commanding
    adjective. being in command

    compelling
    adjective. tending to compel, as to force or push toward a course of action

    decisive
    adjective. having the power or quality of deciding

    assertive
    adjective. confidently aggressive or self-assured

    responsible
    adjective. answerable or accountable, as for something within one's power, control, or management (often followed by to or for)

    authoritative
    adjective. having due authority


    Words To Describe Your Innovations On A Resume

    ultramodern
    adjective. very advanced in ideas, design, or techniques.

    futuristic
    adjective. of or relating to the future

    unique
    adjective. existing as the only one or as the sole example

    revolutionary
    adjective. of, pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of a revolution, or a sudden, complete, or marked change

    progressive
    adjective. favoring or advocating progress, change, improvement, or reform, as opposed to wishing to maintain things as they are, especially in political matters

    groundbreaking
    noun. the act or ceremony of breaking ground for a new construction project.

    advanced
    adjective. placed ahead or forward

    innovative
    adjective. tending to innovate, or introduce something new or different

    resourceful
    adjective. able to deal skillfully and promptly with new situations, difficulties, etc.

    inventive
    adjective. apt at inventing or thinking up new machines or devices, methods, solutions, etc., or at improvising from what is at hand

    creative
    adjective. having the quality or power of creating.


    Words To Describe Your Skillset On A Resume

    mindful
    adjective. attentive, aware, or careful (usually followed by of)

    knowledgeable
    adjective. possessing or exhibiting knowledge, insight, or understanding

    aware
    adjective. having knowledge

    cognizant
    adjective. having cognizance

    attentive
    adjective. characterized by or giving attention

    observant
    adjective. quick to notice or perceive

    rational
    adjective. agreeable to reason

    thorough
    adjective. executed without negligence or omissions

    judicious
    adjective. using or showing judgment as to action or practical expediency

    logical
    adjective. according to or agreeing with the principles of logic

    reasonable
    adjective. agreeable to reason or sound judgment

    practical
    adjective. of or relating to practice or action

    dedicated
    adjective. wholly committed to something, as to an ideal, political cause, or personal goal

    determined
    adjective. resolute

    And adjectives are the special, effective, powerful words that you need!

    ©2025 AAKKHRA All Rights Reserved.
    Add Professional Pizazz To Your Resume With These Adjectives When writing a resume, it is crucial to sell yourself as best you can and highlight all of your strongest qualities while focusing on your experiences and successes. That being said, your resume won’t turn heads with common, boring words like good, fine, and nice. No, you need to make your resume truly shine with some bold, magnificent words that will make you stand out. That is where adjectives come into play. Not just any adjectives, though, but powerful adjectives that vividly describe how impressive you and your past accomplishments are. By skillfully using adjectives, you can make it clear that you are exactly the right person for the job. What is an adjective? Adjectives: grammar definition To start, an adjective is a word that modifies and describes a noun, pronoun, or anything acting as a noun in a sentence. Descriptive words like funny, green, fast, and skittish are some simple examples of adjectives. If you are trying to identify whether or not a word is an adjective, just ask yourself if it is modifying a noun or pronoun and providing some info about it. If it is, you are more than likely looking at an adjective. Adjectives often come right before the nouns that they modify as in The happy children played with the silly puppies. However, adjectives can also be separated from their nouns if a sentence uses a linking verb like look or seem. For example, in the sentence That girl is smart the adjective smart is connected to the noun girl through the linking verb is. 🖋Adjectives in resumes Adjectives are powerful, descriptive words that you can add to your resume to give more detail about who you are and what you have done. Adjectives can add some extra punch and pizzazz to really kick up your resume to the next level. Here are some examples: - Developed a good inventory system. - Developed a modern, efficient, and affordable inventory system. You can see that the first option is really lacking the oomph that the second example has. Additionally, the second option thoroughly describes how great the system you created was. After all, those impressive adjectives wouldn’t be there without you! Whether you’re writing a brand-new resume from scratch for the first time or are simply jazzing up your current one, here’s how to strategically make use of adjectives to really bring the heat. How to use powerful adjectives in resumes If you have any experience at all with resume writing, you already know that it is deceptively difficult. Because a resume’s purpose is to essentially “sell” yourself and your skillset to recruiters and hiring managers, each sentence needs to be carefully and thoughtfully crafted. You want to thoroughly describe your duties and responsibilities and your previous jobs while simultaneously telling the reader something about who you are as an employee—all while keeping it as brief as possible and trying not to be repetitive. That’s a tall order for just a few short bullet points! That’s exactly why adjectives are so crucial to good resume writing. By simply swapping out a few words here and there, you can more clearly showcase your skills, provide as much detail as possible, and lead with the most compelling words that will keep recruiters’ eyes on your resume for longer. Try sprinkling in some of the powerful adjectives below throughout your resume, including in your job descriptions, summary statement, and even in your cover letter. (Pro tip: you can also use them on your LinkedIn profile in the same way!) Solved a challenging problem If you helped your team come up with a viable solution for an ongoing issue, you could describe your process or solutions with: masterful skillful excellent strategic magnificent superb adept professional perceptive astute perspicacious clever savvy potent impressive cunning unconventional out-of-the-box original imaginative inventive Example: Streamlined the assembly process by developing an inventive, professional scheduling system that made clever adjustments to shift lengths in order to ensure workers make excellent progress during work hours. Supported internal stakeholders Internal stakeholders are people whose interest in a company is the result of a direct relationship, such as employment, ownership, or investment. Whether you interacted directly with company investors or simply managed the needs of a team of employees, elaborate on your specific experience with: cooperative coordinative coordinated collaborative synergetic synergistic harmonious unified agreeable open-minded receptive cordial persuasive diplomatic humble Example: Fostered a unified, cooperative environment in which shareholders knew that their questions and concerns would be handled by a diplomatic, open-minded representative. Found ways to save time or money Helping companies streamline their efforts and operate more efficiently or cost effectively is no small feat, which is why it’s such an impactful accomplishment in the eyes of recruiters. To really drive the point home on your resume, try describing your plans and solutions using: efficient effective capable affordable productive cost-effective dynamic streamlined long-lasting prudent durable reliable Example: Improved the customer service experience by organizing an efficient, cost-effective troubleshooting process that emphasized prudent, reliable solutions to the most common issues. Grew sales On the other hand, it’s equally as impressive if you’ve played a major role in making the company money. Sell your great solutions, strategies, and products you with: profitable economical valuable commercial beneficial successful fruitful enticing engaging captivating money-making lucrative remunerative rewarding Example: Constantly led the company to successful, lucrative quarters by ensuring customers saw our products as the most enticing and captivating items on the market. Launched a feature or project Did you lead the charge on an exciting new endeavor or help launch a company-wide initiative? Illustrate just how impactful your role was with: creative resourceful innovative cutting-edge avante-garde advanced sleek groundbreaking progressive revolutionary state-of-the-art unique futuristic ultramodern Example: Developed a sleek, cutting-edge marketing strategy that made it clear that the company was leading the way with revolutionary, groundbreaking products. Led a team Strong management and leadership skills are highly valuable for job-seekers in any industry. Set yours apart from the rest by using: authoritative responsible assertive decisive compelling commanding organized resolved driven bold confident inspiring inspirational motivating fearless brave resolute Example: Provided inspirational, resolute leadership to a team of ten graphic artists. Acted as a bold, resolute manager while remaining decisive and confident during times of crisis. Showed technical proficiency Demonstrate your skill set and showcase the amount of hands-on experience you have in your industry with: focused determined dedicated practical reasonable logical judicious thorough rational observant attentive cognizant aware knowledgeable mindful Example: Remained focused and attentive when reviewing datasheets. Kept mindful of company standards and made judicious use of resources when compiling thorough error reports. Get descriptive with adjectives When picking the right adjectives for your resume, you really want to make yourself sound special. Don’t be afraid to kick things up a notch and use eye-catching adjectives that’ll make your resume memorable. Words To Describe Problem-Solving On A Resume inventive adjective. apt at inventing or thinking up new machines or devices, methods, solutions, etc., or at improvising from what is at hand imaginative adjective. characterized by or bearing evidence of imagination original adjective. belonging or pertaining to the origin or beginning of something, or to a thing at its beginning unconventional adjective. not conventional cunning noun. skill employed in a shrewd or sly manner, as in deceiving impressive adjective. having the ability to impress the mind potent adjective. powerful savvy adjective. experienced, knowledgable, and well-informed clever adjective. mentally bright perspicacious adjective. having keen mental perception and understanding astute adjective. keenly perceptive or discerning perceptive adjective. having or showing keenness of insight, understanding, or intuition professional adjective. following an occupation as a means of livelihood or for gain adept adjective. very skilled superb adjective. admirably fine or excellent magnificent adjective. making a splendid appearance or show strategic adjective. pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of strategy excellent adjective. possessing outstanding quality or superior merit skillful adjective. having or exercising skill masterful adjective. dominating Words To Describe A Team Player On A Resume humble adjective. not proud or arrogant diplomatic adjective. of, relating to, or engaged in diplomacy persuasive adjective. able, fitted, or intended to persuade cordial adjective. courteous and gracious receptive adjective. having the quality of receiving, taking in, or admitting. open-minded adjective. having or showing a mind receptive to new ideas or arguments. agreeable adjective. to one's liking harmonious adjective. marked by agreement in feeling, attitude, or action synergistic adjective. pertaining to, characteristic of, or resembling synergy synergetic adjective. working together collaborative adjective. characterized or accomplished by collaboration cooperative adjective. working or acting together willingly for a common purpose or benefit. Words To Describe Saving Time Or Money On A Resume reliable adjective. that may be relied on or trusted durable adjective. able to resist wear, decay, etc., well prudent adjective. wise or judicious in practical affairs long-lasting adjective. enduring or existing for a long period of time streamlined adjective. having a contour designed to offer the least possible resistance to a current of air, water, etc. dynamic adjective. pertaining to or characterized by energy or effective action cost-effective adjective. producing optimum results for the expenditure. productive adjective. having the power of producing affordable adjective. that can be afforded capable adjective. having power and ability effective adjective. adequate to accomplish a purpose efficient adjective. performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort Words To Describe Growing Sales On A Resume rewarding adjective. affording satisfaction, valuable experience, or the like remunerative adjective. affording remuneration lucrative adjective. profitable engaging adjective. winning enticing adjective. attractive fruitful adjective. producing good results successful adjective. achieving or having achieved success. beneficial adjective. conferring benefit commercial adjective. of, relating to, or characteristic of commerce. valuable adjective. having considerable monetary worth economical adjective. avoiding waste or extravagance profitable adjective. yielding profit Words To Describe Leadership Skills On A Resume resolute adjective. firmly resolved or determined brave adjective. possessing or exhibiting courage or courageous endurance. fearless adjective. without fear inspirational adjective. imparting inspiration. confident adjective. having strong belief or full assurance bold adjective. not hesitating or fearful in the face of actual or possible danger or rebuff driven verb. past participle of drive. resolved adjective. firm in purpose or intent organized adjective. affiliated in an organization, especially a union commanding adjective. being in command compelling adjective. tending to compel, as to force or push toward a course of action decisive adjective. having the power or quality of deciding assertive adjective. confidently aggressive or self-assured responsible adjective. answerable or accountable, as for something within one's power, control, or management (often followed by to or for) authoritative adjective. having due authority Words To Describe Your Innovations On A Resume ultramodern adjective. very advanced in ideas, design, or techniques. futuristic adjective. of or relating to the future unique adjective. existing as the only one or as the sole example revolutionary adjective. of, pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of a revolution, or a sudden, complete, or marked change progressive adjective. favoring or advocating progress, change, improvement, or reform, as opposed to wishing to maintain things as they are, especially in political matters groundbreaking noun. the act or ceremony of breaking ground for a new construction project. advanced adjective. placed ahead or forward innovative adjective. tending to innovate, or introduce something new or different resourceful adjective. able to deal skillfully and promptly with new situations, difficulties, etc. inventive adjective. apt at inventing or thinking up new machines or devices, methods, solutions, etc., or at improvising from what is at hand creative adjective. having the quality or power of creating. Words To Describe Your Skillset On A Resume mindful adjective. attentive, aware, or careful (usually followed by of) knowledgeable adjective. possessing or exhibiting knowledge, insight, or understanding aware adjective. having knowledge cognizant adjective. having cognizance attentive adjective. characterized by or giving attention observant adjective. quick to notice or perceive rational adjective. agreeable to reason thorough adjective. executed without negligence or omissions judicious adjective. using or showing judgment as to action or practical expediency logical adjective. according to or agreeing with the principles of logic reasonable adjective. agreeable to reason or sound judgment practical adjective. of or relating to practice or action dedicated adjective. wholly committed to something, as to an ideal, political cause, or personal goal determined adjective. resolute And adjectives are the special, effective, powerful words that you need! ©2025 AAKKHRA All Rights Reserved.
    0 Comments 0 Shares 724 Views 0 Reviews
  • The feasibility of restructuring the cooperative supervision system in Thailand.

    This research delves into the feasibility of restructuring the cooperative supervision system in Thailand, focusing on the Cooperative Promotion Office and the Cooperative Audit Office under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.

    The study employed a combination of documentary research and survey research to analyze the current system and explore potential changes in governance models. The findings indicate that transitioning to a more flexible and independent structure could enhance efficiency, knowledge transfer, and regulatory effectiveness.
    The feasibility of restructuring the cooperative supervision system in Thailand. This research delves into the feasibility of restructuring the cooperative supervision system in Thailand, focusing on the Cooperative Promotion Office and the Cooperative Audit Office under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. The study employed a combination of documentary research and survey research to analyze the current system and explore potential changes in governance models. The findings indicate that transitioning to a more flexible and independent structure could enhance efficiency, knowledge transfer, and regulatory effectiveness.
    0 Comments 0 Shares 485 Views 0 Reviews
  • FBI āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļēāļ•āļąāļ§āļœāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ™āļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™ CL-415 “Super Scooper” āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļąāļšāđ„āļŸāđ„āļŦāļĄāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļēāļžāļēāļĨāļīāđ€āļ‹āļ”āļŠāđŒāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ”āļąāļšāđ€āļžāļĨāļīāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļīāļ”āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļĢāļđāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ” 3x6 āļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§āļšāļ™āļ›āļĩāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™

    āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļāļąāļ™āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļēāļ§āļąāļ™āļžāļĪāļŦāļąāļŠāļšāļ”āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ 9 āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļ„āļĄ 2568 āđƒāļāļĨāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļĨāļīāļšāļđ āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āđˆāļēāļ™āļŸāđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ–āļđāļāļˆāļģāļāļąāļ”āļŦāđ‰āļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļē āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ”āļąāļšāđ€āļžāļĨāļīāļ‡āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļąāļšāđ„āļŸāļ›āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļĨāļļāļāđ„āļŦāļĄāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§

    āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĨāđˆāļēāļŠāļļāļ” āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ­āļŸāļšāļĩāđ„āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļģāļĢāļ§āļˆāđāļ­āļĨāđ€āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļžāļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļšāļ™ āđāļ­āļŸāđ€āļŸāļĨāđ‡āļ āļ™āļąāļāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļšāļĢāļ™āļ—āđŒāļ§āļđāļ” āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ”āļđāļāļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļ‡āļˆāļĢāļ›āļīāļ” āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŠāļ·āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ™āļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ”āļąāļšāđ€āļžāļĨāļīāļ‡

    āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļšāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļžāļĒāļžāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ„āļŸāđ„āļŦāļĄāđ‰ āđāļ•āđˆāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļēāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ‚āļēāļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļˆāļēāļāđ„āļŸāđ„āļŦāļĄāđ‰āļ­āļĩāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ

    āļĢāļđāļ›āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ–āļļāļ‡āļžāļĨāļēāļŠāļ•āļīāļāļ„āļ·āļ­āđ€āļĻāļĐāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™
    FBI āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļēāļ•āļąāļ§āļœāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ™āļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™ CL-415 “Super Scooper” āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļąāļšāđ„āļŸāđ„āļŦāļĄāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļēāļžāļēāļĨāļīāđ€āļ‹āļ”āļŠāđŒāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ”āļąāļšāđ€āļžāļĨāļīāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļīāļ”āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļĢāļđāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ” 3x6 āļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§āļšāļ™āļ›āļĩāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļāļąāļ™āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļēāļ§āļąāļ™āļžāļĪāļŦāļąāļŠāļšāļ”āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ 9 āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļ„āļĄ 2568 āđƒāļāļĨāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļĨāļīāļšāļđ āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āđˆāļēāļ™āļŸāđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ–āļđāļāļˆāļģāļāļąāļ”āļŦāđ‰āļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļē āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ”āļąāļšāđ€āļžāļĨāļīāļ‡āļ—āļģāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļąāļšāđ„āļŸāļ›āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļĨāļļāļāđ„āļŦāļĄāđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§ āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĨāđˆāļēāļŠāļļāļ” āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ­āļŸāļšāļĩāđ„āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļģāļĢāļ§āļˆāđāļ­āļĨāđ€āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļžāļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļšāļ™ āđāļ­āļŸāđ€āļŸāļĨāđ‡āļ āļ™āļąāļāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļšāļĢāļ™āļ—āđŒāļ§āļđāļ” āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ”āļđāļāļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļ‡āļˆāļĢāļ›āļīāļ” āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŠāļ·āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ™āļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ”āļąāļšāđ€āļžāļĨāļīāļ‡ āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļšāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļžāļĒāļžāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ„āļŸāđ„āļŦāļĄāđ‰ āđāļ•āđˆāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆ āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļēāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ‚āļēāļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļˆāļēāļāđ„āļŸāđ„āļŦāļĄāđ‰āļ­āļĩāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļĢāļđāļ›āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ–āļļāļ‡āļžāļĨāļēāļŠāļ•āļīāļāļ„āļ·āļ­āđ€āļĻāļĐāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĢāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 571 Views 0 Reviews
  • Microsoft āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļąāļ›āđ€āļ”āļ• DirectX API āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ›āļđāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒ (Neural Rendering) āđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ CES 2025

    āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ āļēāļžāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļēāļŸāļīāļ 3 āļĄāļīāļ•āļīāđāļšāļšāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĨāđ„āļ—āļĄāđŒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļēāļŸāļīāļāđāļšāļšāļ”āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļ‡āđāļšāļšāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĨāđ„āļ—āļĄāđŒ āļ™āļĩāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™

    āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļ„āļ·āļ­ "āđ€āļ§āļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄ" (Cooperative Vectors) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļēāļŸāļīāļāđāļšāļšāļ”āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒ āđ€āļ§āļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļšāļ­āļāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļģāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ, āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļģāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļšāđ‰āļēāļ‡, āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒ

    Microsoft āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāļĄ HLSL āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļš AMD, Intel, NVIDIA, āđāļĨāļ° Qualcomm āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđ€āļ§āļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš DirectX āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāđāļĢāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĒāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™ GPU āļĢāļļāđˆāļ™āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ NVIDIA GeForce RTX 50-series "Blackwell" āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ§āļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒ

    āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ āļēāļžāđ€āļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™, āļˆāļąāļ”āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļĢāļ‚āļēāļ„āļ“āļīāļ•āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡, āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļĨāļ°āļ„āļĢāđƒāļ™āđ€āļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļžāļŠāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļąāļ›āđ€āļ”āļ•āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđāļ­āļ›āļžāļĨāļīāđ€āļ„āļŠāļąāļ™āļāļĢāļēāļŸāļīāļāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™

    https://www.techpowerup.com/330981/microsoft-lays-directx-api-level-groundwork-for-neural-rendering
    Microsoft āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļąāļ›āđ€āļ”āļ• DirectX API āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ›āļđāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒ (Neural Rendering) āđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ CES 2025 āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ āļēāļžāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļēāļŸāļīāļ 3 āļĄāļīāļ•āļīāđāļšāļšāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĨāđ„āļ—āļĄāđŒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļēāļŸāļīāļāđāļšāļšāļ”āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļ‡āđāļšāļšāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĨāđ„āļ—āļĄāđŒ āļ™āļĩāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™ āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļ„āļ·āļ­ "āđ€āļ§āļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄ" (Cooperative Vectors) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļēāļŸāļīāļāđāļšāļšāļ”āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒ āđ€āļ§āļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļšāļ­āļāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļģāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ, āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļģāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļšāđ‰āļēāļ‡, āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđ‚āļĄāđ€āļ”āļĨāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒ Microsoft āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāļĄ HLSL āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļš AMD, Intel, NVIDIA, āđāļĨāļ° Qualcomm āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđ€āļ§āļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš DirectX āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāđāļĢāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĒāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™ GPU āļĢāļļāđˆāļ™āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ NVIDIA GeForce RTX 50-series "Blackwell" āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ§āļāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļ™āđ€āļ”āļ­āļĢāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāđŒāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ āļēāļžāđ€āļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™, āļˆāļąāļ”āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļĢāļ‚āļēāļ„āļ“āļīāļ•āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡, āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļĨāļ°āļ„āļĢāđƒāļ™āđ€āļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļžāļŠāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļąāļ›āđ€āļ”āļ•āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđāļ­āļ›āļžāļĨāļīāđ€āļ„āļŠāļąāļ™āļāļĢāļēāļŸāļīāļāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ https://www.techpowerup.com/330981/microsoft-lays-directx-api-level-groundwork-for-neural-rendering
    WWW.TECHPOWERUP.COM
    Microsoft Lays DirectX API-level Groundwork for Neural Rendering
    Microsoft announced updates to the DirectX API that would pave the way for neural rendering. Neural rendering is a concept where portions of a frame in real-time 3D graphics are drawn using a generative AI model that works in tandem with classic raster 3D graphics pipeline, along with other advancem...
    0 Comments 0 Shares 257 Views 0 Reviews
  • "āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ!!"

    āļ āļēāļžāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāļœāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ‹āļē āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāļˆāļēāļāđ„āļŸāļ›āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆ Palisades āđƒāļ™āļĨāļ­āļŠāđāļ­āļ™āđ€āļˆāļĨāļīāļŠ āļĢāļąāļāđāļ„āļĨāļīāļŸāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āļĩāļĒ āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē

    āļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ™āļ”āļąāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āđāļ–āļšāđāļ›āļ‹āļīāļŸāļīāļāļžāļēāļĨāļīāđ€āļ‹āļ”āļŠāđŒ:
    1. Tom Hanks
    2. Rita Wilson
    3. Steven Spielberg
    4. Reese Witherspoon
    5. Ben Affleck
    6. Jennifer Aniston
    7. Bradley Cooper
    8. Adam Sandler
    9. Michael Keaton
    10. Chris Pratt
    11. Katherine Schwarzenegger
    12. Matt Damon
    13. Kate Hudson
    14. Matthew Perry

    "āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ!!" āļ āļēāļžāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāļœāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ‹āļē āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāļˆāļēāļāđ„āļŸāļ›āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆ Palisades āđƒāļ™āļĨāļ­āļŠāđāļ­āļ™āđ€āļˆāļĨāļīāļŠ āļĢāļąāļāđāļ„āļĨāļīāļŸāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āļĩāļĒ āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē āļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ™āļ”āļąāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āđāļ–āļšāđāļ›āļ‹āļīāļŸāļīāļāļžāļēāļĨāļīāđ€āļ‹āļ”āļŠāđŒ: 1. Tom Hanks 2. Rita Wilson 3. Steven Spielberg 4. Reese Witherspoon 5. Ben Affleck 6. Jennifer Aniston 7. Bradley Cooper 8. Adam Sandler 9. Michael Keaton 10. Chris Pratt 11. Katherine Schwarzenegger 12. Matt Damon 13. Kate Hudson 14. Matthew Perry
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 513 Views 0 Reviews
  • EP5 āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļšāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ™āļ°āļ„āļĢāļąāļš

    āļˆāļēāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ (Safety Report) āļ›āļĩ 2024 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ (International Civil Aviation Organization: ICAO) āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļģāđāļ™āļāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļšāļēāļ”āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļšāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļĢāđˆāļ‡āļ”āđˆāļ§āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ 5 āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ āļ„āļ·āļ­ 1 āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ (Controlled Flight Into Terrain: CFIT) 2 āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ (Loss Of Control In-Flight: LOC-I) 3 āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻ (Mid-Air Collision: MAC) 4 āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Excursion: RE) āđāļĨāļ° 5 āļāļēāļĢāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĨāđ‰āļģāļšāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Incursion: RI)

    āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„āđ€āļ­āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļ›āļ‹āļīāļŸāļīāļ ( ICAO APAC) āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ› 67 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē

    āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ ICAO āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āļīāļĒāļēāļĄāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ„āļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ€āļšāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļšāļ™āļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ­āļ­āļāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļĄāļąāļāļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļīāļ™āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļˆāļēāļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāđˆāļ­āļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĄāļĩāļāļ™āļ•āļāļŸāđ‰āļēāļ„āļ°āļ™āļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļĩāļĄāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒ (Final Aircraft Serious Incident Investigation Report) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļēāļšāļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāļ„āļ·āļ­āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢ (āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ ICAO āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 12 āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ)

    āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāđāļšāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļˆāļ°āļĨāļ”āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļšāļēāļ”āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ āļēāļžāļāđ‡āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒāđ†āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļēāļšāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ­āļīāļāļ‚āļąāļšāļĢāļ–āļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ–āļ™āļ™āļˆāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļāđ‡āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđāļ•āđˆ āđāļ•āđˆāļžāļ­āļ”āļĩāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļŦāļĨāđˆāļ–āļ™āļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āđ†āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļēāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļĢāļ–āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āđˆāļ­āļĒāđ†āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļ°āļ—āļ°āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ”āđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āđāļ•āđˆāļ–āđ‰āļēāļŦāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ–āļ™āļ™āđāļ„āļšāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĄāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļ–āļĄāļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļāļĩāļ”āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđ„āļĄāđ‰ āđ€āļŠāļēāđ„āļŸāļŸāđ‰āļē āđ€āļāļēāļ°āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ–āļ™āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļđāļāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđƒāļ” āđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļĄāļēāļāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļēāļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ” āļĄāļ§āļĨ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļĢāļ–āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāļĄāļēāļ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ–āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡

    āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ Runway Strip āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĒāļļāļ” (Stop Way) (āļ–āđ‰āļēāļĄāļĩ) āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļĩāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway End Safety Area: RESA) āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ­āļēāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļˆāļļāļ”āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Threshold) āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļąāļ™ (āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļēāļ§āļ™āđŒāđ‚āļŦāļĨāļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļāļžāļ—.) āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ 37 āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ§āđ‡āļ›āđ„āļ‹āļ•āđŒ āļāļžāļ—.āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ ICAO Annex 14 Vol.1 āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ”āļđāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰) āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ­āļ­āļāđāļšāļšāļĄāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļāļīāļ” Runway excursion āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™

    āđ€āļĢāļēāļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļ”āļđāļ™āļīāļĒāļēāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ (āļāļžāļ—.) āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ”āļĩāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āļāļžāļ—. āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ 37 (āļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO Annex 14 Vol.1 - Aerodrome Design and Operations) āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļē “āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Strip) āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāđāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĒāļļāļ” (āļ–āđ‰āļēāļĄāļĩ) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāđāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ (1) āļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāđāļāđˆāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ° (2) āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļīāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™
    2. āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡
    āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 145 āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļēāļ§āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ™āļĩāđ‰
    (1) āļŦāļāļŠāļīāļš (60) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 2, 3 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 4
    (2) āļŦāļāļŠāļīāļš (60) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 1 āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™
    (3) āļŠāļēāļĄāļŠāļīāļš (30) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 1 āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™
    āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 146 āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™ (Precision) āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ™āļ­āļ™āļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™ (Non-Precision) āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāđ„āļ›āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ™āļ§āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ™āļĩāđ‰
    (1) āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļŠāļĩāđˆāļŠāļīāļš (140) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 3 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 4
    (2) āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļ”āļŠāļīāļš (70) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 1 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 2
    4. āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡
    āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 152 āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Graded portion) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”

    āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ™āļ§āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ™āļĩāđ‰
    (1) āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļŦāđ‰āļē (105) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 3 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 4 āļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāļ›āļ—āļĩāđˆ 9
    (2) āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļ”āļŠāļīāļšāļŦāđ‰āļē (75) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ™āļ­āļ™āļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 3 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 4
    (3) āļŠāļĩāđˆāļŠāļīāļš (40) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ™āļ­āļ™āļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 1āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 2
    āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 161 āļŦāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļąāļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-Graded Portion) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđāļ•āđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļēāļ‡āļ•āđāļēāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ—āđāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰” āļ­āļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āļāļžāļ—.āļ‰āļšāļąāļš37

    āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™ 4E (āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āļāļžāļ—. āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ 37 āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 4 āļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 23, 24 āđāļĨāļ°25) āļ„āļ·āļ­āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļāļīāļ™ 1800 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļŦāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĩāļ 65 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļķāļ‡ 80 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ§āļąāļ”āļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļˆāļļāļ”āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ 140 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āđāļ•āđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĨāļ·āļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ§āđˆāļē “āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ” āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđ‡āļˆāļ°āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ”āļĩ

    āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļžāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO Asia and Pacific (ICAO APAC) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļāļąāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļ­āļāļŦāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ° 120 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ (āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļ AIP Thailand) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ™āđ‰āļģāļāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ­āļš āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-Graded Portion of Runway Strip) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆ 105 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ› (āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āļāļžāļ—. 4. āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 152 āļ§āļ‡āđ€āļĨāđ‡āļš 1)

    āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO Annex 14 Vol.1 - Aerodrome Design and Operations, 9 edition July 2022 āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē 3-13 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 3.4.16 āļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļ (Note) 1 āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļē āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāđāļ•āđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ “Non-graded portion” āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Note 1. - Where deemed necessary for proper drainage, an open-air storm water conveyance may be allowed in the non-graded portion of a runway strip and would be placed as far as practicable from the runway.) āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļ”

    āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ āļˆāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ 5 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO APAC āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 30 āļĄ.āļ„. – 2 āļ.āļž. 67 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļˆāļēāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ āļēāļ„āļĩāļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļ 14 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļĩāļ 3 āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄ 62 āļ„āļ™ ( The Fifth Meeting of the Asia/Pacific Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force: AP-ADO/TF/5: Chiang Rai) āđƒāļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆ 4 āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ “āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāđāļšāļš āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™” (Planning, Design and Construction of Aerodromes) āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĒāļīāļšāļĒāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (OPEN-AIR STORM WATER CONVEYANCE IN RUNWAY STRIP) āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļēāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđ‚āļ”āļĒ ICAO-The Cooperative Development of Operational Safety and Continuing Airworthiness Programme – South East Asia (COSCAP-SEA) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-Graded Portion) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Strip) āļ­āļēāļˆāļ™āļģāļĄāļēāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™ āļāļ™āļ•āļāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļĩāļĒāļāļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡(āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŊ) āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļ­āļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO āļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļĢāļđāļ›āļ āļēāļžāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ•āļĢāļ‡āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļāļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļĄāļēāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ

    āļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āđˆāļēāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āđˆāļēāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļ āļēāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĢāļđāļ›āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŪāļīāđ‚āļĢāļŠāļīāļĄāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļˆāļ™āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļšāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Runway Strip āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļđāļāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ”āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđāļĄāđ‰āđāļ•āđˆāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-Graded Portion) āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļĨāļĒ āļˆāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ–āđ‰āļēāļŦāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļĢāļēāļ„āļ‡āļžāļ­āļˆāļ°āļ™āļķāļāļ āļēāļžāļ­āļ­āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ”āļđāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŪāļīāđ‚āļĢāļŠāļīāļĄāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļ™ AIP Japan (Aeronautical Information Publication, Japan) āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ Runway Strip āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆ 150 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļˆāļēāļāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ™āļēāļ™āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļąāđˆāļ™āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļ–āđ‰āļēāļŦāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļđāļāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđƒāļ”āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđāļĄāđ‰āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨāļˆāļ°āļĒāļ­āļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļāđ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļˆāļ°āļ„āļēāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļĒāļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļĄāļļāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļ„āļēāļĢ Tower āđ€āļāđˆāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™ Runway Strip āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļāđ‡āļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­ 4 āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŦāļēāļ„āļĄ 2552 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ One to Go āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ āļđāđ€āļāđ‡āļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĩāļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™

    āđƒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ„āļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force - ICAO APAC āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāđ„āļ§āđ‰ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 100 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ 90 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway strip) āļšāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Graded portion) āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ° 105 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ­āļĩāļ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāļˆāļ°āđ€āļĨāļĒ 105 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-graded portion) āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆ 105 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Runway strip āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđ„āļāļĨāļ–āļķāļ‡ 152 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡ 210 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāđ€āļĨāļĒāļ—āļĩāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļĩāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡ 219 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 12 āļĄāļī.āļĒ. 2019 āļāđ‡āļĄāļĩāļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ (āļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļžāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļš)

    āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđƒāļ™ Final Report āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ„āļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (āđƒāļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē 4-5) āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļģāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģ (Advisory circular) AC150/5300-13B āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē (FAA) āļ§āđˆāļēāļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļģāđāļžāļ‡āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāļąāļšāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđƒāļ”āđ†āļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļˆāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļēāļˆāļ°āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆ 500 āļŸāļļāļ• āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­152 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ
    “4.28 The WP/20 provided an example of the FAA advisory circular: AC150/5300-13B where it reads, “location of ditch, swale, or headwall depends on the site condition but in no case within the limits of runway safety area (RSA).” The width of the RSA, as specified in Appendix G of the AC is 500 feet (152m).”
    āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āđāļ—āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļĢāļąāļāđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļŽāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđƒāļ•āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļ­āļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĨāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-graded portion) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway strip) āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāļąāļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ™āļšāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ
    “4.31 The Republic of Korea supported the Working Paper and shared that their regulations required open air drains to be constructed beyond the non-graded portion of the runway strips and expressed the need for States to develop Policy and Procedures for accepting non-compliances based on safety risk assessment”.

    āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway strip) āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-graded portion) āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļ”āļđāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ 90 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āļŊāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļĒāļāđ€āļ§āđ‰āļ™āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ”āļĩāļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļ„āđˆāđ„āļŦāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļĄāļēāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļāļŽāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ­āļĩāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē (FAA) āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļĢāļąāļāđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļĄāļēāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĨāļ”āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļšāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ‚āļĨāļāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 90 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļāđ‡āļ™āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļ•āļēāļĄ āļ„āļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ™āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāđƒāļ„āļĢāļ­āļĒāļēāļāļ„āļīāļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ™ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŦāļēāļāļ”āļđāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ Asiana airlines āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŪāļīāđ‚āļĢāļŠāļīāļĄāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩ Runway strip āļ—āļĩāđˆ 150 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļˆāļēāļāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ–āļĨāđ„āļ›āđ„āļāļĨāļˆāļ™āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļšāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļš Runway strip āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŊāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļđāļāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ”āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđāļĄāđ‰āđāļ•āđˆāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ™āđ„āļ›āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļšāļ–āļķāļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡ āđāļ•āđˆāđ‚āļŠāļ„āļ”āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļēāļ™āļĒāļķāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļĨāđ‰āļ­āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļđāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļķāļāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĒāļēāļ§āđ„āļ›āļāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļš 400 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ (āļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™) āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļĨāļ‡ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļ” āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļĢāļēāļˆāļ°āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āđƒāļˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļļāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡ āļŦāļēāļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļēāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļđāļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļšāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļąāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ™āļīāđˆāļ™ āđ† āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ™āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ”āļđāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ

    āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡ (Open-Air Storm Water Conveyance) āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Strip) āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš(Non-Graded Portion) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļģāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļˆāļąāļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļ”āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ° ICAO Annex 14 Vol. 1 āđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļģāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ‚āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđ„āļĢ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāļžāļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļ­āļš
    āļˆāļēāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļĄāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļē
    1. āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļĢāļąāļāđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļŽāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO Annex āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļ”
    2. āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ ICAO āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļš Annex āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļŽāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ (Gap) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ”āļĩāļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­
    3. āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļĩāļ āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļˆāļ°āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļĒāđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-Graded Portion) āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļēāļāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāđāļšāļšāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™ (Aircraft Code) āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ āđ† āđ„āļ”āđ‰
    4. āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđāļšāļš Airbus A330-321āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­ 8 āļāļąāļ™āļĒāļēāļĒāļ™ 2556 āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļđāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļēāļ™āļĒāļķāļ”āļāļēāļ™āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 365 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļžāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ āđ‘āđāđ āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļˆāļķāļ‡āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļ™āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ–āđ‰āļēāļŦāļēāļāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļđāļ”āļāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļķāļāļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ Asiana Airlines āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŪāļīāđ‚āļĢāļŠāļīāļĄāļē āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļŊāļ„āļ§āļĢāļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļĒāļąāļ‡ ICAO (Safety recommendations to ICAO) āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰ ICAO āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰

    āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āđāļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ€āļĢāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļ°āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ—āļīāļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ” āļŦāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāļĄāļēāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ­āļĩāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļāļąāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ (Protection) āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ (Production) āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļąāđˆāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ”āļđāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļ°āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāđāļšāļšāđƒāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāđ„āļŦāļ™āļˆāļ°āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļąāļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ

    āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ€āļœāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ§āļ›āđ„āļ‹āļ•āđŒāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ„āđ‰āļ™āļŦāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļšāļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļšāļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ›āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđ„āļ› āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ”āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāļžāļīāļ™āļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ­āļĩāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡

    āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡(āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļšāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•):
    1. ICAO Safety Report 2024Edition
    2. ICAO Annex 14 - Aerodrome Design and Operations, 9 edition, July 2022
    3. āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ 37
    4. Aircraft Accident Investigation Report, Asiana Airlines INC. HL-7762, November 24,2016 - JTSB
    5. www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/asiana-plane-skids-off-runway-in-japan-leaving-20-injured/
    6. āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđāļšāļš Airbus A330-321 āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŠāļąāļāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™ HS-TEFāļŊ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļ­āļēāļ“āļēāļˆāļąāļāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ
    7. Agenda Item 4: Planning, Design and Construction of Aerodromes/ “Open-Air Strom Water Conveyance in Runway Strip” - The Fifth Meeting of the Asia/Pacific Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force (AP-ADO/TF/5) Chaing Rai, Thailand 30 January – 2 February 2024
    8. Final Report: The Fifth Meeting of the Asia/Pacific Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force (AP-ADO/TF/5) Chaing Rai, Thailand 30 January – 2 February 2024
    9. AIP Japan HIROSHIMA, RJOA AD2-6 (13/9/18)
    10. AIP Thailand, AD 2-VTBS-1-16, 28 NOV 24, VTBS AD2.12 RUNWAY PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
    11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Airways_Flight_266
    12. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/04/thailand-plane-crash
    13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-Two-Go_Airlines_Flight_269
    14. https://www.aviation-accidents.net/jet-airways-boeing-b737-800-vt-jbg-flight-9w2374/



    EP5 āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđāļĨāļāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļšāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ™āļ°āļ„āļĢāļąāļš āļˆāļēāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ (Safety Report) āļ›āļĩ 2024 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ (International Civil Aviation Organization: ICAO) āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļģāđāļ™āļāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļšāļēāļ”āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļšāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļĢāđˆāļ‡āļ”āđˆāļ§āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ 5 āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ āļ„āļ·āļ­ 1 āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ (Controlled Flight Into Terrain: CFIT) 2 āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ (Loss Of Control In-Flight: LOC-I) 3 āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻ (Mid-Air Collision: MAC) 4 āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Excursion: RE) āđāļĨāļ° 5 āļāļēāļĢāļĨāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĨāđ‰āļģāļšāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Incursion: RI) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„āđ€āļ­āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļ›āļ‹āļīāļŸāļīāļ ( ICAO APAC) āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ› 67 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ ICAO āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ™āļīāļĒāļēāļĄāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ„āļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ€āļšāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļšāļ™āļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ­āļ­āļāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļĄāļąāļāļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļīāļ™āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļˆāļēāļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāđˆāļ­āļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĄāļĩāļāļ™āļ•āļāļŸāđ‰āļēāļ„āļ°āļ™āļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļĩāļĄāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒ (Final Aircraft Serious Incident Investigation Report) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđāļˆāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļēāļšāļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāļ„āļ·āļ­āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢ (āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ ICAO āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 12 āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ) āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāđāļšāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļˆāļ°āļĨāļ”āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļšāļēāļ”āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ āļēāļžāļāđ‡āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒāđ†āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļēāļšāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ­āļīāļāļ‚āļąāļšāļĢāļ–āļžāļļāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ–āļ™āļ™āļˆāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļˆāļāđ‡āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđāļ•āđˆ āđāļ•āđˆāļžāļ­āļ”āļĩāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļŦāļĨāđˆāļ–āļ™āļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āđ†āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļēāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļĢāļ–āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āđˆāļ­āļĒāđ†āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļ°āļ—āļ°āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ”āđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āđāļ•āđˆāļ–āđ‰āļēāļŦāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ–āļ™āļ™āđāļ„āļšāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĄāļĩāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļ–āļĄāļĄāļĩāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļāļĩāļ”āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđ„āļĄāđ‰ āđ€āļŠāļēāđ„āļŸāļŸāđ‰āļē āđ€āļāļēāļ°āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ–āļ™āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļđāļāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđƒāļ” āđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļĄāļēāļāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļēāļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ” āļĄāļ§āļĨ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļĢāļ–āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāļĄāļēāļ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ–āļĒāļ™āļ•āđŒāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡ āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ Runway Strip āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĒāļļāļ” (Stop Way) (āļ–āđ‰āļēāļĄāļĩ) āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļĩāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway End Safety Area: RESA) āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ­āļēāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļˆāļļāļ”āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Threshold) āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļąāļ™ (āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļēāļ§āļ™āđŒāđ‚āļŦāļĨāļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™ (āļāļžāļ—.) āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ 37 āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ§āđ‡āļ›āđ„āļ‹āļ•āđŒ āļāļžāļ—.āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ ICAO Annex 14 Vol.1 āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ”āļđāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰) āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ­āļ­āļāđāļšāļšāļĄāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļāļīāļ” Runway excursion āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āđ€āļĢāļēāļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļēāļ”āļđāļ™āļīāļĒāļēāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ (āļāļžāļ—.) āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ”āļĩāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āļāļžāļ—. āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ 37 (āļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO Annex 14 Vol.1 - Aerodrome Design and Operations) āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļē “āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Strip) āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāđāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĒāļļāļ” (āļ–āđ‰āļēāļĄāļĩ) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāđāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ (1) āļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāđāļāđˆāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ° (2) āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļīāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™ 2. āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 145 āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļˆāļēāļāļŦāļąāļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļēāļ§āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (1) āļŦāļāļŠāļīāļš (60) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 2, 3 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 4 (2) āļŦāļāļŠāļīāļš (60) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 1 āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ (3) āļŠāļēāļĄāļŠāļīāļš (30) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 1 āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 146 āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™ (Precision) āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ™āļ­āļ™āļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™ (Non-Precision) āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāđ„āļ›āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ™āļ§āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (1) āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļŠāļĩāđˆāļŠāļīāļš (140) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 3 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 4 (2) āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļ”āļŠāļīāļš (70) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 1 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 2 4. āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 152 āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Graded portion) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļšāļīāļ™āļĨāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļąāļ” āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ™āļ§āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (1) āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļŦāđ‰āļē (105) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 3 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 4 āļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāļ›āļ—āļĩāđˆ 9 (2) āđ€āļˆāđ‡āļ”āļŠāļīāļšāļŦāđ‰āļē (75) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ™āļ­āļ™āļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 3 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 4 (3) āļŠāļĩāđˆāļŠāļīāļš (40) āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŠāđāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļšāļšāļ™āļ­āļ™āļžāļĢāļĩāļ‹āļīāļŠāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ 1āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ 2 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 161 āļŦāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļąāļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-Graded Portion) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđāļ•āđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļēāļ‡āļ•āđāļēāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ—āđāļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰” āļ­āļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āļāļžāļ—.āļ‰āļšāļąāļš37 āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļĄāļĩāļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™ 4E (āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āļāļžāļ—. āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ 37 āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 4 āļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 23, 24 āđāļĨāļ°25) āļ„āļ·āļ­āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļāļīāļ™ 1800 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļŦāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĩāļ 65 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļķāļ‡ 80 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ§āļąāļ”āļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļˆāļļāļ”āđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ 140 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āđāļ•āđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĨāļ·āļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ„āļģāļ§āđˆāļē “āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ” āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđ‡āļˆāļ°āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ”āļĩ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļžāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO Asia and Pacific (ICAO APAC) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļāļąāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļ­āļāļŦāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ° 120 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ (āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļ AIP Thailand) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ™āđ‰āļģāļāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ­āļš āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-Graded Portion of Runway Strip) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆ 105 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ› (āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ” āļāļžāļ—. 4. āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 152 āļ§āļ‡āđ€āļĨāđ‡āļš 1) āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO Annex 14 Vol.1 - Aerodrome Design and Operations, 9 edition July 2022 āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē 3-13 āļ‚āđ‰āļ­ 3.4.16 āļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļ (Note) 1 āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļē āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāđāļ•āđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ “Non-graded portion” āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Note 1. - Where deemed necessary for proper drainage, an open-air storm water conveyance may be allowed in the non-graded portion of a runway strip and would be placed as far as practicable from the runway.) āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļ” āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ āļˆāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ 5 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO APAC āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 30 āļĄ.āļ„. – 2 āļ.āļž. 67 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļˆāļēāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ āļēāļ„āļĩāļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļ 14 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļĩāļ 3 āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄ 62 āļ„āļ™ ( The Fifth Meeting of the Asia/Pacific Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force: AP-ADO/TF/5: Chiang Rai) āđƒāļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆ 4 āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ “āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāđāļšāļš āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™” (Planning, Design and Construction of Aerodromes) āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĒāļīāļšāļĒāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (OPEN-AIR STORM WATER CONVEYANCE IN RUNWAY STRIP) āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļēāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđ‚āļ”āļĒ ICAO-The Cooperative Development of Operational Safety and Continuing Airworthiness Programme – South East Asia (COSCAP-SEA) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-Graded Portion) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Strip) āļ­āļēāļˆāļ™āļģāļĄāļēāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ†āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™ āļāļ™āļ•āļāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āļĩāļĒāļāļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡(āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŊ) āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļ­āļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO āļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđƒāļ™āļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļĢāļđāļ›āļ āļēāļžāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ•āļĢāļ‡āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļāļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļĄāļēāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āđˆāļēāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āđˆāļēāļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•āļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­āļˆāļēāļāļ āļēāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĢāļđāļ›āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŪāļīāđ‚āļĢāļŠāļīāļĄāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļˆāļ™āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļšāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Runway Strip āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļđāļāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ”āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđāļĄāđ‰āđāļ•āđˆāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-Graded Portion) āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļĨāļĒ āļˆāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ–āđ‰āļēāļŦāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļĢāļēāļ„āļ‡āļžāļ­āļˆāļ°āļ™āļķāļāļ āļēāļžāļ­āļ­āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āļ”āļđāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŪāļīāđ‚āļĢāļŠāļīāļĄāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļ™ AIP Japan (Aeronautical Information Publication, Japan) āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ Runway Strip āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆ 150 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļˆāļēāļāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ™āļēāļ™āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļąāđˆāļ™āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļ–āđ‰āļēāļŦāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļđāļāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđƒāļ”āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđāļĄāđ‰āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨāļˆāļ°āļĒāļ­āļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļāđ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļˆāļ°āļ„āļēāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļĒāļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļĄāļļāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļ„āļēāļĢ Tower āđ€āļāđˆāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™ Runway Strip āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļāđ‡āļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­ 4 āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŦāļēāļ„āļĄ 2552 āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ One to Go āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ āļđāđ€āļāđ‡āļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĩāļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™ āđƒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ„āļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force - ICAO APAC āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāđ„āļ§āđ‰ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāđƒāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 100 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ 90 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway strip) āļšāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Graded portion) āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ° 105 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ­āļĩāļ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāļˆāļ°āđ€āļĨāļĒ 105 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-graded portion) āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļ•āđˆ 105 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ›āļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Runway strip āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ­āļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđ„āļāļĨāļ–āļķāļ‡ 152 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡ 210 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāđ€āļĨāļĒāļ—āļĩāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļĩāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡ 219 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 12 āļĄāļī.āļĒ. 2019 āļāđ‡āļĄāļĩāļĄāļēāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ (āļĄāļĩāļ āļēāļžāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļš) āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđƒāļ™ Final Report āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ„āļ“āļ°āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™ Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force āļ™āļĩāđ‰ (āđƒāļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē 4-5) āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļģāđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģ (Advisory circular) AC150/5300-13B āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē (FAA) āļ§āđˆāļēāļ•āļģāđāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļģāđāļžāļ‡āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāļąāļšāļŠāļ āļēāļžāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđƒāļ”āđ†āļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļˆāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ‚āļēāļˆāļ°āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆ 500 āļŸāļļāļ• āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­152 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ “4.28 The WP/20 provided an example of the FAA advisory circular: AC150/5300-13B where it reads, “location of ditch, swale, or headwall depends on the site condition but in no case within the limits of runway safety area (RSA).” The width of the RSA, as specified in Appendix G of the AC is 500 feet (152m).” āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āđāļ—āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļĢāļąāļāđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļŽāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđƒāļ•āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļŦāļąāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļ­āļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļĨāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-graded portion) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway strip) āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāļąāļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļđāđˆāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ™āļšāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ “4.31 The Republic of Korea supported the Working Paper and shared that their regulations required open air drains to be constructed beyond the non-graded portion of the runway strips and expressed the need for States to develop Policy and Procedures for accepting non-compliances based on safety risk assessment”. āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway strip) āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-graded portion) āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļ”āļđāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ 90 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āļŊāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļĒāļāđ€āļ§āđ‰āļ™āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ”āļĩāļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļ„āđˆāđ„āļŦāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļĄāļēāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļāļŽāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ­āļĩāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē (FAA) āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļĢāļąāļāđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ™āļģāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļĄāļēāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĨāļ”āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļ–āđ‰āļēāļ•āļąāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚āđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āđ€āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļšāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ‚āļĨāļāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 90 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļāđ‡āļ™āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāļāļ•āļēāļĄ āļ„āļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ™āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāđƒāļ„āļĢāļ­āļĒāļēāļāļ„āļīāļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ™ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļŦāļēāļāļ”āļđāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ Asiana airlines āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŪāļīāđ‚āļĢāļŠāļīāļĄāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩ Runway strip āļ—āļĩāđˆ 150 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļˆāļēāļāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ–āļĨāđ„āļ›āđ„āļāļĨāļˆāļ™āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļšāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļš Runway strip āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļŊāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĨāļđāļāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ”āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđāļĄāđ‰āđāļ•āđˆāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ•āđ‰āļ™āļāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ™āđ„āļ›āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļšāļ–āļķāļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡ āđāļ•āđˆāđ‚āļŠāļ„āļ”āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļēāļ™āļĒāļķāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļĨāđ‰āļ­āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļđāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļķāļāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĒāļēāļ§āđ„āļ›āļāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“āđ€āļāļ·āļ­āļš 400 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ (āļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™) āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļĨāļ‡ āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļ” āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļĢāļēāļˆāļ°āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āđƒāļˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļļāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡ āļŦāļēāļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļēāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļđāļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļšāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļąāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ™āļīāđˆāļ™ āđ† āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ™āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ”āļđāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡ (Open-Air Storm Water Conveyance) āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡ (Runway Strip) āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš(Non-Graded Portion) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļģāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļˆāļąāļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļ”āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ° ICAO Annex 14 Vol. 1 āđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ„āļ§āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ—āļģāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļ‚āļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ§āđˆāļēāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđ„āļĢ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāļžāļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļ­āļš āļˆāļēāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļĄāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO āđƒāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļē 1. āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļĢāļąāļāđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļŽāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ ICAO Annex āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđāļ•āđˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđƒāļ” 2. āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ ICAO āļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļš Annex āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļāļŽāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ (Gap) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ”āļĩāļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­ 3. āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļĩāļ āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 10 āđ€āļ›āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ‹āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļīāļ™āļˆāļ°āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĨāļĒāđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš (Non-Graded Portion) āļĒāļąāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļēāļāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāđāļšāļšāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™ (Aircraft Code) āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ āđ† āđ„āļ”āđ‰ 4. āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđāļšāļš Airbus A330-321āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ–āļĨāļ­āļ­āļāļ™āļ­āļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­ 8 āļāļąāļ™āļĒāļēāļĒāļ™ 2556 āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļđāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļēāļ™āļĒāļķāļ”āļāļēāļ™āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 365 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļžāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ āđ‘āđāđ āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢāļˆāļķāļ‡āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļ™āļīāđˆāļ‡ āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ–āđ‰āļēāļŦāļēāļāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļđāļ”āļāļąāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĨāļķāļāļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āđ„āļ›āļ–āļķāļ‡āļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ„āļ­āļ™āļāļĢāļĩāļ•āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™ Asiana Airlines āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āļŪāļīāđ‚āļĢāļŠāļīāļĄāļē āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļŊāļ„āļ§āļĢāļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āļ™āļģāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļĒāļąāļ‡ ICAO (Safety recommendations to ICAO) āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰ ICAO āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļģāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ‚āļĨāđˆāļ‡āļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ™āļēāļĄāļšāļīāļ™āđāļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ€āļĢāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļ°āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ—āļīāļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ” āļŦāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāļĄāļēāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ­āļĩāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļāļąāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļļāļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļˆāđˆāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ (Protection) āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™ (Production) āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļąāđˆāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļģāļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ”āļđāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļ°āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāđāļšāļšāđƒāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāđ„āļŦāļ™āļˆāļ°āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļąāļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āđ€āļœāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ§āļ›āđ„āļ‹āļ•āđŒāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ„āđ‰āļ™āļŦāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļšāļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļšāļēāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ›āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ•āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđ„āļ› āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ”āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāļžāļīāļ™āļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ­āļĩāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡ āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡(āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļšāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļ™āđ‡āļ•): 1. ICAO Safety Report 2024Edition 2. ICAO Annex 14 - Aerodrome Design and Operations, 9 edition, July 2022 3. āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļšāļīāļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ 37 4. Aircraft Accident Investigation Report, Asiana Airlines INC. HL-7762, November 24,2016 - JTSB 5. www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/asiana-plane-skids-off-runway-in-japan-leaving-20-injured/ 6. āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđāļšāļš Airbus A330-321 āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŠāļąāļāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™ HS-TEFāļŊ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļ­āļēāļ“āļēāļˆāļąāļāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĒāļēāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ 7. Agenda Item 4: Planning, Design and Construction of Aerodromes/ “Open-Air Strom Water Conveyance in Runway Strip” - The Fifth Meeting of the Asia/Pacific Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force (AP-ADO/TF/5) Chaing Rai, Thailand 30 January – 2 February 2024 8. Final Report: The Fifth Meeting of the Asia/Pacific Aerodrome Design and Operations Task Force (AP-ADO/TF/5) Chaing Rai, Thailand 30 January – 2 February 2024 9. AIP Japan HIROSHIMA, RJOA AD2-6 (13/9/18) 10. AIP Thailand, AD 2-VTBS-1-16, 28 NOV 24, VTBS AD2.12 RUNWAY PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Airways_Flight_266 12. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/04/thailand-plane-crash 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-Two-Go_Airlines_Flight_269 14. https://www.aviation-accidents.net/jet-airways-boeing-b737-800-vt-jbg-flight-9w2374/
    0 Comments 0 Shares 1121 Views 0 Reviews
  • 🇷🇚ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļšāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™

    āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĒāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ "āļ­āļĩāļāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāđ‰āļēāļ§āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāļžāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ"
    .
    JUST IN: 🇷🇚ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ Russian warships arrive in China's Qingdao.

    Russian Defense Ministry says the visit will serve as "another practical step in strengthening cooperation between the navies of the two countries."
    .
    2:56 AM · Dec 7, 2024 · 106.5K Views
    https://x.com/BRICSinfo/status/1865123178437026234
    🇷🇚ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļšāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĒāļ·āļ­āļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ "āļ­āļĩāļāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāđ‰āļēāļ§āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāļžāđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ" . JUST IN: 🇷🇚ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ Russian warships arrive in China's Qingdao. Russian Defense Ministry says the visit will serve as "another practical step in strengthening cooperation between the navies of the two countries." . 2:56 AM · Dec 7, 2024 · 106.5K Views https://x.com/BRICSinfo/status/1865123178437026234
    Like
    2
    0 Comments 0 Shares 422 Views 5 0 Reviews
  • ❗ïļāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļŠāļąāļ™āļ•āļīāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ — āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡

    🇷🇚🇰ðŸ‡ĩāđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļˆāļĄāļ•āļĩāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđƒāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡, āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļˆāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ†āļ—āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩ

    ðŸ§ĩāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļ˜āļīāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­: (āđ‘/āđ“) 👇
    .
    ❗ïļRussia and North Korea cooperate with each other to ensure lasting regional and international peace and security — agreement

    🇷🇚🇰ðŸ‡ĩIn the event of an armed attack on one of the countries, the other will immediately provide military and other assistance;

    ðŸ§ĩMore details on the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Treaty between Russia and the DPRK: (1/3) 👇
    .
    4:11 PM · Dec 5, 2024 · 5,739 Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1864598371777867976
    ❗ïļāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļŠāļąāļ™āļ•āļīāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļ āļēāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ — āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡ 🇷🇚🇰ðŸ‡ĩāđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļˆāļĄāļ•āļĩāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđƒāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡, āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āļˆāļ°āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ†āļ—āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩ ðŸ§ĩāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļ˜āļīāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­: (āđ‘/āđ“) 👇 . ❗ïļRussia and North Korea cooperate with each other to ensure lasting regional and international peace and security — agreement 🇷🇚🇰ðŸ‡ĩIn the event of an armed attack on one of the countries, the other will immediately provide military and other assistance; ðŸ§ĩMore details on the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Treaty between Russia and the DPRK: (1/3) 👇 . 4:11 PM · Dec 5, 2024 · 5,739 Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1864598371777867976
    Like
    1
    2 Comments 0 Shares 186 Views 0 Reviews
  • 🇷🇚 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļšāđāļ­āļŸāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ”āļē
    .
    🇷🇚 Russian President Putin says expanding cooperation with Africa is only natural.
    .
    11:41 AM · Dec 5, 2024 · 56.1K Views
    https://x.com/BRICSinfo/status/1864530619201413293
    🇷🇚 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļšāđāļ­āļŸāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ”āļē . 🇷🇚 Russian President Putin says expanding cooperation with Africa is only natural. . 11:41 AM · Dec 5, 2024 · 56.1K Views https://x.com/BRICSinfo/status/1864530619201413293
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 310 Views 8 0 Reviews
  • ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ🇚ðŸ‡ļ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļŠāļĩ āļˆāļīāđ‰āļ™āļœāļīāļ‡ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ§āđˆāļē āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļˆāļĩāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļˆāļēāļāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ‚āļąāļ”āđāļĒāđ‰āļ‡
    .
    ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ🇚ðŸ‡ļ Chinese President Xi Jinping says history shows that China and the United States benefit from cooperation and suffer from conflict.
    .
    10:58 AM · Dec 2, 2024 · 136.4K Views
    https://x.com/BRICSinfo/status/1863432515769323570
    ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ🇚ðŸ‡ļ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļŠāļĩ āļˆāļīāđ‰āļ™āļœāļīāļ‡ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ§āđˆāļē āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļˆāļĩāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļˆāļēāļāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ‚āļąāļ”āđāļĒāđ‰āļ‡ . ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ🇚ðŸ‡ļ Chinese President Xi Jinping says history shows that China and the United States benefit from cooperation and suffer from conflict. . 10:58 AM · Dec 2, 2024 · 136.4K Views https://x.com/BRICSinfo/status/1863432515769323570
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 277 Views 0 Reviews
  • āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ, āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļēāļ”āļ•āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ§āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™ - āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄāļˆāļĩāļ™

    āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāļžāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļĩāļ™ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļĻāļļāļāļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļēāļ”āļ•āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ§āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™, āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄāļˆāļĩāļ™āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§

    “āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ’āđ™ āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ™, āļ•āļēāļĄāđāļœāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ›āļĩāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāļžāļˆāļĩāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ, āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāđˆāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļēāļ”āļ•āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ§āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ™ āđƒāļ™āļ™āđˆāļēāļ™āļŸāđ‰āļēāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™,” āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđƒāļ™āđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ
    .
    RUSSIA, CHINA CONDUCT STRATEGIC AIR PATROL OVER SEA OF JAPAN - CHINESE DEFENSE MINISTRY

    Russian and Chinese air forces on Friday conducted joint strategic air patrol over the Sea of Japan, the Chinese Defense Ministry said.

    "On November 29, in accordance with the annual plan of cooperation between the armed forces of China and Russia, the two sides organized and conducted the 9th joint strategic air patrol in the airspace over the Sea of Japan," the ministry said in a statement.
    .
    12:17 PM · Nov 29, 2024 · 1,732 Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1862365348026024419
    āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ, āļˆāļĩāļ™āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļēāļ”āļ•āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ§āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™ - āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāļžāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļĩāļ™ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļĻāļļāļāļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļēāļ”āļ•āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ§āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™, āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄāļˆāļĩāļ™āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ “āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ’āđ™ āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆāļīāļāļēāļĒāļ™, āļ•āļēāļĄāđāļœāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ›āļĩāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāļžāļˆāļĩāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ, āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāđˆāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļēāļ”āļ•āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ§āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ™ āđƒāļ™āļ™āđˆāļēāļ™āļŸāđ‰āļēāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­āļ—āļ°āđ€āļĨāļāļĩāđˆāļ›āļļāđˆāļ™,” āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄāļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđƒāļ™āđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ . RUSSIA, CHINA CONDUCT STRATEGIC AIR PATROL OVER SEA OF JAPAN - CHINESE DEFENSE MINISTRY Russian and Chinese air forces on Friday conducted joint strategic air patrol over the Sea of Japan, the Chinese Defense Ministry said. "On November 29, in accordance with the annual plan of cooperation between the armed forces of China and Russia, the two sides organized and conducted the 9th joint strategic air patrol in the airspace over the Sea of Japan," the ministry said in a statement. . 12:17 PM · Nov 29, 2024 · 1,732 Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1862365348026024419
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 386 Views 0 Reviews
  • āļŠāļēāļ”āļĒāļāđ€āļĨāļīāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļąāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļŠ - āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ

    āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļāđ€āļĨāļīāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļąāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļŠāļ–āļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™āļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļ­āļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī, āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļģāđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ”
    .
    ⚡ïļ BREAKING

    CHAD TERMINATES DEFENSE COOPERATION AGREEMENT WITH FRANCE - FOREIGN MINISTRY

    Cancellation of defense and security agreements with France comes to confirm national sovereignty, reads the official statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chad.
    .
    6:49 AM · Nov 29, 2024 · 2,788 Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1862282576100303049
    āļŠāļēāļ”āļĒāļāđ€āļĨāļīāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļąāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļŠ - āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļāđ€āļĨāļīāļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļąāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļŠāļ–āļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™āļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļ­āļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī, āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļģāđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ” . ⚡ïļ BREAKING CHAD TERMINATES DEFENSE COOPERATION AGREEMENT WITH FRANCE - FOREIGN MINISTRY Cancellation of defense and security agreements with France comes to confirm national sovereignty, reads the official statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chad. . 6:49 AM · Nov 29, 2024 · 2,788 Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1862282576100303049
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 277 Views 0 Reviews
  • āļŸāļ­āļĢāļąāđˆāļĄ 'āđ‚āļĨāļāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠ' āļŠāļ°āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ-āļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™
    .
    'World of Opportunities' forum reflects Russia-ASEAN cooperation
    .
    1:03 AM · Nov 29, 2024 · 7,607 Views
    https://x.com/RT_com/status/1862195610725531803
    āļŸāļ­āļĢāļąāđˆāļĄ 'āđ‚āļĨāļāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠ' āļŠāļ°āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ-āļ­āļēāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļ™ . 'World of Opportunities' forum reflects Russia-ASEAN cooperation . 1:03 AM · Nov 29, 2024 · 7,607 Views https://x.com/RT_com/status/1862195610725531803
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 588 Views 7 0 Reviews
  • āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļŸāļāļēāļ™āļīāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļĢāļĨāļļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļđāļ‡

    āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĨāļĩāļšāļąāļ™* āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļē āļ™āļđāļĢāļļāļ”āļ”āļīāļ™ āļ­āļēāļ‹āļīāļ‹āļĩ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ›āļļāļ•āļ™āļīāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļšāļ§āļ, āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļēāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļđāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļēāļĒāļāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āđ‚āļ­āđ€āļ§āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāļļāļ āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­

    *āļ•āļēāļĨāļĩāļšāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āđˆāļģāļšāļēāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļˆāļēāļāļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĢāđ‰āļēāļĒ
    .
    RUSSIA AND AFGHANISTAN PURSUE HIGH-LEVEL TRADE AGREEMENTS

    Acting Taliban* Ministry of Trade chief Nooruddin Azizi told Sputnik that talks are positive, aiming to strengthen high-level trade and economic ties. Meetings with Russian Deputy PM Overchuk focused on existing achievements and boosting cooperation.

    *Taliban is under UN sanctions for terrorist activities.
    .
    5:51 AM · Nov 26, 2024 · 4,512 Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1861180816405209268
    āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļŸāļāļēāļ™āļīāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļšāļĢāļĢāļĨāļļāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļđāļ‡ āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĨāļĩāļšāļąāļ™* āļŦāļąāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļē āļ™āļđāļĢāļļāļ”āļ”āļīāļ™ āļ­āļēāļ‹āļīāļ‹āļĩ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ›āļļāļ•āļ™āļīāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļˆāļĢāļˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļšāļ§āļ, āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļēāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļŠāļđāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļēāļĒāļāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āđ‚āļ­āđ€āļ§āļ­āļĢāđŒāļŠāļļāļ āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­ *āļ•āļēāļĨāļĩāļšāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āđˆāļģāļšāļēāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļˆāļēāļāļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĢāđ‰āļēāļĒ . RUSSIA AND AFGHANISTAN PURSUE HIGH-LEVEL TRADE AGREEMENTS Acting Taliban* Ministry of Trade chief Nooruddin Azizi told Sputnik that talks are positive, aiming to strengthen high-level trade and economic ties. Meetings with Russian Deputy PM Overchuk focused on existing achievements and boosting cooperation. *Taliban is under UN sanctions for terrorist activities. . 5:51 AM · Nov 26, 2024 · 4,512 Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1861180816405209268
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 404 Views 0 Reviews
  • āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āļ§āļĨāļēāļ”āļīāļĄāļĩāļĢāđŒ āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āđ€āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ› āļ—āļēāļĒāļīāļ› āđāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļ”āļ­āļąāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļļāļĢāļāļĩ āļžāļđāļ”āļ„āļļāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ‚āļ—āļĢāļĻāļąāļžāļ—āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļēāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ–āļķāļ‡āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļ āļēāļ„āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ, āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļĄāļĨāļīāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāđƒāļ™āđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ:
    .
    Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan spoke by phone and discussed ways to improve efficiency of bilateral trade and economic cooperation, the Kremlin said in a statement:
    https://tass.com/politics/1876907
    .
    11:12 PM · Nov 24, 2024 · 3,392 Views
    https://x.com/tassagency_en/status/1860718030235287833
    āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āļ§āļĨāļēāļ”āļīāļĄāļĩāļĢāđŒ āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āđ€āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ› āļ—āļēāļĒāļīāļ› āđāļ­āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļ”āļ­āļąāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļļāļĢāļāļĩ āļžāļđāļ”āļ„āļļāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ‚āļ—āļĢāļĻāļąāļžāļ—āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļēāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ–āļķāļ‡āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļēāļ—āļ§āļīāļ āļēāļ„āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ, āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĢāļĄāļĨāļīāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāđƒāļ™āđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ: . Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan spoke by phone and discussed ways to improve efficiency of bilateral trade and economic cooperation, the Kremlin said in a statement: https://tass.com/politics/1876907 . 11:12 PM · Nov 24, 2024 · 3,392 Views https://x.com/tassagency_en/status/1860718030235287833
    Like
    2
    0 Comments 0 Shares 423 Views 0 Reviews
  • āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄāļĨāļđāļāļœāļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļ™āļēāđ‚āļ•āđ‰, āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđ€āļ­āļ‡, āđāļĄāđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļšāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ, āļ”āļĄāļīāļ—āļĢāļĩ āđ€āļĄāļ”āđ€āļ§āđ€āļ”āļŸ āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§:
    .
    Being in a state of a hybrid war with NATO, Russia manufactures most of its weapons itself, although it maintains cooperation with a number of countries, Deputy Chairman of Russia’s Security Council Dmitry Medvedev said:
    https://tass.com/politics/1876777
    .
    5:24 AM · Nov 24, 2024 · 4,386 Views
    https://x.com/tassagency_en/status/1860449420724093233
    āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļēāļĄāļĨāļđāļāļœāļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļ™āļēāđ‚āļ•āđ‰, āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđ€āļ­āļ‡, āđāļĄāđ‰āļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļšāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļāđ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ, āļ”āļĄāļīāļ—āļĢāļĩ āđ€āļĄāļ”āđ€āļ§āđ€āļ”āļŸ āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§: . Being in a state of a hybrid war with NATO, Russia manufactures most of its weapons itself, although it maintains cooperation with a number of countries, Deputy Chairman of Russia’s Security Council Dmitry Medvedev said: https://tass.com/politics/1876777 . 5:24 AM · Nov 24, 2024 · 4,386 Views https://x.com/tassagency_en/status/1860449420724093233
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 317 Views 0 Reviews
  • What’s In A Name: The Laws That Apply When Naming Your Baby

    Can you really name your baby that?!

    Picking a baby name that everyone (from grandma to the grocery clerk) likes can be a fruitless, futile endeavor. Coming up with one that confounds the whole world is seemingly a lot easier. Take Elon Musk, chief of Tesla and SpaceX, and singer Grimes, who recently announced the birth of their daughter, Exa Dark Sideræl, or “Y” for short. The “Y” makes more sense when you know that their older son is named X Æ A-12. (Yes, we’re talking about their human son, not the name of a new car or spacecraft.)

    Sometimes, parents decide a name change is in order—like when celebrity couple Kylie Jenner and Travis Scott announced that they were going to change their son’s name from Wolf to one that better suits him. In other cases, though, a name change is not a matter of preference but of legality.

    Is a baby name with numbers and symbols legal?

    Call it peculiar, perplexing, or sensationalistic, but one thing you may not be able to call X Æ A-12 is … legal. When it comes to baby names, the fact is parents don’t always have free rein to choose any name they like. There are laws that limit their choices. These laws vary by state, and they’re arbitrary at best, but they are laws that appear in the books. While some states have strict laws that prohibit obscenities, numbers, and names that are too long, other states have no restrictions.

    Take laid-back California, which isn’t so laid back when it comes to baby names. In fact, the state won’t even allow accent marks and other diacritical marks in names like José. This restriction originated in 1986, when Proposition 63 established English as the California’s official language. Names must only contain “the 26 alphabetical characters of the English language with appropriate punctuation if necessary.” And guess where little X Æ A-12 was born? That’s right: the Golden State.

    It seems that for now, a California birth certificate can be completed with single dashes in the spaces for first, middle, and last names, and a legal name can be added later, which is exactly what Elon and Grimes have done for their son.

    Will he ever need a legal name? Not necessarily. He won’t be arrested for not having one, but he will need one if he wants to obtain a Social Security number, passport, or driver’s license. His parents could consider tweaking his name a bit to make the legal cut, perhaps by spelling out some of the characters as David and Victoria Beckham did with their daughter, Harper Seven.

    Why are there laws about baby names?

    Not only are baby name laws inconsistent across the country, but if they are meant to protect children from controversial or embarrassing names, they often miss the boat. For example, in a well-publicized New Jersey case, a couple named their son Adolf Hitler Campbell, which is somehow permissible under the state’s law. The law bans names that contain “obscenity, numerals, symbols, or a combination of letters, numerals, or symbols…”, but naming a child after a mass murderer is A-OK.

    In most cases, the United States is pretty relaxed about what you can name your child when it comes to the stigma or meaning a name may carry.

    However there are some really bizarre cases where baby names have not been allowed in the good ol’ US. For example, in 2013, a Tennessee judge ordered that a baby’s name be changed to Martin instead of Messiah. Her reasoning: “The word Messiah is a title and it’s a title that has only been earned by one person and that one person is Jesus Christ.” That reasoning was later overturned, however, and the baby’s name was changed back to Messiah.

    And in Georgia, a couple eventually won a legal battle to give their daughter the surname Allah. The court’s original objection to the name wasn’t any implied meaning, but rather that neither parent had that last name. Plus we don’t have to look far for celebrities who chose rather unusual baby names that have gone unchallenged. Penn Jillette named his child Moxie CrimeFighter, and Nicolas Cage chose Kal-El Coppola, to name a few—all of those passed the legal test.

    Whether or not naming moderation is the government’s business is up for debate. Usually, states challenge names for reasons of practicality; for example, a record-keeping software may only allow a certain number of characters or not allow numerical digits. In Arkansas, you can’t name your child Test, Unk, Void, Baby Boy, Infant, or a handful of other names, because its system won’t accept them. In Hawaii, parents can include symbols in names, but for each one, there has to be at least one number too. In New Hampshire, the baby’s first, middle, and last names can’t exceed 100 characters in total.

    According to constitutional law expert Carlton F.W. Larson (writing in the The George Washington Law Review), baby naming “is a legal universe that has scarcely been mapped, full of strange lacunae, spotty statutory provisions, and patchy, inconsistent caselaw.”

    Are there naming laws in other countries?

    Naming laws around the world vary even more and are often even more stringent than those in the United States.

    In France, for example, parents have been banned from giving their children names that would “lead to a childhood of mockery,” such as Prince William and Mini Cooper. In Germany, a court ruled that a couple couldn’t name their child Stone because “a child cannot identify with it, because it is an object.” Möwe (“seagull”) was rejected as well, because the bird is “a nuisance and is seen as a pest and would therefore degrade the child.” In Denmark, parents must select from a list of pre-approved names, and if they want to use one that’s not on the list, they must get special permission.

    In any case, if you’re planning on having a baby, you may want to check the laws in your locale before you get too attached to a name. Of course, even if your favorite name doesn’t make the grade, nicknames are a whole other, unrestricted territory. Anyone who has ever had a sobriquet like Stinky or Pickle Pop may wish there were some more stringent laws governing them, too.

    Copyright 2024, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
    What’s In A Name: The Laws That Apply When Naming Your Baby Can you really name your baby that?! Picking a baby name that everyone (from grandma to the grocery clerk) likes can be a fruitless, futile endeavor. Coming up with one that confounds the whole world is seemingly a lot easier. Take Elon Musk, chief of Tesla and SpaceX, and singer Grimes, who recently announced the birth of their daughter, Exa Dark Sideræl, or “Y” for short. The “Y” makes more sense when you know that their older son is named X Æ A-12. (Yes, we’re talking about their human son, not the name of a new car or spacecraft.) Sometimes, parents decide a name change is in order—like when celebrity couple Kylie Jenner and Travis Scott announced that they were going to change their son’s name from Wolf to one that better suits him. In other cases, though, a name change is not a matter of preference but of legality. Is a baby name with numbers and symbols legal? Call it peculiar, perplexing, or sensationalistic, but one thing you may not be able to call X Æ A-12 is … legal. When it comes to baby names, the fact is parents don’t always have free rein to choose any name they like. There are laws that limit their choices. These laws vary by state, and they’re arbitrary at best, but they are laws that appear in the books. While some states have strict laws that prohibit obscenities, numbers, and names that are too long, other states have no restrictions. Take laid-back California, which isn’t so laid back when it comes to baby names. In fact, the state won’t even allow accent marks and other diacritical marks in names like José. This restriction originated in 1986, when Proposition 63 established English as the California’s official language. Names must only contain “the 26 alphabetical characters of the English language with appropriate punctuation if necessary.” And guess where little X Æ A-12 was born? That’s right: the Golden State. It seems that for now, a California birth certificate can be completed with single dashes in the spaces for first, middle, and last names, and a legal name can be added later, which is exactly what Elon and Grimes have done for their son. Will he ever need a legal name? Not necessarily. He won’t be arrested for not having one, but he will need one if he wants to obtain a Social Security number, passport, or driver’s license. His parents could consider tweaking his name a bit to make the legal cut, perhaps by spelling out some of the characters as David and Victoria Beckham did with their daughter, Harper Seven. Why are there laws about baby names? Not only are baby name laws inconsistent across the country, but if they are meant to protect children from controversial or embarrassing names, they often miss the boat. For example, in a well-publicized New Jersey case, a couple named their son Adolf Hitler Campbell, which is somehow permissible under the state’s law. The law bans names that contain “obscenity, numerals, symbols, or a combination of letters, numerals, or symbols…”, but naming a child after a mass murderer is A-OK. In most cases, the United States is pretty relaxed about what you can name your child when it comes to the stigma or meaning a name may carry. However there are some really bizarre cases where baby names have not been allowed in the good ol’ US. For example, in 2013, a Tennessee judge ordered that a baby’s name be changed to Martin instead of Messiah. Her reasoning: “The word Messiah is a title and it’s a title that has only been earned by one person and that one person is Jesus Christ.” That reasoning was later overturned, however, and the baby’s name was changed back to Messiah. And in Georgia, a couple eventually won a legal battle to give their daughter the surname Allah. The court’s original objection to the name wasn’t any implied meaning, but rather that neither parent had that last name. Plus we don’t have to look far for celebrities who chose rather unusual baby names that have gone unchallenged. Penn Jillette named his child Moxie CrimeFighter, and Nicolas Cage chose Kal-El Coppola, to name a few—all of those passed the legal test. Whether or not naming moderation is the government’s business is up for debate. Usually, states challenge names for reasons of practicality; for example, a record-keeping software may only allow a certain number of characters or not allow numerical digits. In Arkansas, you can’t name your child Test, Unk, Void, Baby Boy, Infant, or a handful of other names, because its system won’t accept them. In Hawaii, parents can include symbols in names, but for each one, there has to be at least one number too. In New Hampshire, the baby’s first, middle, and last names can’t exceed 100 characters in total. According to constitutional law expert Carlton F.W. Larson (writing in the The George Washington Law Review), baby naming “is a legal universe that has scarcely been mapped, full of strange lacunae, spotty statutory provisions, and patchy, inconsistent caselaw.” Are there naming laws in other countries? Naming laws around the world vary even more and are often even more stringent than those in the United States. In France, for example, parents have been banned from giving their children names that would “lead to a childhood of mockery,” such as Prince William and Mini Cooper. In Germany, a court ruled that a couple couldn’t name their child Stone because “a child cannot identify with it, because it is an object.” Möwe (“seagull”) was rejected as well, because the bird is “a nuisance and is seen as a pest and would therefore degrade the child.” In Denmark, parents must select from a list of pre-approved names, and if they want to use one that’s not on the list, they must get special permission. In any case, if you’re planning on having a baby, you may want to check the laws in your locale before you get too attached to a name. Of course, even if your favorite name doesn’t make the grade, nicknames are a whole other, unrestricted territory. Anyone who has ever had a sobriquet like Stinky or Pickle Pop may wish there were some more stringent laws governing them, too. Copyright 2024, AAKKHRA, All Rights Reserved.
    0 Comments 0 Shares 1311 Views 0 Reviews
  • 🇷🇚ðŸ‡ļðŸ‡Ķ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ‹āļēāļ­āļļāļ”āļĩāļ­āļēāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄ – āđ€āļĄāļ”āđ€āļ§āđ€āļ”āļŸ

    āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ‹āļēāļ­āļļāļ”āļĩāļ­āļēāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļĢ, āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™, āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āļ”āļĄāļīāļ—āļĢāļĩ āđ€āļĄāļ”āđ€āļ§āđ€āļ”āļŸ āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļĒāđ‰āļģ

    💎"āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļ”āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™, āļ”āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļĢāļĄāļēāļ āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļšāļ‹āļēāļ­āļļāļ”āļĩāļ­āļēāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”," āđ€āļĄāļ”āđ€āļ§āđ€āļ”āļŸāļšāļ­āļāļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§ āļ­āļąāļĨ āļ­āļēāļĢāļēāļšāļĩāļĒāļē
    .
    🇷🇚ðŸ‡ļðŸ‡Ķ RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND SAUDI ARABIA ARE EXCELLENT – MEDVEDEV

    Relations between Russia and Saudi Arabia are excellent and friendly, and the countries are working together to stabilize energy markets, Russian Security Council Deputy Chairman Dmitry Medvedev highlighted.

    💎"As for relations between Moscow and Riyadh, they are very good and friendly. Russia cooperates with Saudi Arabia in the energy sphere to maintain market stability," Medvedev told the Al Arabiya broadcaster.
    .
    3:18 AM · Nov 23, 2024 · 3,651 Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1860055285873713493
    🇷🇚ðŸ‡ļðŸ‡Ķ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ‹āļēāļ­āļļāļ”āļĩāļ­āļēāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄ – āđ€āļĄāļ”āđ€āļ§āđ€āļ”āļŸ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ‹āļēāļ­āļļāļ”āļĩāļ­āļēāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĒāļĩāđˆāļĒāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļĢ, āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™, āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āļ”āļĄāļīāļ—āļĢāļĩ āđ€āļĄāļ”āđ€āļ§āđ€āļ”āļŸ āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļĒāđ‰āļģ 💎"āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļ­āļŠāđ‚āļāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļ”āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™, āļ”āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļĢāļĄāļēāļ āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļšāļ‹āļēāļ­āļļāļ”āļĩāļ­āļēāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”," āđ€āļĄāļ”āđ€āļ§āđ€āļ”āļŸāļšāļ­āļāļāļąāļšāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§ āļ­āļąāļĨ āļ­āļēāļĢāļēāļšāļĩāļĒāļē . 🇷🇚ðŸ‡ļðŸ‡Ķ RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND SAUDI ARABIA ARE EXCELLENT – MEDVEDEV Relations between Russia and Saudi Arabia are excellent and friendly, and the countries are working together to stabilize energy markets, Russian Security Council Deputy Chairman Dmitry Medvedev highlighted. 💎"As for relations between Moscow and Riyadh, they are very good and friendly. Russia cooperates with Saudi Arabia in the energy sphere to maintain market stability," Medvedev told the Al Arabiya broadcaster. . 3:18 AM · Nov 23, 2024 · 3,651 Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1860055285873713493
    Like
    2
    0 Comments 0 Shares 419 Views 0 Reviews
  • #āļ‹āļēāļ­āļļāļ”āļĩāļ­āļēāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒ āđāļĨāļ° #āļ­āļīāļŦāļĢāđˆāļēāļ™ āļĒāđ‰āļģāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ‡āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‚āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļ›āļąāļāļāļīāđˆāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ‰āļąāļ™āļ—āđŒāļĄāļīāļ•āļĢāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĒāļķāļ”āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļŽāļšāļąāļ•āļĢāļŠāļŦāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļēāļ•āļī, āļāļŽāļšāļąāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄ, āđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ, āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļ­āļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒ, āđ€āļ­āļāļĢāļēāļŠ, āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī, āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāđ„āļ•āļĢāļ āļēāļ„āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļ”āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļąāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢ āļ‹āļēāļ­āļļāļ”āļĩāļ­āļēāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļīāļŦāļĢāđˆāļēāļ™āļĒāļīāļ™āļ”āļĩāļāļąāļšāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļšāļ§āļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļ›āļąāļāļāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡
    .
    #Saudi Arabia and #Iran reiterated their commitment to all the terms of the Beijing agreement and will continue to strengthen the friendly relations between the two sides by adhering to the United Nations Charter, the Charter of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and international law, including respect for national sovereignty, independence, and security, in a trilateral meeting held in Riyadh on Tuesday. Saudi Arabia and Iran welcome China's continued positive role and believes that China's support and follow-up in implementing the Beijing agreement are crucial.
    .
    7:47 AM · Nov 20, 2024 · 647 Views
    https://x.com/globaltimesnews/status/1859035800794792192
    #āļ‹āļēāļ­āļļāļ”āļĩāļ­āļēāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒ āđāļĨāļ° #āļ­āļīāļŦāļĢāđˆāļēāļ™ āļĒāđ‰āļģāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ‡āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‚āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļ›āļąāļāļāļīāđˆāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļ°āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ‰āļąāļ™āļ—āđŒāļĄāļīāļ•āļĢāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāđˆāļēāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ›āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĒāļķāļ”āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļŽāļšāļąāļ•āļĢāļŠāļŦāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļēāļ•āļī, āļāļŽāļšāļąāļ•āļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄ, āđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ, āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļ­āļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒ, āđ€āļ­āļāļĢāļēāļŠ, āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī, āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāđ„āļ•āļĢāļ āļēāļ„āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļ”āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļąāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢ āļ‹āļēāļ­āļļāļ”āļĩāļ­āļēāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļīāļŦāļĢāđˆāļēāļ™āļĒāļīāļ™āļ”āļĩāļāļąāļšāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļšāļ§āļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļ›āļąāļāļāļīāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡ . #Saudi Arabia and #Iran reiterated their commitment to all the terms of the Beijing agreement and will continue to strengthen the friendly relations between the two sides by adhering to the United Nations Charter, the Charter of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and international law, including respect for national sovereignty, independence, and security, in a trilateral meeting held in Riyadh on Tuesday. Saudi Arabia and Iran welcome China's continued positive role and believes that China's support and follow-up in implementing the Beijing agreement are crucial. . 7:47 AM · Nov 20, 2024 · 647 Views https://x.com/globaltimesnews/status/1859035800794792192
    Like
    3
    0 Comments 0 Shares 706 Views 0 Reviews
  • ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ🇚ðŸ‡ļ āļˆāļĩāļ™āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ§āđˆāļē āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļāļąāļšāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļŠāļđāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ

    “āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļāđ€āļĢāļēāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļˆāļēāļāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļđāļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļŠāļīāļāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™-āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļž, āđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡, āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ”
    .
    ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ🇚ðŸ‡ļ China says good relations with the United States are in the best interests of both countries.

    "History tells us that both countries stand to gain from cooperation and lose from confrontation. A China-U.S. relationship with stable, healthy and sustainable development serves the common interests of the two countries."
    .
    12:28 AM · Nov 11, 2024 · 110K Views
    https://x.com/BRICSinfo/status/1855663937527685533
    ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ🇚ðŸ‡ļ āļˆāļĩāļ™āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ§āđˆāļē āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļāļąāļšāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļŠāļđāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ “āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļšāļ­āļāđ€āļĢāļēāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļˆāļēāļāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļđāļāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļŠāļīāļāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™-āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļž, āđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡, āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ” . ðŸ‡ĻðŸ‡ģ🇚ðŸ‡ļ China says good relations with the United States are in the best interests of both countries. "History tells us that both countries stand to gain from cooperation and lose from confrontation. A China-U.S. relationship with stable, healthy and sustainable development serves the common interests of the two countries." . 12:28 AM · Nov 11, 2024 · 110K Views https://x.com/BRICSinfo/status/1855663937527685533
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 316 Views 0 Reviews
  • ðŸĪāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ” BRICS 'āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒ' - āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļĩāļ™

    āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡ āļ­āļĩāđ‰ āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ™āļŠāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ” BRICS āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āđ†āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡
    .
    💎 "āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ” BRICS āļˆāļąāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļēāļ‹āļēāļ™ āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ [āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āļ§āļĨāļēāļ”āļīāļĄāļĩāļĢāđŒ] āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™ āđāļĨāļ° āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒ … āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĄāđ€āļĄāļ™āļ•āļąāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļĨāđ„āļāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ BRICS āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™, āđāļ•āđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļ„āļ„āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļĩāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļĄāļĩāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™," āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡ āļ­āļĩāđ‰ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āļ­āļąāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĢāļĒāđŒ āļĢāļđāđ€āļ”āļ™āđ‚āļ
    .
    💎 āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™, āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļĩāļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļĩāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļĩāļ™ "āļ„āļ§āļĢāļˆāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļāļĨāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ—āļļāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļ—āļļāļāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™"
    .
    💎 “āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āļŠāļĩ āļˆāļīāđ‰āļ™āļœāļīāļ‡ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āļ§āļĨāļēāļ”āļīāļĄāļĩāļĢāđŒ āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ, āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™-āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĄāđ€āļĄāļ™āļ•āļąāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡, āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‡āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™, āđāļ•āđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĢāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ, āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļšāļąāļ•āļĢāļŠāļŦāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ,” āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡ āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ•

    #BRICS2024
    .
    ðŸĪBRICS SUMMIT 'A COMPLETE SUCCESS' - CHINESE FOREIGN MINISTER

    Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi has highly appreciated the recent BRICS summit.
    .
    💎 "The BRICS summit was held in Kazan under the chairmanship of [Russian President Vladimir] Putin and was a complete success … this summit will not only help maintain the momentum of the development of the BRICS cooperation mechanism, but also strengthen the unity of the countries of the Global South so that they can play their important and constructive role in stabilizing the current international situation," Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi said at a meeting with Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Andrey Rudenko.
    .
    💎 At the same time, the Chinese foreign minister added that Russia and China "should maintain strategic interaction at all levels and in all areas."
    .
    💎 "Under the leadership of Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese-Russian relations have maintained a healthy and stable development momentum, which not only meets the common interests of China and Russia and the peoples of the two countries, but is also our joint contribution to maintaining the stability of international relations, protecting international law and the UN Charter," Wang noted.

    #BRICS2024
    .
    11:28 AM · Oct 30, 2024 · 10K Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1851481272457035798
    ðŸĪāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ” BRICS 'āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒ' - āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡ āļ­āļĩāđ‰ āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ™āļŠāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ” BRICS āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ§āđ†āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡ . 💎 "āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ” BRICS āļˆāļąāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļēāļ‹āļēāļ™ āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ [āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āļ§āļĨāļēāļ”āļīāļĄāļĩāļĢāđŒ] āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™ āđāļĨāļ° āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒ … āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĄāđ€āļĄāļ™āļ•āļąāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļĨāđ„āļāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ BRICS āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™, āđāļ•āđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļ„āļ„āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļĩāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļĄāļĩāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđƒāļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™," āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡ āļ­āļĩāđ‰ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āļ­āļąāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĢāļĒāđŒ āļĢāļđāđ€āļ”āļ™āđ‚āļ . 💎 āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™, āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļĩāļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ­āļĩāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļĩāļ™ "āļ„āļ§āļĢāļˆāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļāļĨāļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ—āļļāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļ—āļļāļāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™" . 💎 “āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āļŠāļĩ āļˆāļīāđ‰āļ™āļœāļīāļ‡ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āļ§āļĨāļēāļ”āļīāļĄāļĩāļĢāđŒ āļ›āļđāļ•āļīāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ, āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™-āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļĄāđ€āļĄāļ™āļ•āļąāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļĢāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡, āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‡āļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™, āđāļ•āđˆāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĢāļēāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļ–āļĩāļĒāļĢāļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ, āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļšāļąāļ•āļĢāļŠāļŦāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ,” āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡ āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ‡āđ€āļāļ• #BRICS2024 . ðŸĪBRICS SUMMIT 'A COMPLETE SUCCESS' - CHINESE FOREIGN MINISTER Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi has highly appreciated the recent BRICS summit. . 💎 "The BRICS summit was held in Kazan under the chairmanship of [Russian President Vladimir] Putin and was a complete success … this summit will not only help maintain the momentum of the development of the BRICS cooperation mechanism, but also strengthen the unity of the countries of the Global South so that they can play their important and constructive role in stabilizing the current international situation," Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi said at a meeting with Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Andrey Rudenko. . 💎 At the same time, the Chinese foreign minister added that Russia and China "should maintain strategic interaction at all levels and in all areas." . 💎 "Under the leadership of Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin, Chinese-Russian relations have maintained a healthy and stable development momentum, which not only meets the common interests of China and Russia and the peoples of the two countries, but is also our joint contribution to maintaining the stability of international relations, protecting international law and the UN Charter," Wang noted. #BRICS2024 . 11:28 AM · Oct 30, 2024 · 10K Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1851481272457035798
    Like
    3
    0 Comments 0 Shares 491 Views 0 Reviews
  • āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĢāļ”āļēāļĢāđŒāđāļāđˆāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ āļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļžāļ™āļ•āļēāļāļ­āļ™ āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ—āđ€āļ› āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļāļķāļāļāļ™āļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
    .
    āđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļˆāļ°āļāđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ”āļ”āļēāļĨāđāļāđˆāļˆāļĩāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āļ›āļąāļāļāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļāļēāļ°āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ”āļīāļ™āđāļ”āļ™ āļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ”āļ­āļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļē
    .
    āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļĨāđˆāļēāļŠāļļāļ”āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļāļĩāđˆāļ§āļąāļ™āļāđˆāļ­āļ™ āļ§āļ­āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļ­āļšāļ‚āļĩāļ›āļ™āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­ Harpoon Block II āļĨāđ‡āļ­āļ•āđāļĢāļāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļđāļāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāđ„āļ—āđ€āļ› āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ™āļļāļĄāļąāļ•āļīāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ 2020
    .
    āđƒāļ™āļ–āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļœāļĒāđāļžāļĢāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļĻāļļāļāļĢāđŒ (25 āļ•.āļ„.) āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄ (DSCA: Defense Security Cooperation Agency) āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢ "āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļĒāļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ" āđāļāđˆāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđ„āļ—āđ€āļ›āđƒāļ™āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļĩāļ›āļ™āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļŠāļđāđˆāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡ NASAMS āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 1,160 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ”āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒ
    .
    āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĒāđŒāđ€āļ˜āļĩāļĒāļ™ 3 āļŠāļļāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļĩāļ›āļ™āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ 123 āļĨāļđāļ
    .
    āļ–āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ­āļšāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļāđˆāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ 26 āļ„āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ—āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡ 34 āļĢāļēāļĒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļēāļ™āļžāļ­āļŠāļĄāļ„āļ§āļĢ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļāļķāļāļāļ™āđāļāđˆāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™
    .
    āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđƒāļ™āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ­āļĩāļāļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļœāļĒāđāļžāļĢāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļœāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ„āļŸāđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ§āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ€āļĢāļ”āļēāļĢāđŒ AN/TPS-77 āđāļĨāļ° AN/TPS-78 āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļĢāļēāļ§ 828 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ”āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒ āđāļāđˆāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™
    .
    āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāđ‚āļˆ āđ„āļšāđ€āļ”āļ™ āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ™āļļāļĄāļąāļ•āļīāļĄāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāđāļāđˆāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļĩāļ 567 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ”āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒ
    .
    āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļžāļšāļ›āļ°āļāļąāļš āđ€āļˆāļ„ āļ‹āļąāļĨāļĨāļīāđāļ§āļ™ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āļ›āļąāļāļāļīāđˆāļ‡ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŦāļēāļ„āļĄ āļ—āļēāļ‡ āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡ āļ­āļĩāđ‰ āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļĩāļ™ āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļ­āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āđāļāđˆāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™
    .
    āļ‚āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āđ‚āļ†āļĐāļāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āđ€āļ•āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļ›āļąāļāļāļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāļœāļđāļāļĄāļąāļ”āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļēāļŦāļēāļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļāļēāļ°āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāđ€āļ­āļāļĢāļēāļŠ
    .
    āļ„āļģāđ€āļ•āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ™āļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļĢāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđƒāļāļĨāđ‰āđ€āļāļēāļ°āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™
    .
    āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāļžāļ›āļĨāļ”āđāļ­āļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļˆāļĩāļ™ āđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļĢāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 1 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ§āđˆāļē “āļ”āļēāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™ 2024 āļšāļĩ” (Joint Sword-2024B Exercise) āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ­āļšāđ† āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļāļĨāđ‰āđ€āļāļēāļ°āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļˆāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆ 14 āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļˆāļļāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļŦāļ™āļąāļāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļāļķāļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāđāļ—āļĢāļāđāļ‹āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāđ‰āļĢāļšāđƒāļ”āđ† āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āđāļ„āļšāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™
    .
    āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄ..https://sondhitalk.com/detail/9670000103353
    ..............
    Sondhi X
    āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ āļąāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĢāļ”āļēāļĢāđŒāđāļāđˆāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ āļ­āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļīāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāđ€āļžāļ™āļ•āļēāļāļ­āļ™ āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ—āđ€āļ› āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļāļķāļāļāļ™āļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ . āđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļˆāļ°āļāđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ”āļ”āļēāļĨāđāļāđˆāļˆāļĩāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļĄāļē āļ›āļąāļāļāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļāļēāļ°āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ”āļīāļ™āđāļ”āļ™ āļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ”āļ­āļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļē . āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđ„āļŦāļ§āļĨāđˆāļēāļŠāļļāļ”āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆāļāļĩāđˆāļ§āļąāļ™āļāđˆāļ­āļ™ āļ§āļ­āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļ­āļšāļ‚āļĩāļ›āļ™āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ•āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āļ­ Harpoon Block II āļĨāđ‡āļ­āļ•āđāļĢāļāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļđāļāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđāļāđˆāđ„āļ—āđ€āļ› āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ™āļļāļĄāļąāļ•āļīāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĩ 2020 . āđƒāļ™āļ–āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļœāļĒāđāļžāļĢāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļĻāļļāļāļĢāđŒ (25 āļ•.āļ„.) āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄ (DSCA: Defense Security Cooperation Agency) āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāđ‚āļŦāļĄāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļ§āļāđ€āļ‚āļēāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢ "āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļĒāļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ" āđāļāđˆāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđ„āļ—āđ€āļ›āđƒāļ™āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļĩāļ›āļ™āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļˆāļēāļāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļŠāļđāđˆāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĻāļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļđāļ‡ NASAMS āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ 1,160 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ”āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒ . āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĒāđŒāđ€āļ˜āļĩāļĒāļ™ 3 āļŠāļļāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļĩāļ›āļ™āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§ 123 āļĨāļđāļ . āļ–āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāļ•āļēāļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ­āļšāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļāđˆāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļąāļāļšāļēāļĨāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ 26 āļ„āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ—āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļšāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ—āļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļˆāđ‰āļēāļ‡ 34 āļĢāļēāļĒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ›āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļēāļ™āļžāļ­āļŠāļĄāļ„āļ§āļĢ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āđāļĨāļ°āļāļķāļāļāļ™āđāļāđˆāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™ . āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđƒāļ™āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ­āļĩāļāļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļœāļĒāđāļžāļĢāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļœāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļĢāļ§āļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ„āļŸāđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ§āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ€āļĢāļ”āļēāļĢāđŒ AN/TPS-77 āđāļĨāļ° AN/TPS-78 āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļĄāļđāļĨāļ„āđˆāļēāļĢāļēāļ§ 828 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ”āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒ āđāļāđˆāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ . āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩāđ‚āļˆ āđ„āļšāđ€āļ”āļ™ āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ™āļļāļĄāļąāļ•āļīāļĄāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāđāļāđˆāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļĩāļ 567 āļĨāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ”āļ­āļĨāļĨāļēāļĢāđŒ . āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļžāļšāļ›āļ°āļāļąāļš āđ€āļˆāļ„ āļ‹āļąāļĨāļĨāļīāđāļ§āļ™ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ„āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āļ›āļąāļāļāļīāđˆāļ‡ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŦāļēāļ„āļĄ āļ—āļēāļ‡ āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡ āļ­āļĩāđ‰ āļĢāļąāļāļĄāļ™āļ•āļĢāļĩāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļˆāļĩāļ™ āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ§āļ­āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļ‚āļēāļĒāļ­āļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āđāļāđˆāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ . āļ‚āļ“āļ°āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āđ‚āļ†āļĐāļāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļĩāļ™ āđ€āļ•āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ§āđˆāļē āļ›āļąāļāļāļīāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ„āļĒāļœāļđāļāļĄāļąāļ”āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļąāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļēāļŦāļēāļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļāļēāļ°āļ›āļāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāđ€āļ­āļāļĢāļēāļŠ . āļ„āļģāđ€āļ•āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ™āļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļˆāļĩāļ™ āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļĢāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ—āļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđƒāļāļĨāđ‰āđ€āļāļēāļ°āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ . āļāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļąāļžāļ›āļĨāļ”āđāļ­āļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļˆāļĩāļ™ āđ€āļ›āļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ‹āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļĢāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 1 āļ§āļąāļ™ āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāļŦāļąāļŠāļ§āđˆāļē “āļ”āļēāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™ 2024 āļšāļĩ” (Joint Sword-2024B Exercise) āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ­āļšāđ† āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļāļĨāđ‰āđ€āļāļēāļ°āđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļˆāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆ 14 āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļˆāļļāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āļŦāļ™āļąāļāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­āļāļēāļĢāļāļķāļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļŊ āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĄāļēāđāļ—āļĢāļāđāļ‹āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļđāđ‰āļĢāļšāđƒāļ”āđ† āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ­āļ‡āđāļ„āļšāđ„āļ•āđ‰āļŦāļ§āļąāļ™ . āļ­āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄ..https://sondhitalk.com/detail/9670000103353 .............. Sondhi X
    Like
    4
    0 Comments 0 Shares 1899 Views 0 Reviews
  • ❗ïļBIG: 🇷🇚🇰ðŸ‡ĩāļŠāļ āļēāļœāļđāđ‰āđāļ—āļ™āļĢāļēāļĐāļŽāļĢāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ, āļŠāļ āļēāļ”āļđāļĄāļēāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļąāļ, āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļąāļ•āļĒāļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļ˜āļīāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļŦāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļąāļāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļĢāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩ (DPRK)

    āļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§, āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāđˆāļēāļĒāļˆāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡, āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļģāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™

    āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļ­āļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļ āļēāļžāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ”āļīāļ™āđāļ”āļ™, āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ—āļĢāļāđāļ‹āļ‡āļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™, āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ, āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ†āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ‰āļąāļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ
    .
    ❗ïļBIG: 🇷🇚🇰ðŸ‡ĩTHE LOWER HOUSE OF THE RUSSIAN PARLIAMENT, THE STATE DUMA, HAS RATIFIED THE TREATY ON COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (DPRK).

    According to the document, both parties will continuously maintain and develop comprehensive strategic partnership relations, taking into account the laws of their respective countries and their international obligations.

    These relations are based on the principles of mutual respect for state sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs, equality, and other principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation between states.
    .
    4:22 PM · Oct 24, 2024 · 4,683 Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1849381028013441316
    ❗ïļBIG: 🇷🇚🇰ðŸ‡ĩāļŠāļ āļēāļœāļđāđ‰āđāļ—āļ™āļĢāļēāļĐāļŽāļĢāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒ, āļŠāļ āļēāļ”āļđāļĄāļēāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļąāļ, āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļąāļ•āļĒāļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļ˜āļīāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļŦāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļąāļāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļĢāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āđ€āļāļēāļŦāļĨāļĩ (DPRK) āļ•āļēāļĄāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ”āļąāļ‡āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§, āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļāđˆāļēāļĒāļˆāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨāļļāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡, āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ„āļģāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļ­āļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļ āļēāļžāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ”āļīāļ™āđāļ”āļ™, āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ—āļĢāļāđāļ‹āļ‡āļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™, āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļĄ, āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ†āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ‰āļąāļ™āļĄāļīāļ•āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ . ❗ïļBIG: 🇷🇚🇰ðŸ‡ĩTHE LOWER HOUSE OF THE RUSSIAN PARLIAMENT, THE STATE DUMA, HAS RATIFIED THE TREATY ON COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA (DPRK). According to the document, both parties will continuously maintain and develop comprehensive strategic partnership relations, taking into account the laws of their respective countries and their international obligations. These relations are based on the principles of mutual respect for state sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs, equality, and other principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation between states. . 4:22 PM · Oct 24, 2024 · 4,683 Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1849381028013441316
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 489 Views 0 Reviews
  • āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ”āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ BRICS āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļēāļ‹āļēāļ™āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ”āļļāļĨāļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ G7 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē

    Paolo Raffone, āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļģāļ™āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļĢāļąāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ CIPI Foundation āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļšāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĨāļŠāđŒ

    āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļļāļĄāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ, āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ BRICS āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļēāļ‹āļēāļ™āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ”āļļāļĨāļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ G7, āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ„āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĩāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļˆāļąāļāļĢāļ āļž [āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ] āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ BRICS āđāļ—āļ™, ðŸĪĢāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļŦāļ āļēāļžāļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ›āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļ§āļēāļ”āļāļĨāļąāļ§āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡ðŸĪĢ

    āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļēāļ˜āļīāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļŦāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļēāļ•āļī, āļāļđāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļĢāļŠ, āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ™āļēāļĢāļĄāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ™āļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļ™āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļžāļŦāļļāļ āļēāļ„āļĩ ðŸĪĢāļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ­āļļāļ”āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ BRICS āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļœāļīāļ”āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāđˆāļ§āļĒāļļāđƒāļ”āđ†ðŸĪĢ

    āļ„āļģāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻ [āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļēāļ‹āļēāļ™] āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļĩāļĒāļšāđ†āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ”āļ‚āļēāļ”āļ§āđˆāļē āđāļĄāđ‰āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļŠāļđāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āļˆāļ°āļ„āļąāļ”āļ„āđ‰āļēāļ™ āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ—āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļĨāļāļāđ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĩāļāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āļĄāļąāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļīāļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒ
    #BRICS2024
    .
    BRICS SUMMIT IN KAZAN PROVES A COUNTERBALANCE TO THE AILING G7

    Paolo Raffone, director of the Brussels-based CIPI Foundation geopolitical affairs think tank

    From a strategic point of view, BRICS in Kazan counterbalance the ailing G7, at a time that sees several key members of the ongoing bi-annual meeting of The Commonwealth [choosing] BRICS instead, and when the US and the EU are peddling of fear in the uncertainty of their own national and international institutions.

    The attendance by the UN Secretary general, Guterres, confirms their peaceful and cooperative intentions within the multilateral system. To the dismay of the ideological critics of BRICS no incendiary statements were heard or written.

    The [Kazan Summit] declaration is quietly but resolutely stating that despite the hegemons’ opposition the path towards a more balanced representation and responsibility in world affairs cannot be stopped anymore. It’s just a matter of time not of direction and outcome.
    #BRICS2024
    .
    1:10 AM · Oct 24, 2024 · 3,192 Views
    https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1849151432210989399
    āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ”āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ BRICS āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļēāļ‹āļēāļ™āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ”āļļāļĨāļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ G7 āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē Paolo Raffone, āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļģāļ™āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāļ āļđāļĄāļīāļĢāļąāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ CIPI Foundation āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļšāļĢāļąāļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĨāļŠāđŒ āļˆāļēāļāļĄāļļāļĄāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĒāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ, āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ BRICS āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļēāļ‹āļēāļ™āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ–āđˆāļ§āļ‡āļ”āļļāļĨāļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ G7, āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļē āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ„āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĩāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļˆāļąāļāļĢāļ āļž [āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ] āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ BRICS āđāļ—āļ™, ðŸĪĢāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļŦāļ āļēāļžāļĒāļļāđ‚āļĢāļ›āļāļģāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļ§āļēāļ”āļāļĨāļąāļ§āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ™āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡ðŸĪĢ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļēāļ˜āļīāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļŦāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļēāļ•āļī, āļāļđāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļĢāļŠ, āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļąāļ™āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ™āļēāļĢāļĄāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ™āļ•āļīāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļāļąāļ™āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļžāļŦāļļāļ āļēāļ„āļĩ ðŸĪĢāļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ­āļļāļ”āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ BRICS āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļœāļīāļ”āļŦāļ§āļąāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĒāļīāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ‚āļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļ–āļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāđˆāļ§āļĒāļļāđƒāļ”āđ†ðŸĪĢ āļ„āļģāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻ [āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļļāļ”āļĒāļ­āļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļēāļ‹āļēāļ™] āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ‡āļĩāļĒāļšāđ†āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ”āļ‚āļēāļ”āļ§āđˆāļē āđāļĄāđ‰āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ­āļģāļ™āļēāļˆāļŠāļđāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ”āļˆāļ°āļ„āļąāļ”āļ„āđ‰āļēāļ™ āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ—āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāļīāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļīāļˆāļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļĨāļāļāđ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŦāļĒāļļāļ”āļĒāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ­āļĩāļāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āļĄāļąāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļīāļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒ #BRICS2024 . BRICS SUMMIT IN KAZAN PROVES A COUNTERBALANCE TO THE AILING G7 Paolo Raffone, director of the Brussels-based CIPI Foundation geopolitical affairs think tank From a strategic point of view, BRICS in Kazan counterbalance the ailing G7, at a time that sees several key members of the ongoing bi-annual meeting of The Commonwealth [choosing] BRICS instead, and when the US and the EU are peddling of fear in the uncertainty of their own national and international institutions. The attendance by the UN Secretary general, Guterres, confirms their peaceful and cooperative intentions within the multilateral system. To the dismay of the ideological critics of BRICS no incendiary statements were heard or written. The [Kazan Summit] declaration is quietly but resolutely stating that despite the hegemons’ opposition the path towards a more balanced representation and responsibility in world affairs cannot be stopped anymore. It’s just a matter of time not of direction and outcome. #BRICS2024 . 1:10 AM · Oct 24, 2024 · 3,192 Views https://x.com/SputnikInt/status/1849151432210989399
    Like
    1
    0 Comments 0 Shares 468 Views 0 Reviews